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Standard-Cell Placement from Functional Descriptions

Journal of Computer Science & Technology 1991年第1期6卷 37-46页

作者： klaus buchenrieder Waldparkstraβe

This paper presents a functional language for the unambiguous description of digital circuits,a me- thod and algorithms to obtain a standard-cell layout,and a comparative evaluation of the developed func- tional standard-cell placement *** presented placement scheme is different from traditional methods because the complete layout geometry is specified and constructed automatically from a function- al *** construction relies on a translation that combines the simplicity of standard-cells with the elegance of functional *** evaluation of the method introduced shows that the quality of the resulting placement is close to the results achieved with simulated annealing while the computation time is significantly ***,the evaluation suggests to employ the functional placement me- thod in conjunction with low-temperature simulated annealing for running-time reduction and improved- results.

关键词： Standard-Cell Placement from Functional Descriptions

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The Perception of Flood Risks: A Case Study of Babessi in Rural Cameroon

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International Journal of Disaster Risk Science 2021年第4期12卷 458-478页

作者： Gertrud buchenrieder Julian Brandl Azibo Roland Balgah Research Center RISK Institute of Sociology and EconomicsUniversität der Bundeswehr München85577NeubibergGermany Leibniz Institute of Agricultural Development in Transition Economies(IAMO) 06120Halle(Saale)Germany TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan Technical University Munich(TUM)85354MunichGermany College of Technology The University of Bamenda(UBa)BamendaNorth West RegionCameroon

Although risk perception of natural hazards has been identified as an important determinant for sound policy design,there is limited empirical research on it in developing *** article narrows the empirical literature *** draws from Babessi,a rural town in the Northwest Region of *** was hit by a severe flash flood in *** cross-disciplinary lens applied here deciphers the complexity arising from flood hazards,often embedded in contexts characterized by poverty,a state that is constrained in disaster relief,and market-based solutions being *** data were collected via snowball *** logistic regression analysis suggests that individuals with leadership functions,for example,heads of households,perceive flood risk higher,probably due to their role as household *** found that risk perception is linked to location,which in turn is associated with religious *** perceive floods riskier than Muslims because the former traditionally reside at the foot of hills and the latter uphill;rendering Muslims less exposed and eventually less affected by ***,public disaster relief appears to have built up trust and subsequently reduced risk perception,even if some victims remained skeptical of state disaster *** indicates strong potential benefits of public transfers for flood risk management in developing countries.

关键词： Flood disaster Multinomial logistic regression Risk perception Rural Cameroon

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Risk Management Strategies of Vulnerable Rural Households in Southeast Asia： A Case Study from Vietnam

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Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology(A) 2011年第2X期1卷 292-302页

作者： I. Fischer G. buchenrieder Institute of Agricultural Economics and Social Sciences in the Tropics and Subtropics University of Hohenheim Stuttgart 70599 Germany Institute of Social Sciences and Economies Universitait der Bundeswehr Munchen Neubiberg 85577 Germany

In the Uplands of Southeast Asia, poor and near-poor farm households endure considerable livelihood vulnerability. Access to formal insurance services is scarce. Rural farm households in mountainous Northern Vietnam have developed alternative risk management strategies. This article investigates the theoretical links between poverty, vulnerability and risk. The concept of vulnerability to poverty lays the analytical framework. Based on empirical evidence from more than 200 ethnic minority households, major risks and risk management strategies are presented and analyzed. Results suggest that households suffer from limited endowment with and access to capital assets and service institutions. Human and economic risks （e.g. illness of family members and loss of livestock） were identified as the main components affecting rural livelihoods. Constrained access to adequate risk management strategies increase household＇s vulnerability, drowning them more and more in poverty. Major policy implications are that anti-poverty programs should focus on a broader target group, the currently poor as well as the vulnerable households.

关键词： Risk management vulnerability Southeast Asia Vietnam.

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Empirical Evidence of Natural Shocks, Risk Perceptions and Resilience from Cameroon

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Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology(A) 2012年第12期2卷 1344-1355页

作者： Roland Azibo Balgah Innocent Ndoh Mbue Gertrud buchenrieder Moses Tita Mogho Njoya Faculty of Sciences University of Bamenda P.O. Box 39 Bamenda Cameroon Post doctoral research fellow P.O. Box 5044 Nkwen Bamenda NWR Cameroon Institute of Agricultural and Nutrition Sciences Martin-Luther-University Halle Wittenberg (IAEW) Halle (Saale) 06099 Germany Faculty of Industrial Engineering University of Douala BP 2701 Douala Cameroon

Invariably, it is the poorest of the poor who are mostly affected by perverse disasters, policies and laws. A major concern in disaster research is to explore the relationship between shock experiences and victims＇ perceptions of risk, as well as their possible effect on victims＇ behavior for resilience and adaptation. We explore this relationship on victimized households of the 1986 Lake Nyos disaster, employing a quasi-experimental design. Matching was done with non-affected households. Both groups affected and non-affected households were of adequate size, and subject to the same questionnaire. Selection of （470） test and matching households was purposely limited to nine of the ten towns accommodating both survivors and non survivors of the examined disaster. A list constructed with traditional rulers in each village allowed for random sampling of non victims for comparative analysis. We then compare households affected by the disaster with those who were not. The results reveal differentiated perceptions of risk and management behavior contingent on whether households experienced the shock or not. However, solidarity and reciprocity remained extremely high and not significantly different amongst both household types, suggesting resilience of endogenous, informal risk response mechanisms to natural shocks. The article concludes that analyzing risk perceptions can help explain why some individuals, households or communities may be resilient to shocks and others not. We argue for a combination of subjective perceptions and objective shock analysis, especially if the analyst hopes to influence policy.

关键词： Natural shocks risk perceptions resilience Lake Nyos Cameroon.

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