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Direct Cost of Primary Open Angle Glaucoma Management

Open Journal of Ophthalmology 2022年第4期12卷 352-361页

作者： Kokou Vonor kodjo wotogbé gamélé keke Yawa Nagbé Yaovi Tété Roger Ahlonko Kuaovi-Koko Koffi Didier Ayéna Méba Banla Komi Parice Balo Service d’Ophtalmologie CHR Kara Tomdè Togo Département d’Ophtalmologie Faculté des Sciences de la Santé Université de Lomé Lomé Togo Cabinet AFIA Lomé Togo

Background: There are few studies on the cost of glaucoma management in developing country, especially in Togo, there are no data on the cost of POAG management. Aims: To determine the annual direct cost of the management of POAG, to evaluate the annual economic weight of the management of POAG and to determine the factors associated with the annual economic weight of the management. Methods: We conducted a retrospective and descriptive study over a period of 12 months from January 1 to December 31, 2019 based on the records of patients followed for POAG in AFIA Eye Clinic in lomé-Togo. The annual direct cost was defined by the sum of the costs of consultations, explorations and treatments. We defined the direct cost per patient and per year and related to the average annual income. It was said to be catastrophic at 20% or more of the estimated annual income. Chi 2 and Fisher tested the comparison of proportions. We conducted univariate and multivariate logistic regression to search correlations. Results: During the study period, 150 patient records were included. The average age was 47.24 ± 17.09 years and the sex ratio was 0.82. The cost of the diagnosis was 112.18 ± 22.26 €. The average cost of consultations was 19.46 ± 11.35 € and that of explorations was 92.71 ± 10.91 €. The annual cost of treatment per patient was 165.52 ± 110.16 €. The annual global direct cost of POAG management per patient was 277.69 ± 132.42 €. Compared to the annual income of 1166.29 €, the economic weight of the glaucoma management was 23.8%. This direct cost was catastrophic for 32.1% of patients in the study (44/150 of people with no care). Compared to the guaranteed inter-professional minimum wage (SMIG) of 640.30 €, the economic direct cost weight was 43.3%. Risk factors significantly associated with the direct cost were age over 40 (OR = 1.05 and p = 0.032), liberal profession (OR = 4.72 and p = 0.04), the absence of health insurance (OR = 6.68 and p = 0.017) and the use carbonic an

关键词： Glaucoma Direct Cost Management lomé Togo

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Shear Resistance of Siltous Sands Improved with Bridelia Tannins

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Geomaterials 2024年第1期14卷 1-11页

作者： Sinko Banakinao Soviwadan Drovou Komlan lolo kodjo Attipou Department of Civil Engineering Polytechnic School of Lomé University of Lomé Lomé Togo laboratory of Structure and Mechanic of Materials (laS2M) University of Lomé Lomé Togo

The ruin of several civil engineering works occurs due to shear rupture of the ground. When the stress is greater than the shear resistance, the internal friction angle and the cohesion of the soil loosen and rupture occurs. Cement and lime are often used to stabilize soils and improve soil strength. The costs and environmental problems of these technologies raise concerns and challenge researchers to innovate with clean, inexpensive materials, accessible to the most disadvantaged social classes. The question that this study seeks to answer is whether the binders derived from plant tannins, which also stabilize soils, improve the shear resistance of these soils. To do this, we determined for silty sand the shear parameters, notably the cohesion and the angle of internal friction in the non-stabilized state and when they are stabilized with the powder of the bark of the Bridelia under different water states. The results show that the addition of Bridelia powder to silty sand increases the cohesion of the soil by nearly 70.71% and the friction angle by 4.31%. But in unfavourable water conditions, the cohesion and internal friction angle of the silty sand material improved with Bridelia bark powder drops drastically by nearly 81.56%. but does not dissolve completely as for the same material. When it is not stabilized. This information is an invaluable contribution in the search for solutions to increase the durability of earthen constructions by improving the water-repellent properties of soils.

关键词： Silty Sand Bridelia Tannins Shear Resistance Cohesion Angle of Friction

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Validation of the TOPAS Monte-Carlo Code of the Off-Field Dose of a 6 MV Synergy linac

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Journal of Biosciences and Medicines 2024年第7期12卷 38-54页

作者： kodjo Joel Fabrice N’Guessan Ibrahima Sakho Bogbé D. l. H. Gogon Department of Physics and Chemistry Faculty of Sciences and Technology Iba Der Thiam University of This This Senegal International Cancer Center of Dakar Dakar Senegal Department of Physics Faculty of Sciences and Technology Flix Houphouet Boigny University of Abidjan Abidjan Cte dIvoire

The risk of radiation-induced second cancer and the late tissue loss due to Off-field doses in radiotherapy remain a serious concern. Monte Carlo (MC) simulation is currently one of the most accurate methods for calculating these doses. MC simulation model based on the Particle Simulation Tool (TOPAS) has been developed to simulate the off-field dose of an Elekta Synergy linear accelerator (linac) emitting 6 MV photons. Measurements were taken in a water phantom using an ionization chamber to validate this model. The Percentage Depth Dose (PDD) at the depth of 0.0, 5.0, 10.0 and 15.0 cm from the beam axis for a 10 × 10 cm2 field size was measured and simulated. Off-field dose profiles at the depth of 1.5 (dmax), 5.0 and 10.0 cm for field sizes of 5 × 5, 10 × 10, 15 × 15, and 20 × 20 cm2 respectively were measured and simulated. Comparison of measured and simulated off-field dose values showed a good agreement. The average gamma passing rate of the PDDs and profiles curves for off-field doses were 87.5% and 98.11% respectively. The local dose difference based on the PDD curve between the measured and simulated was less than 6.0 % for all locations. For all field size considered in this study, the average difference between profile curves for off-field dose measured and simulated was 9.1%. PDDs and Profiles curves for off-field dose simulation uncertainties were less than 2.0% and 1.0% respectively. TOPAS-MC simulation model developed is a good representation of our 6 MV linac Elekta Synergy for assessing off-field dose, which would be the primary cause of some secondary cancers.

关键词： Radiotherapy Off-Field Dose Secondary Cancer TOPAS-MC Simulation Dosimetry

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New Fusion Approach of Spatial and Channel Attention for Semantic Segmentation of Very High Spatial Resolution Remote Sensing Images

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Open Journal of Applied Sciences 2024年第2期14卷 288-319页

作者： Armand kodjo Atiampo Gokou Hervé Fabrice Diédié Unité de Recherche et d’Expertise du Numerique (UREN) Université Virtuelle de Céte d’Ivoire Abidjan Ivory Coast laboratoire de Mathématiques et Informatique Université Peleforo Gon Coulibaly Korhogo Ivory Coast

The semantic segmentation of very high spatial resolution remote sensing images is difficult due to the complexity of interpreting the interactions between the objects in the scene. Indeed, effective segmentation requires considering spatial local context and long-term dependencies. To address this problem, the proposed approach is inspired by the MAC-UNet network which is an extension of U-Net, densely connected combined with channel attention. The advantages of this solution are as follows: 4) The new model introduces a new attention called propagate attention to build an attention-based encoder. 2) The fusion of multi-scale information is achieved by a weighted linear combination of the attentions whose coefficients are learned during the training phase. 3) Introducing in the decoder, the Spatial-Channel-Global-local block which is an attention layer that uniquely combines channel attention and spatial attention locally and globally. The performances of the model are evaluated on 2 datasets WHDlD and DlRSD and show results of mean intersection over union (mIoU) index in progress between 1.54% and 10.47% for DlRSD and between 1.04% and 4.37% for WHDlD compared with the most efficient algorithms with attention mechanisms like MAU-Net and transformers like TMNet.

关键词： Spatial-Channel Attention Super-Token Segmentation Self-Attention Vision Transformer

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Hyperprolactinemia in Hospitals in lomé: Diagnostic and Therapeutic Aspects

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Open Journal of Internal Medicine 2024年第1期14卷 43-52页

作者： Tchamdja Toyi Djalogue lihanimpo kodjo Kossi Ganu Koudjo Kaaga laconi Yéba Mossi Komi Edem M’bortché B. kodjo Djibril Mohaman Awalou Balaka Abago Internal Medicine Departement University de Kara Kara Togo Internal Medicine Departement Université of Lomé Lomé Togo

Introduction. Hyperprolactinemia represents a supraphysiological secretion of prolactin. In clinical practice, it is the most frequently encountered anterior pituitary disorder. However, its real prevalence is little known in Africa. The purpose of this study is to list all cases of hyperprolactinemia over the past four years and to make an inventory of the various etiologies found and their management. Methodology. This is a cross-sectional descriptive study on the files of patients who came for consultation in the internal medicine and endocrinology department with hyperprolactinemia retrospectively collected from January 2017 to December 2020. Included were patients followed or whose the diagnosis of hyperprolactinemia was established in endocrinological consultation during the study period. Results. This study recorded 26 cases of hyperprolactinemia. The female sex represented 73.08% (sex ratio M/F 0.37) and the average age was 33.92 years. The 40 - 50 age group was the most represented with 30.77%. In women, galactorrhea accounted for 73.07%, amenorrhea 57.69% of clinical pictures and infertility 23.08%. In men, infertility accounted for 7.69% of presentations, gynecomastia 11.54% and erectile dysfunction 15.38%. The duration of evolution of the signs was 4 months in 23.08% of the patients. The mean prolactinemia was 702.58 ng/ml. CT was performed in 80.85% of patients. The main etiologies were pituitary adenomas (77%). All our patients were treated with dopaminergic agonists. Cabergoline was prescribed in 77% of patients. The evolution was favorable in 96.25% of patients. Conclusion. Hyperprolactinemia is a pathology that exists in our regions. The main etiology remains pituitary adenomas and treatment with cabergoline.

关键词： Hyperprolactinemia Hospital Environment CHU SO Togo

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Micropenis Associated or Not with Cryptorchidism in the Endocrinology Department of Yopougon University Hospital in Ivory Coast: Epidemiological, Clinical, Paraclinical and Therapeutic Aspects

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Open Journal of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases 2024年第3期14卷 75-85页

作者： Adélaïde Hue Kossi kodjo Michèle Fotso Jacko Abodo Department of Endocrinology Diabetology at Yopougon University Hospital Abidjan Ivory Coast Internal Medicine and Endocrinology Department of Sylvanus Olympio University Hospital Lomé Togo

Background: Congenital malformations such as micropenis and cryptorchidism do not have immediate dramatic consequences. However, the diagnosis is often unknown at birth, and therefore late. In Ivory Coast, there are few studies on cryptorchidism and micropenis. We conducted this study to identify the epidemiological, clinical, etiological and therapeutic characteristics of the micropenis associated or not with cryptorchidism at Yopougon University Hospital. Methods: We conducted a retrospective descriptive study in the Department of Endocrinology-Diabetology of the Yopougon University Hospital carried out over 13 years from January 2005 to December 2018. All patients were included regardless of the presence of a micropenis associated or not with cryptorchidism in the clinical or paraclinical examination. Results: A total of 14 micropenis were reported associated in 6 cases with cryptorchidism. It was unilateral cryptorchidism in 4 patients or 66.66% of cases. The average age of affected patients was 21.32 years with extremes ranging from 10 months to 48 years. The reason for consultation was micropenis in 12 out of 14 cases or 85.75%. The associated signs apart from cryptorchidism were obesity in 42.86% of cases, gynecomastia in 35.71% of cases. The aetiology was dominated by idiopathic causes. Treatment with testosterone enanthate was more effective in pre-pubertal children than in adults. Conclusion: The diagnosis of micropenis associated or not with cryptorchidism is late because of the frustrations, taboos and psycho-social states that it causes. However, drug treatment is effective when treatment is started early.

关键词： Micropenis Cryptorchidism Hospital Environment Ivory Coast

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Compliance with Oral Anti-Diabetic Treatment in lome

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Open Journal of Internal Medicine 2024年第1期14卷 53-63页

作者： Tchamdja Toyi Djalogue lihanimpo kodjo Kossi Kaaga laconi Yéba Mossi Komi Edem M’bortché B. kodjo Ehon Ata Edem Djibril Mohaman Awalou Balaka Abago Internal Medicine Departement Université de Kara Kara Togo Internal Medicine Departement Université de Lomé Lomé Togo

Objective: The objective of this study was to assess adherence to antidiabetic therapy in type II diabetic patients and factors associated with lomé. Method: This was a descriptive observational study conducted among diabetics in diabetes care centers from May 1, 2020 to October 1, 2020, for a period of 6 months. Results: A total of 300 patients were questioned. The mean age was 56.61 years (standard deviation = 11.7). The sex ratio was 0.6. All the patients were on drug treatment, 83.4% of whom were on metformin and 37.5% on Glibenclamide. In 58.3% of the cases, the patients were on dual therapy and 96.2% had an abovenormal glycated hemoglobin value. There was a medication adherence problem with poor adherence in 30.7%. Being aged 50 and over (ORC = 1.78, p = 0.048), playing sports (ORR = 1.87, p = 0.046), have reaching a higher level of education (ORR = 5.78, p = 0.005) significantly increased the chances of patients having a good/minimal problem of adherence. Conclusion: Diabetes affects in Togo, more women than men with a predominance of those aged 50 and over. Adherence to therapy remains a challenge.

关键词： Type II Diabetes Metformin Compliance Associated Factors

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Viral Hepatitis B and C: Epidemiological, Clinical and Paraclinical Aspects in the Internal Medicine Department of KARA University Hospital in Togo

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Open Journal of Internal Medicine 2024年第1期14卷 131-139页

作者： lihanimpo Djalogue Mossi Komi Edem El Hadj Yacoubou Tchamdja Toyi Djagadou kodjo Agbeko Balaka Abago Djibril Mohaman Awalou Internal Medicine Department University of Kara Kara Togo Internal Medicine Department University of Lome Lome Togo Hepato-Gastroenterology Department University of Kara Lomé Togo

Introduction: Viral hepatitis B and C constitute real public health problems worldwide. The objective of this work was to describe the epidemiological, clinical and paraclinical aspects of viral hepatitis B and c in the internal medicine department of Kara University Hospital. Method: this was a retrospective descriptive study carried out in the Internal Medicine department of Kara University Hospital, over a period of 3 years from March 2020 to April 2023. It included all patients seen in consultation or hospitalized for hepatitis viral B and/or C. Results: A total of 57 patients were included in our study. The average age was 44.30 years ± 16.75 and the M/F sex ratio was 1.38. Married people were in the majority 63.2%. The circumstances of the discovery of viral hepatitis B and C were dominated by abdominal pain in 35.1% of cases and hepatomegaly in 29.8% of cases and in 33.3% of cases, it was during screening voluntary. Patients with viral hepatitis B only accounted for 64.9% of cases;those with only viral hepatitis C represented 31.6% of cases and 3.5% of cases had HVB/HCV co-infection. We recorded 36.8% complications including 52.4% liver cirrhosis and 47.6% hepatocellular carcinomas. During the evolution, there were 03 deaths. Conclusion: the prevalence of hepatitis B and C virus carriage in patients followed in internal medicine at Kara University Hospital is high. It is therefore essential to put in place treatment and prevention strategies against these viruses.

关键词： Hepatitis B Hepatitis C Internal Medicine Kara University Hospital

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East African Cassava Mosaic Virus and East African Cassava Mosaic Cameroon Virus: Two Species Emerging in Togo

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Agricultural Sciences 2024年第8期15卷 864-876页

作者： Senya Sakina Allado Kossikouma Djodji Adjata Justin Simon Pita kodjovi Atassé Dansou-kodjo Assion Sétu Mivedor Koffi Tozo laboratoire de Virologie et de Biotechnologies Vgtales Ecole Suprieure dAgronomie (ESA) Universit de Lom Lom Togo laboratory of Plant Virology Universit Flix Houphout-Boigny Ple Scientifique et dInnovation Bingerville Cte dIvoire laboratoire de Physiologie et Biotechnologies Vgtales Facult des Sciences Universit de Lom Lom Togo

Cassava mosaic disease (CMD) caused by the whitefly-transmitted Begomoviruses (family Geminiviridae) is a major threat to production of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) in Togo. Survey was conducted in 2020 in the 5 agroecological zones of Togo to assess the status of East African cassava mosaic virus (EACMV), East African cassava mosaic Cameroon virus (EACMCMV) and its distribution. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Sanger sequencing were used for the detection of cassava mosaic Begomoviruses (CMBs) in the sampled leaves. The incidence of EACMV was 47.93% (278/580) and varied between 41.30% (Zone V) and 62.29% (Zone IV) across the agroecological zone but no significant difference was observed. The EACMCMV incidence was 13.67% (38/278) and varied significantly (p ≤ 0.001) through the agroecological zone. Phylogenetic analysis of the viral isolates showed that they are closely related to those from Nigeria, Ghana, and Ivory coast. Nucleotide sequence analysis of CP revealed an overall genetic diversity (π) of around 3.4%. These results showed that EACMV was the predominant virus and that EACMCMV incidence could be more widespread in Togo.

关键词： Begomovirus PCR EACMV EACMCMV Togo Genetic Diversity

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Enhancing Precision in Radiotherapy Delivery: Validating Monte Carlo Simulation Models for 6 MV Elekta Synergy Agility lINAC Photon Beam Using Two Models of the gamOS Code

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World Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology 2024年第2期14卷 146-163页

作者： Nogaye Ndiaye Oumar Ndiaye Papa Macoumba Faye kodjo Joël Fabrice N’Guessan Djicknack Dione Khady Sy Moussa Hamady Sy Jean Paul latyr Faye Alassane Traoré Ababacar Sadikhe Ndao Institute of Applied Nuclear Technology University Cheikh Anta Diop Dakar Senegal International Cancer Center of Dakar Dakar Senegal Department of Physics Faculty of Sciences and Technology University Cheikh Anta Diop Dakar Senegal

The most crucial requirement in radiation therapy treatment planning is a fast and accurate treatment planning system that minimizes damage to healthy tissues surrounding cancer cells. The use of Monte Carlo toolkits has become indispensable for research aimed at precisely determining the dose in radiotherapy. Among the numerous algorithms developed in recent years, the gamOS code, which utilizes the Geant4 toolkit for Monte Carlo simula-tions, incorporates various electromagnetic physics models and multiple scattering models for simulating particle interactions with matter. This makes it a valuable tool for dose calculations in medical applications and throughout the patient’s volume. The aim of this present work aims to vali-date the gamOS code for the simulation of a 6 MV photon-beam output from the Elekta Synergy Agility linear accelerator. The simulation involves mod-eling the major components of the accelerator head and the interactions of the radiation beam with a homogeneous water phantom and particle information was collected following the modeling of the phase space. This space was po-sitioned under the X and Y jaws, utilizing three electromagnetic physics mod-els of the gamOS code: Standard, Penelope, and low-Energy, along with three multiple scattering models: Goudsmit-Saunderson, Urban, and Wentzel-VI. The obtained phase space file was used as a particle source to simulate dose distributions (depth-dose and dose profile) for field sizes of 5 × 5 cm2 and 10 × 10 cm2 at depths of 10 cm and 20 cm in a water phantom, with a source-surface distance (SSD) of 90 cm from the target. We compared the three electromagnetic physics models and the three multiple scattering mod-els of the gamOS code to experimental results. Validation of our results was performed using the gamma index, with an acceptability criterion of 3% for the dose difference (DD) and 3 mm for the distance-to-agreement (DTA). We achieved agreements of 94% and 96%, respective

关键词： gamOS Monte Carlo lINAC Radiotherapy Dose Distribution Phase Space gamma Index 6 MV Photon Beam

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