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Unequal d.s.ribution of Innovation Efforts.for Neglected.Tropical d.s.as.s. Th. Role of Fund.ng Evaluation Criteria

h.alth 2024年第5期16卷 490-520页

作者： Anne m. G. Neevel kenneth d. s. fernald.lind. h. m. van d. burgwal Ath.na Ins.itute Faculty of Science Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Amsterdam Netherlands

Background. International res.arch.and.innovation efforts.for neglected.tropical d.s.as.s.h.ve increas.d.in recent d.cad.s.d.e to d.s.arities.in overall h.alth.res.arch.fund.ng in relation to global burd.n of d.s.as.. h.wever, with.n th. field.of neglected.tropical d.s.as.s.s.m. s.em.far m.re neglected.th.n oth.rs. In th.s.res.arch.th. aim.is.to inves.igate th. d.s.ribution of res.urces.and.efforts. as.well as.th. m.ch.nis.s.th.t und.rpin fund.ng allocation for neglected.tropical d.s.as.s. m.th.d.logy: A s.s.em.tic literature review was.cond.cted.to es.ablis. a com.reh.ns.ve overview of known ind.cators.for innovation efforts.related.to a wid. range of neglected.tropical d.s.as.s. Articles.were s.lected.bas.d.on a s.bjective evaluation of th.ir relevance, th. pres.nce of original d.ta, and.th. bread.h.of th.ir s.ope. Th.s.was.followed.by th.rteen in-d.pth.open-end.d.interviews.with.repres.ntatives.of private, public and.ph.lanth.opic fund.ng organizations. concerning evaluation criteria for fund.ng res.arch.propos.ls. Res.lts. Th. find.ngs.reveal a large d.fference in th. extent to wh.ch.th. ind.vid.al d.s.as.s.are neglected.with.notable d.fferences.between abs.lute and.relative efforts. Criteria us.d.in th. evaluation of res.arch.propos.ls.relate to potential im.act, th. probability of s.cces. and.s.rategic fit. Private organizations.prioritize s.rategic fit and.econom.c im.act;ph.lanth.opic organizations.prioritize s.ort-term.s.cietal im.act;and.public generally prioritize th. probability of s.cces. by accounting for follow-up fund.ng and.involvem.nt of ind.s.ry. Fund.ng d.cis.ons.of d.fferent types.of organizations.are h.gh.y interrelated. Conclus.ons. Th.s.s.ud. s.ows.th.t th. evaluation of fund.ng propos.ls.introd.ces.and.retains.unequal fund.ng d.s.ribution, reinforcing th. relative neglect of d.s.as.s. s.cietal im.act is.th. prim.ry rationale for fund.ng but application of it as.a fund.ng criterion is.as.ociated.with.s.gnificant ch.llenges. Furth.rm.re, curre

关键词： Neglected.Tropical d.s.as.s Fund.ng d.cis.on Evaluation Criteria h.alth.Res.arch.Fund.ng Res.arch.Im.act

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Unequal d.s.ribution of Innovation Efforts.for Neglected.Tropical d.s.as.s.Th. Role of Fund.ng Evaluation Criteria

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h.alth.健康） 2024年第5期 490页

作者： Anne m.G.Neevel kenneth d.s.fernald.lind. h.m.van d. burgwal

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Th. organization of s.cietal conflicts.by pavem.nt ants.Tetram.rium.caes.itum. an agent-bas.d.m.d.l of am.ne-m.d.ated.d.cis.on m.king

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Current Zoology 2016年第3期62卷 277-284页

作者： Kevin m. h.OVER And.ew N. BUBAK Is.ac J. LAW Jazm.ne d. W. YAEGER kenneth J. RENNER Joh. G. s.ALLOW m.ch.el J. GREENE d.partm.nt of Integrative Biology University of Colorado Denver Denver CO 80217-3364 USA Neuros.ience Program University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus Aurora CO 80045 USA d.partm.nt of Biology University of South Dakota Vermillion South Dakota 57069 USA

Ant colonies.s.lf-organize to s.lve com.lex problem.0}d.s.ite th. s.m.licity of an ind.vid.al ant＇s.brain. Pavem.nt ant Tetram.rium.caes.itum.colonies.m.s. s.lve th. problem.of d.fend.ng th. ter- ritory th.t th.y patrol in s.arch.of energetically rich.forage. Wh.n m.m.ers.of 2 colonies.rand.m.y interact at th. territory bound.ry a d.cis.on to figh. occurs.wh.n： 1） th.re is.a m.s.atch.in nes.- m.te recognition cues.and.2） each.ant h.s.a recent h.s.ory of h.gh.interaction rates.with.nes.m.te ants. Ins.ead.of figh.ing, s.m. ants.will d.cid. to recruit m.re workers.from.th. nes. to th. figh.ing location, and.in th.s.way a pos.tive feed.ack m.d.ates.th. d.velopm.nt of colony wid. wars. In ants. th. m.noam.nes.s.rotonin （5-h.） and.octopam.ne （OA） m.d.late m.ny beh.viors.as.ociated.with.colony organization and.in particular beh.viors.as.ociated.with.nes.m.te recognition and.ag- gres.ion. In th.s.article, we d.velop and.explore an agent-bas.d.m.d.l th.t conceptualizes.h.w in- d.vid.al ch.nges.in brain concentrations.of 5-h. and.OA, paired.with.a s.m.le th.es.old.bas.d.d.- cis.on rule, can lead.to th. d.velopm.nt of colony wid. warfare. m.d.l s.m.lations.d. lead.to th. d.velopm.nt of warfare with.91% of ants.figh.ing at th. end.of 1 h. Wh.n cond.cting a s.ns.tivity analys.s. we d.term.ned.th.t uncertainty in m.noam.ne concentration s.gnal d.cay influences.th. beh.vior of th. m.d.l m.re th.n uncertainty in th. d.cis.on-m.king rule or d.ns.ty. We conclud. th.t pavem.nt ant beh.vior is.cons.s.ent with.th. d.tection of interaction rate th.ough.a s.ngle tim.d.interval rath.r th.n integration of m.ltiple interactions.

关键词： agent-bas.d.m.d.l aggres.ive beh.vior ants d.cis.on m.king m.noam.nes octopam.ne s.rotonin.

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s.rum.Concentrations.of Tum.r Necros.s.Factor-α and.its.s.luble Receptors.in s.ld.ers.with.and.With.ut Com.at-related.Pos.traum.tic s.res. d.s.rd.r： Influence of Age and.Bod. m.s. Ind.x

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Ch.nes. m.d.cal Journal 2016年第6期129卷 751-752页

作者： h.bertus.h.m.erich.Jorg-Egbert Wolf Peter Zim.erm.nn Antje h.Biih.er Les.a m.h.ld. d.niel Teups.r kenneth C Kirkby Gerd.d.Willm.nd.Ulrich.Wes.m.nn d.partm.nt of Ps.ch.atry Psychotherapy and Psychotraumatology Bundeswehr Hospital Berlin Germany d.partm.nt of Ps.ch.logical m.d.cine King's College London London UK d.partm.nt of Ps.ch.atry and.Ps.ch.th.rapy University Hospital Leipzig Leipzig Germany d.partm.nt of Laboratory m.d.cine Ludw g-Max m ans-University Munich Germany d.partm.nt of Ps.ch.atry University of Tasmania Hobart Tasmania Australia

To th. Ed.tor： With.great interes. we read.th. original article of Ch.rt et al publis.ed.in th. Ch.nes. m.d.cal Journal com.aring s.rum.concentrations.of cytokines.in patients.of h.n and.Li eth.icity with.pos.traum.tic s.res. d.s.rd.r （PTs.0}. Th. auth.rs.found.s.gnificantly h.gh.r s.rum.concentrations.of th. cytokines.interleukin （IL）-2, IL-6, IL-8, and.tum.r necros.s.factor （TNF）-α in PTs.0}patients.com.ared.to norm.l controls. and.d.fferences.in cytokine concentrations.accord.ng to eth.icity.

关键词：

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d.s.ppearance and.appearance of an ind.ges.ible m.rker in feces.from.growing pigs.as.affected.by previous.and.currentd.et com.os.tion

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Journal of Anim.l s.ience and.Biotech.ology 2017年第3期8卷 643-651页

作者： Brand. m.Jacobs.Joh. F.Patience m.rlin d.lindem.nn kenneth J.s.ald.r Brian J.Kerr d.partm.nt of Anim.l s.ience Iowa State UniversityAmes 50010USA d.partm.nt of Anim.l and.Food.s.iences University of KentuckyLexington 40546KYUSA Us.0}-ARs.National Laboratory for Agricultural and.th. Environm.nt Ames 50010IAUSA

Background. Ind.ges.ible m.rkers.are com.only utilized.in d.ges.ion s.ud.es. but th. com.lete d.s.ppearance or m.xim.m.appearance of a m.rker in feces.can be affected.by d.et com.os.tion, feed.intake, or an anim.l＇s.*** objectives.of th.s.s.ud. were to d.term.ne th. im.act of previous.Ph.s. 1, P1） and.current-（Ph.s. 2, P2）d.et com.os.tion on m.rker d.s.ppearance（Cr） and.appearance（Ti） in pigs.fed.3 d.ets.d.ffering in Nd. ***： Wh.n pigs.were m.intained.on th. 25.1, 72.5, and.125.0 g/kg Nd. d.ets. it took 5.1, 4.1, and.2.5 d. res.ectively,for Cr levels.to d.creas. below th. lim.t of quantitation; or 4.6, 3.7, or 2.8 d. res.ectively, for Ti to be m.xim.zed. Th.s. effects.were not, h.wever, ind.pend.nt of th. previous.d.et as.ind.cated.by th. interaction between P1 and.P2 d.ets.on fecal m.rker concentrations.P 〈 0.01）. Wh.n d.etary Nd. increas.d.from.P1 to P2, it took les. tim. for fecal Cr to d.creas. or fecal Ti to be m.xim.zed.an average of 2.5 d., th.n if Nd. d.creas.d.from.P1 to P2 wh.re it took longer for fecal Cr to d.creas. or fecal Ti to be m.xim.zed.an average of 3.4 d..Conclus.ons. Becaus. of th. wid. range in excretion tim.s.reported.in th. literature and.im.roved.laboratory m.th.d. for elem.ntal d.tection, th. d.ta s.gges.s.th.t caution m.s. be taken in cons.d.ring d.etary fiber concentrations.of th. pas. and.currently fed.d.ets.s. th.t no previous.d.etary m.rker ad.ition rem.ins.in th. d.ges.ive tract or feces.s.ch.th.t a s.al am.unt of m.ker is.pres.nt to confound.s.bs.quent experim.ntal res.lts. and.th.t m.rker concentration h.ve s.abilized.wh.n th.s. s.m.les.are col ected.

关键词： Ad.ptation d.ges.ibility Fiber Ind.ges.ible m.rker Pig

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m.GNETOENCEPh.LOGRAPh. (m.G) IN h.m.N BRAIN m.PPING

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神经解剖学杂志 2001年第B7期17卷 86-87页

作者： Juh. h.m.L INEN Joanne Y. GAm.LIN kenneth C. s.UIREs 4-d.Neuroim.ging Helsinki Finland 4-d.Neuroim.ging San Diego CA 4-d.Neuroim.ging San Diego CA

Th. neuroph.s.ological m.as.rem.nt tech.ique known as.m.gnetoenceph.lograph., or m.G, h.s.been in us. s.nce th. early 1970's. and.applied.to clinical populations.s.nce th. early 1980's. h.wever, it was.not until th. late 1980's.and.early 1990's.th.t th. tech.ology was.ad.0}ced.to point wh.re effective clinical us. was.ach.eved. Th.s.pres.ntation will review th. bas.c principles.of m.G, d.s.us. th. progres.ion of tech.ology d.velopm.nt and.give an upd.te on th. current clinical applications.of th. tech.ology.

关键词：人类脑电地形图脑磁成像 m.G 临床应用

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Effects.of live yeas. on d.fferential genetic and.functional attributes.of rum.n m.crobiota in beef cattle

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Journal of Anim.l s.ience and.Biotech.ology 2019年第4期10卷 1101-1107页

作者： Ibukun m.Ogunad. Jerus.a Lay kenneth And.ies.Ch.is.ina J.m. m.nus.Fred.rick Bebe College of Agriculture Communities and the Environment Kentucky State University

s.veral s.ud.es.h.ve evaluated.th. effects.of live yeas. s.pplem.ntation on rum.n m.crobial population;h.wever,its.effect on d.fferential m.crobial genes.and.th.ir functional potential h.s.not been d.s.ribed. Th.s. th.s.s.ud. applied.s.otgun m.tagenom.c s.quencing to evaluate th. effects.of live yeas. s.pplem.ntation on genetic and.functional potential of th. rum.n m.crobiota in beef cattle. Eigh. rum.n-cannulated.h.ls.ein s.eers.were rand.m.y as.igned.to two treatm.nts.in a cros.-over d.s.gn with.two 25-d.y experim.ntal period. and.a 10-d.y was.-out between th. two period.. Th. s.eers.were h.us.d.in ind.vid.al pens.and.fed.50% concentrate-m.x and.50% red.clover/orch.rd.h.y ad.libitum. Treatm.nts.were(1) control(CON;bas.l d.et with.ut ad.itive) and.2) yeas.(YEA;bas.l d.et plus.15 g/d.of live yeas. prod.ct). Rum.n fluid.s.m.les.were collected.at 3, 6, and.9 h.after feed.ng on th. las. d.of each.period. s.quencing was.d.ne on an Illum.na h. s.q 2500 platform. d.etary yeas. s.pplem.ntation increas.d.th. relative abund.nce of carboh.d.ate-ferm.nting bacteria(s.ch.as.Rum.nococcus.albus. ***, R. brom.i, and.R. obeum. and.lactate-utilizing bacteria(s.ch.as.m.gas.h.era els.0}nii, d.s.lfovibrio d.s.lfuricans. and.d. vulgaris.. A total of 154 d.fferentially abund.nt genes.d.Gs. were obtained.fals. d.s.overy rate d.a of Genes.and.Genom.s.KEGG) annotation analys.s.of th. d.Gs.revealed.th.t 10 path.ays. includ.ng am.no s.gar and.nucleotid. s.gar m.tabolis., oxid.tive ph.s.h.rylation, lipopolys.cch.rid. bios.nth.s.s. pantoth.nate and.coenzym. A bios.nth.s.s. glutath.one m.tabolis., beta-alanine m.tabolis.,polyketid. s.gar unit bios.nth.s.s. protein export, ribos.m., and.bacterial s.cretory s.s.em. were enrich.d.in s.eers.fed.YEA. Annotation analys.s.of th. d.Gs.in th. carboh.d.ate-active enzym.s.CAZy) d.tabas. revealed.th.t th. abund.nce of genes.cod.ng for enzym.s.belonging to glycos.d. h.d.olas.s. glycos.ltrans.eras.s. and.carboh.d.ate bind.

关键词： Functional potential Live yeas. Rum.n

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Incid.nee and.tim.-varying pred.ctors.of h.V and.s.xually trans.itted.infections.am.ng m.le s.x workers.in m.xico City

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Infectious.d.s.as.s.of Poverty 2021年第1期10卷 36-45页

作者： Karla Y.Ganley m.rta Wils.n-Barth.s.And.ew R.Zullo s.nd.a G.s.s.-Rubi Carlos.J.Cond.-Glez s.nta Garcia-Cis.eros.m.rk N.Lurie Brand.n d.L.m.rs.all d.n Operario kenneth h.m.yer Om.r Galarraga d.partm.nt of Narrative m.d.cine Columbia UniversityNew YorkNYUSA d.partm.nt of Epid.m.ology School of Public HealthBrown UniversityProvide neeRlUSA d.partm.nt of h.alth.s.rvices Policyand PracticeSchool of Public HealthBrown University121 South Main StreetBox G-121S-2ProvidenceRl 02912USA National Ins.itute of Public h.alth.INs.) CuernavacaMorelosMexico d.partm.nt of Beh.vioral and.s.cial s.ience School of Public HealthBrown UniversityProvidenceRlUSA Fenway h.alth.and.h.rvard.Univers.ty BostonMAUSA.

Background.m.le s.x workers.are at h.gh.ris. for acquis.tion of s.xually trans.itted.infections.s.Is.,includ.ng h.m.n im.unod.ficiency virus.h.V).We quantified.incid.nce rates.of s.Is.and.id.ntified.th.ir tim.-varying pred.ctors.am.ng m.le s.x workers.in m.xico ***:From.January 2012 to m.y 2014,m.le s.x workers.recruited.from.th. larges. h.V clinic and.com.unity s.tes.in m.xico City were tes.ed.for ch.am.d.a,gonorrh.a,s.ph.lis.h.patitis.and.h.V at bas.line,6-m.nth.1}and.*** nee rates.with.95%boots.rapped.confid. nee lim.ts.were *** exam.ned.potential tim.varying pred.ctors.us.ng generalized.es.im.ting equations.for a population averaged.***:Am.ng 227 m.le s.x workers.m.d.an age was.24 and.bas.line h.V prevalence was.32%.Incid.nce rates.per 100 pers.n-years.were as.follows.h.V[5.23;95%confid.nce interval(CI):2.15-10.31],ch.am.d.a(5.15;95%CI:2.58-9.34),gonorrh.a(3.93;95%CI:1.88-7.83),s.ph.lis.13.04;95%CI:8.24-19.94),h.patitis.B(2.11;95%CI:0.53-4.89),h.patitis.C(0.95;95%CI:0.00-3.16),any s.I except h.V(30.99;95%CI:21.73-40.26),and.any s.I includ.ng h.V(50.08;95%CI:37.6062.55).In th. m.ltivariable-ad.us.ed.m.d.l,incid.nt s.I(exclud.ng h.V)were lower am.ng th.s. wh. reported.cons.s.ently us.ng cond.m.1}d.ring anal and.vaginal intercours.(od.s.ratio=0.03,95%CI:0.00-0.68)com.ared.to th.s. wh. reported.incons.s.ently us.ng cond.m.1}d.ring anal and.vaginal ***:Incid.nce of s.Is.is.h.gh.am.ng m.le s.x workers.in m.xico *** cond.m.us. is.an im.ortant protective factor for s.Is.and.s.ould.be an im.ortant com. on ent of interventions.to prevent incid. nt infect i ons.

关键词： m.le s.x worker m.n wh. h.ve s.x with.m.n h.V s.xually trans.itted.infection Trans.is.ion Ris. factor m.xico

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m.nitoring ad.noviral bas.d.gene d.livery in rat gliom. by m.lecular im.ging

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World.Journal of Clinical Oncology 2013年第4期4卷 91-101页

作者： Nad.m.alli Ravi s.Varm. kenneth N Barton Branis.ava Janic Ad.rs. s.ankar As. Is.and.r m.s.r m.Ali Ali s.Arbab Cellular and.m.lecular Im.ging Laboratory Department of RadiologyHenry Ford HospitalDetroitMI 48202United States d.partm.nt of Rad.ation Oncology Henry Ford HospitalDetroitMI 48202United States

AIm.To d.term.ne wh.th.r end.th.lial progenitor cells.EPCs.can be us.d.as.d.livery veh.cle for ad.noviral vectors.and.im.ging probes.for gene th.rapy in ***:To us. cord.blood.d.rived.EPCs.as.d.livery veh.cle for ad.noviral vectors.and.im.ging probes.for gliom. gene th.rapy,a rat m.d.l of h.m.n gliom. was.m.d. by im.lanting U251 cells.*** were trans.ected.with.an ad.novirus.Ad./carrying h.Is.gene)and.labeled.with.iron oxid. and.inoculated.th.m.d.rectly into th. tum.r 14 d.following im.lantation of U251 *** res.nance im.ging(m.I)was.us.d.to in vivo track th. m.gration of EPCs.in th. *** expres.ion of gene prod.cts.was.d.term.ned.by in vivo Tc-99m.s.ngle ph.ton em.s.ion com.uted.tom.graph.(s.ECT).Th. find.ngs.were valid.ted.with.im.unoh.s.och.m.s.ry(Ih.).REs.LTs.EPCs.were s.cces.fully trans.ected.with.th. ad.noviral vectors.carrying h.Is.wh.ch.was.proved.by s.gnificantly(Ph.gh.r uptake of Tc-99m.in trans.ected.*** of EPCs.following trans.ection and.iron labeling was.not *** vivo im.ging s.owed.th. pres.nce of iron pos.tive cells.and.th. expres.ion of trans.ene(h.Is.prod.ct on m.I and.s.ECT,res.ectively,all over th. tum.rs.following ad.inis.ration of trans.ected.and.iron labeled.EPCs.in th. *** confirm.d.th. d.s.ribution of EPC around.th. tum.r away from.th. injection s.te and.als. s.owed.trans.ene expres.ion in th. *** res.lts.ind.cated.th. EPCs.ability to d.liver ad.noviral vectors.into th. gliom. upon intratum.r ***:EPCs.can be us.d.as.veh.cle to d.liver ad.noviral vector to gliom. and.als. act as.im.ging probe at th. s.m. tim..

关键词： Cord blood end.th.lial progenitor cells Ad.novirus h.m.n s.d.um iod.d. s.m.orter s.ngle ph.ton em.s.ion com.uted tom.graph. m.gnetic res.nance im.ging

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遗传性骨软骨瘤软骨细胞的体外培养

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中国临床康复 2003年第26期7卷 3590-3591页

作者：杨柳罗卓荆颉强靳小兵 d.nny Ch.n Wing-s.m.h.i Jian-d.ng h.ang kenneth m.C.Ch.ung Kath.yn s.E.Ch.ah 解放军第四军医大学西京医院全军骨科研究所陕西省西安市710032 香港大学医学院物化学系香港特别行政区香港大学医学院骨外科学系香港特别行政区

目的:通过对人遗传性骨软骨瘤软骨细胞的体外培养,观察肿瘤软骨细胞的生长特性及相关生物学特点,为进一步研究骨软骨瘤细胞学起因奠定基础。方法:原代培养遗传性骨软骨瘤组织中的软骨细胞并进行传代,进行活细胞形态观察,同时测定细胞增... 详细信息

目的:通过对人遗传性骨软骨瘤软骨细胞的体外培养,观察肿瘤软骨细胞的生长特性及相关生物学特点,为进一步研究骨软骨瘤细胞学起因奠定基础。方法:原代培养遗传性骨软骨瘤组织中的软骨细胞并进行传代,进行活细胞形态观察,同时测定细胞增殖能力及贴壁率,与正常人关节软骨细胞做对照。结果:原代细胞在经过完全消化后,细胞活力仍达到95%。传代后骨软骨瘤细胞体积增大,细胞呈现星形,树突增多,细胞内颗粒多且明显。骨软骨瘤细胞增殖随着传代的增加减慢,第2代细胞增殖能力已经与原代细胞产生明显差别(Ph.大部分贴壁,随着传代的增加,细胞贴附能力下降,第4代细胞贴壁率与原代细胞产生明显区别(P<0.01,t=4.611)。结论:体外培养的骨软骨瘤细胞从形态,生物学特性(细胞增殖情况、细胞贴附能力)均不同于正常软骨细胞,为今后更加深入的研究遗传骨软骨瘤的病因学奠定一定的体外培养基础。

关键词：遗传性骨软骨瘤软骨细胞细胞培养生物学特点

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