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Understanding Propagated Sensation along Meridians by Volume Transmission in Peripheral Tissue

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Chinese Journal of Integrative Medicine 2013年第5期19卷 330-339页

作者：张维波赵晏 kjell fuxe Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion China Academy of Chinese Medical Science School of Medicine Xi'an Jiaotong University Department of Neuroscience Karolinska InstitutetStockholm(17177)Sweden

Propagated sensation along meridians （PSM） is a phenomenon that a sensation moves along meridians during stimulation of an acupoint. PSM has an appearance rate of 1.3% among people and have characteristics of low speed, going toward afflicted sites and being blocked by physical pressure which is difficult to be explained by known neural and blood transmission. Volume transmission （VT） is a widespread mode of intercellular communication in the central nervous system that occurs in the extracellular fluid and in the cerebrospinal fluid. VT signals moves from source to target cells via energy gradients leading to diffusion and convection （flow） which is slow, long distance and much less space filling. VT channel diffuse forming a plexus in the extracellular space with two parameters of volume fraction and tortuosity. Some experiments showed an information transmission between adjacent and distant acupoints along meridians cross spinal segments. This process is a cross-excitation between peripheral nerve terminals which is related to nonsynaptic transmission. Some neurotransmitters or neuropeptides such as glutamate, adenosine triphosphate （ATP） and neuropeptide such as substance P, neurokinin A and calcitonin gene-related peptide relate with the cross-excitation which can be regards as VT signals. Comparing the characteristics of PSM and VT, many similar aspects can be found leading to an assumption that PSM is a process of VT in peripheral tissue along meridians. The reason why VT signals transmit along meridians is that the meridian is rich in interstitial fluid under the condition of low hydraulic resistance which has been proven experimentally. According to Darcy＇s law which descript the flow of interstitial fluid and conservation equation, interstitial fluid will move toward meridians and flow along meridians that restrict the VT signals within the channel and accelerate the flow according to Fick＇s diffusion law. During the process, a degranulation of histamine f

关键词： propagated sensation along meridians volume transmission, neurotransmitters and receptors interstitial fluid channel low hydraulic resistance

Volume transmission and receptor-receptor interactions in heteroreceptor complexes:understanding the role of new concepts for brain communication

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Neural Regeneration Research 2016年第8期11卷 1220-1223页

作者： kjell fuxe Dasiel O.Borroto-Escuela Department of Neuroscience Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden Observatorio Cubano de Neurociencias Grupo Bohio-Estudio Yaguajay Cuba

The discovery of the central monoamine neurons not only demonstrated novel types of brain stem neurons forming global terminal networks all over the brain and the spinal cord,but also to a novel type of communication called volume *** is a major mode of communication in the central nervous system that takes places in the extracellular fluid and the cerebral spinal fluid through diffusion and flow of molecules,like neurotransmitters and extracellular *** integration of synaptic and volume transmission takes place through allosteric receptor-receptor interactions in heteroreceptor *** heterocomplexes represent major integrator centres in the plasma membrane and their protomers act as moonlighting proteins undergoing dynamic changes and their structure and *** fact,we propose that the molecular bases of learning and memory can be based on the reorganization of multiples homo and heteroreceptor complexes into novel assembles in the post-junctional membranes of synapses.

关键词： volume transmission receptor-receptor interaction heteroreceptor complexes oligomerization brain communication learning memory central monoamine neurons

Volume Transmission and Its Different Forms in the Central Nervous System

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Chinese Journal of Integrative Medicine 2013年第5期19卷 323-329页

作者： kjell fuxe Dasiel O.Borroto-Escuela Wilber Romero-Fernandez 张维波 Luigi F.Agnati Department of Neuroscience Karolinska Institutet Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Department of Biomedical Sciences University of Modena

Volume transmission （VT） is a widespread mode of intercellular communication that occurs in the extracellular fluid （ECF） and in the cerebrospinal fluid （CSF） of the brain with VI signals moving from source to target cells via energy gradients leading to diffusion and convection （flow）. The VT channels are diffuse forming a plexus in the extracellular space, while in wiring transmission （WT） the channels （axons, terminals） are private. The speed is slow （seconds-minutes） in VT while rapid in the millisecond range in w-r. The extracellular space is the substrate for VT, which is modulated by the extracellular matrix. Extrasynaptic VT is linked to synaptic transmission and likely often takes place due to incomplete diffusion barriers with the synaptic transmitter reaching extrasynaptic domains of the pre-and post-synaptic membrane of the synapse, the astroglia, and even adjacent synapses. Indications exist for the existence of striatal D2-1ike receptor-mediated extrasynaptic form of dopamine （DA） VT at the local circuit level in vivo in the human striatum. Synaptic glutamate via extrasynaptic VT can act on extrasynaptic metabotropic glutamate receptors located on the astroglia leading to Ca2~ mediated astrocytic glutamate release into the extracellular space （ECS）. Long distance peptide VT and CSF VT is the major long distance VT with distances more than 1 mm and flow in the CSF. Indications for long distance vr of beta-endorphin and oxytocin are obtained. We propose that monogamy in the female prairie vole may take place through an increase in oxytocin v-r, especially in nucleus accumbens. Release of extracellular vesicles containing receptors, proteins, RNAs and mtDNA from cellular networks in the central nervous system （CNS） into the ECF and CSF may be a fundamental communication in the CNS. It represents a special form of volume transmission, the Roamer subtype of VT. It may greatly contribute to dynamic events of synaptic plasticity but also to spread of patholog

关键词： extrasynaptic volume transmission long distance volume transmission Roamer type of volume transmission Chinese medicine Meridian