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Review and Analysis: United states Cluster Munitions and Unexploded Ordnance Left in Laos after the second Indochina War

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Open Journal of soil science 2023年第8期13卷 355-369页

作者： kenneth R. Olson College of Agricultural Consumer and Environmental Sciences University of Illinois Urbana USA

Cluster munitions release dozens of smaller bomblets that rain deadly ammunition on armored tanks, vegetation and troops, effectively striking broad areas of war zone landscapes in one launch. however, only about 60% of bomblets detonate immediately and those that fail to detonate fall to the ground and can lie dormant for years. The legacy of cluster munitions in Laos from the second Indochina War is unexploded bomblets across the landscape that unexpectedly detonate years later, injuring and killing children, farmers, and other civilians long after the war is over. In Laos, the United states (Us) military operation against the ho Chi Minh Trail, a network of foot and bicycle paths, waterways, and truck routes along the Laos, Cambodia and Vietnam borders linking North and south Vietnam began in 1959. By the 1960s, as the war escalated, trail traffic was interdicted frequently by CIA and Us Air Force using tactical herbicide spraying to defoliate dense vegetation and bombing to disrupt supplies and North Vietnamese troops dispersed along the 16,000-kilometer trail. Unexploded ordinance (UXO), including cluster munitions, from U.s. bombings continued in recent years to detonate, kill, maim and injure Laotians and render agricultural lands too hazardous to cultivate. The primary objectives of this study are to document: 1) the long-term consequences and impacts of the Us Air Force bombing of Laos during the second Indochina War (1959 to 1973);2) the United states removal of unexploded ordnance and cluster munitions;and 3) worldwide relief efforts to help the Laotians maimed by unexploded ordnance and cluster munitions.

关键词： Cluster Munitions Ordnance Bombs Laos Cluster bomblets Us Air Force Air America

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MicroRNA Regulation in Extreme Environments: Differential Expression of MicroRNAs in the Intertidal snail Littorina littorea During Extended Periods of Freezing and Anoxia

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Genomics, Proteomics & Bioinformatics 2012年第5期10卷 302-309页

作者： Kyle K.Biggar samantha F.Kornfeld Yulia Maistrovski kenneth B.storey Institute of Biochemistry&Department of Biology Carleton University

several recent studies of vertebrate adaptation to environmental stress have suggested roles for microRNAs （miRNAs） in regulating glo- bal suppression of protein synthesis and/or restructuring protein expression patterns. The present study is the first to characterize stress- responsive alterations in the expression of miRNAs during natural freezing or anoxia exposures in an invertebrate species, the intertidal gastropod Littorina littorea. These snails are exposed to anoxia and freezing conditions as their environment constantly fluctuates on both a tidal and seasonal basis. The expression of selected miRNAs that are known to influence the cell cycle, cellular signaling pathways, carbohydrate metabolism and apoptosis was evaluated using RT-PCR. Compared to controls, significant changes in expression were observed for miR-la-1, miR-34a and miR-29b in hepatopancreas and for miR-la-1, miR-34a, miR-133a, miR-125b, miR-29b and miR-2a in foot muscle after freezing exposure at -6 ~C for 24 h （P 〈 0.05）. In addition, in response to anoxia stress for 24 h, significant changes in expression were also observed for miR-la-1, miR-210 and miR-29b in hepatopancreas and for miR-1 a-1, miR-34a, miR-133a, miR-29b and miR-2a in foot muscle （P 〈 0.05）. Moreover, protein expression of Dicer, an enzyme responsible for mature microRNA processing, was increased in foot muscle during freezing and anoxia and in hepatopancreas during freezing. Alterations in expression of these miRNAs in L. littorea tissues may contribute to organismal survival under freezing and anoxia.

关键词： Freeze tolerance Anaerobiosis Metabolic rate depression Periwinkle Marine mollusk

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Development of a Core set from a Large Rice Collection using a Modified heuristic Algorithm to Retain Maximum Diversity

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Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 2009年第12期51卷 1116-1125页

作者： hun-Ki Chung Kyu-Won Kim Jong-Wook Chung Jung-Ro Lee sok-Young Lee Anupam Dixit hee-Kyoung Kang Weiguo Zhao kenneth L. McNally Ruraidh s. hamilton Jae-Gyun Gwag Yong-Jin Park National Agrobiodiversity Center National Academy of Agricultural Science Suwon 441-707 Korea Department of Plant Resources College of Industrial Sciences Kongju National University Yesan 340-802 Korea Rice DNA and Quality Testing Laboratory Basmati Export Development Foundation SVBP University of Agriculture and Technology Meerut 250110 India Department of horticultural science College of Industrial Science Kongju National University Yesan 340-802 Korea jiangsu University of science and Technology Seficultural Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Zhenjiang 212018 China Genetic Resources Center International Rice Research Institute Metro Manila 1301 Philippines

A new heuristic approach was undertaken for the establishment of a core set for the diversity research of rice. As a result, 107 entries were selected from the 10 368 characterized accessions. The core set derived using this new approach provided a good representation of the characterized accessions present in the entire collection. No significant differences for the mean, range, standard deviation and coefficient of variation of each trait were observed between the core and existing collections. We also compared the diversity of core sets established using this heuristic Core Collection （hCC） approach with those of core sets established using the conventional clustering methods. This modified heuristic algorithm can also be used to select genotype data with allelic richness and reduced redundancy, and to facilitate management and use of large collections of plant genetic resources in a more efficient way.

关键词： core collection genetic diversity heuristic core collection Oryza sativa sampling strategy.

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Review and Analysis: Fate of Arsenic Applied to Canal shipping Lane Vegetation and United states Military Base Grounds in the Panama Canal Zone

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Open Journal of soil science 2023年第10期13卷 391-413页

作者： kenneth R. Olson College of Agricultural Consumer and Environmental Sciences University of Illinois Urbana USA

The opening of the Panama Canal in 1913 increased the availability of internationally traded goods and transformed ocean-shipping by shortening travel time between the Atlantic Ocean and Pacific Ocean. The canal sparked the growth of port authorities and increased ship tonnage on both coasts of Panama. since the construction of the Panama Canal, in the 1910s, pesticides, herbicides and chemicals, including arsenic, have been essential for controlling wetland vegetation, including hyacinth, which blocked rivers, lakes, and the canal as well as managing mosquitoes. Pesticides and chemicals flowed into Lake Gatun (reservoir) either attached to sediment or in solution during the monsoon season. Lake Gatun was the drinking water source for most of the people living in the Panama Canal Zone. The United states military base commanders had the ability to order and use cacodylic acid (arsenic based) from the Naval Depot supply Federal and stock Catalog and the later Federal supply Catalog on the military base grounds in the Panama Canal Zone. Cacodylic acid was shipped to Panama Canal Zone ports, including Balboa and Cristobal, and distributed to the military bases by rail or truck. The objective of this study is to determine the fate of arsenic: 1) applied between 1914 and 1935 to Panama Canal shipping lane hyacinth and other wetland vegetation and 2) cacodylic acid (arsenic) sprayed from 1948 to 1999 on the Us military base grounds in the Panama Canal Zone.

关键词： Panama Canal Arsenic hyacinth Lake Gatun shipping Lanes Cacodylic Acid

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LC-Ms-based lipidomic analysis in distinguishing patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis from nonalcoholic fatty liver

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hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Diseases International 2021年第5期20卷 452-459页

作者： Zhong-hua Wang kenneth I Zheng Xiao-Dong Wang Jin Qiao Yang-Yang Li Li Zhang Ming-hua Zheng Jian Wu Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology MOE/NHC/CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular VirologySchool of Basic Medical SciencesFudan University Shanghai Medical CollegeShanghai 200032China NAFLD Research Center Department of HepatologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou 325000China Institute of hepatology Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou 325000China The Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment for the Development of Chronic Liver Disease in Zhejiang Province Wenzhou 325000China Department of General Practice Huaihai Middle Road Community Health Service Center of Huangpu DistrictShanghai 200025China Department of Pathology The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou 325000China Department of Gastroenterology and hepatology Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan UniversityShanghai 200032China Laboratory of Fatty Liver and Metabolic Diseases Shanghai Institute of Liver DiseasesFudan University Shanghai Medical CollegeShanghai 200032China

Background: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD) is one of the main liver diseases, and its pathologic profile includes nonalcoholic fatty liver(NAFL) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis(NAsh). however, there is no reliable non-invasive parameter in distinguishing NAsh from NAFL in clinical practice. The present study was to find a non-invasive way to differentiate these two categories of NAFLD via lipidomic analysis. Methods: Lipidomic analysis was used to determine the changes of lipid moieties in blood from 20 NAFL and 10 NAsh patients with liver biopsy. Liver histology was evaluated after hematoxylin and eosin staining and Masson’s trichrome staining. The profile of lipid metabolites in correlation with steatosis, inflammation, hepatocellular necroptosis, fibrosis, and NAFLD activity score(NAs) was analyzed. Results: Compared with NAFL patients, NAsh patients had higher degree of steatosis, ballooning degeneration, lobular inflammation. A total of 434 different lipid molecules were identified, which were mainly composed of various phospholipids and triacylglycerols. Many lipids, such as phosphatidylcholine(PC)(P-22:0/18:1), sphingomyelin(sM)(d14:0/18:0), sM(d14:0/24:0), sM(d14:0/22:0), phosphatidylethanolamine(PE)(18:0/22:5), PC(O-22:2/12:0), and PC(26:1/11:0) were elevated in the NAsh group compared to those in the NAFL group. specific analysis revealed an overall lipidomic profile shift from NAFL to NAsh, and identified valuable lipid moieties, such as PCs [PC(14:0/18:2), PE(18:0/22:5) and PC(26:1/11:0)] or plasmalogens [PC(O-22:0/0:0), PC(O-18:0/0:0), PC(O-16:0/0:0)], which were significantly altered in NAsh patients. In addition, PC(14:0/18:2), phosphatidic acid(18:2/24:4) were positively correlated with NAs;whereas PC(18:0/0:0) was correlated positively with fibrosis score. Conclusions: The present study revealed overall lipidomic profile shift from NAFL to NAsh, identified valuable lipid moieties which may be non-invasive biomarkers in the categorization o

关键词： Lipidomics Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease Biomarker Nonalcoholic activity score hepatic fibrosis

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Tennessee River Resource stewardship and Protection: The Tennessee River Line Trail Project and Partnerships

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Journal of Water Resource and Protection 2020年第12期12卷 1053-1076页

作者： kenneth R. Olson soil science in the College of Agricultural Consumer and Environmental Sciences University of Illinois Urbana USA

The Tennessee River had a long and colorful history of transporting Native Americans, settlers, armies, and cargo of all types in 1700s and 1800s. The headwaters of the Tennessee River, the largest tributary of the Ohio River, originates in the Appalachian Mountains of eastern United states. Created by the confluence of the holston and French Broad rivers at Knoxville, the Tennessee River flows approximately 1049 km to Paducah, Kentucky where it drains into the Ohio River. This paper highlights how the landscape and geological resources of the Tennessee River and tributaries watershed contributed to the successful economic development of this historical region of North America. The Tennessee River is one of the most biologically diverse freshwater systems in the United states. Environmental challenges included an unsuccessful attempt to keep invasive species, such as the Asian carp, out of the Tennessee River and the Kentucky Lake. The 1049 river kilometer Tennessee River regional trail system with charter River Towns was designed to promote recreational tourism, increase the use of the Tennessee River and to create generations of people who care about the river and are willing to provide environmental stewardship of the watershed resources and protect the river.

关键词： Flood of 1937 Kentucky Dam Kentucky Lake Navigation Big head Carp silver Carp Paducah Kentucky Tennessee Valley Authority TVA

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Review and Analysis: Did the United states Transport, Off-Load and Use Commercial 2,4,5-T herbicides with Unknown Amounts of Dioxin TCDD on Military Base Grounds in Panama Canal Zone between 1948 and 1999?

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Open Journal of soil science 2023年第11期13卷 490-515页

作者： kenneth R. Olson College of Agricultural Consumer and Environmental Sciences University of Illinois Urbana USA

The 84 km Panama Canal connecting the Atlantic and Pacific oceans has historically been a strategic waterway for shipping and the location of United states (Us) military bases. since the construction of Lake Gatun reservoir, canal locks and navigation channel through the Isthmus of Panama tropical forests in the 1910s, chemicals, pesticides, and herbicides have been essential for controlling upland and wetland vegetation as well as managing mosquito-borne diseases. Chemicals and pesticides flowed into Lake Gatun via land surface runoff and subsurface drainage either attached to the sediment or in solution during the rainy season. Lake Gatun and the Panama Canal was the drinking water source for most of the civilian and military population living in the Panama Canal Zone. Between 1948 and 1999, Us military base commanders had the ability to order, from the Federal supply Catalog, commercially available herbicide 2,4,5-T with unknown amounts of dioxin TCDD for use on the military base grounds in the Panama Canal Zone. The herbicide 2,4,5-T was transported to Panama Canal Zone ports, including the ports Cristobal on the Caribbean and Balboa on the Pacific, and distributed to the Us military bases in Panama by rail or truck. The Us National Toxicology Program and the International Agency for the Research on Cancer listed dioxin and TCDD as known human carcinogens. Dioxins are endocrine disrupters and can cause certain chloracne, cancers, developmental and reproductive effects. In 1985, the United states government banned the manufacture of the herbicide 2,4,5-T, with unknown amounts of dioxin TCDD, after it was shown to cause cancer in animals. The objectives of this study are to determine: 1) the fate of dioxin TCDD, a contaminant in the herbicide 2,4,5-T, sprayed on the Us military base vegetation in the Panama Canal Zone from 1948 to 1999, 2) the transport of dioxin TCDD rich sediment via soil erosion and overland flow into Lake Gatun and Panama Canal waterways and 3

关键词： Dioxin TCDD Agent Orange 2 4 5-T Panama Canal Zone Commercial herbicides Us Department of Defense Fort sherman Monsanto Ezra Kraus

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saigon River Valley: A Navigation, Trade, Mitigation, Invasion, Liberation, and Unification Pathway

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Open Journal of soil science 2023年第2期13卷 46-82页

作者： kenneth R. Olson College of Agricultural Consumer and Environmental Sciences University of Illinois Urbana USA

The saigon River is located in southern Vietnam with headwaters starting in southeastern Cambodia. The river flows southeast for about 225 km to the south China sea. Most readers of Vietnam’s history know about the American-Vietnam War (1965-1973). however, centuries before that time, Vietnam fought with the Chinese, the Khmers, the Chams and the Mongols. The history of Vietnam begins in the Red River Delta, where farmers first cultivated rice. A millenia of struggle against the Chinese then followed. The saigon River Valley was the pathway used by the North Vietnamese Army (NVA) to get from the ho Chi Minh Trail in Cambodia to saigon during the 1968 Tet Offensive. The NVA dug Cu Chi and Iron Triangle soil tunnels near Cu Chi in the Old Alluvium terrace to hide from American Forces and Air Force bombers. In 1962, the Tan son Nhut Air Force base on the northern edge of saigon received the first shipments of Agent Blue, the arsenic based herbicide, used to destroy the rice crop. The most dioxin TCDD and arsenic contaminated site in Vietnam was Bien hoa Air Force base on the saigon River just 30 km northeast east of ho Chi Minh City. The adjacent Bien hoa City has a population of over 800,000. The Port of ho Chi Minh City is the most significant river port in Vietnam and southeast Asia. The river is navigable by ships which draft up to 9 m. Vietnam only became a united country in the 19th century. Its independence was soon affected by French colonialism and then the destructive American intervention in the Vietnam War. The Vietnam War Archive no. 2 in ho Chi Minh City houses residual correspondence between the Republic of Vietnam (RV) President Diem’s administration and Us President Kennedy’s administration related to the Khai huang program (hamlet strategy). In addition, the archive contains some of the tactical herbicide spray records of the RV military for the Mekong Delta. The primary objective this study is to document the role that the saigon River Valley played,

关键词： saigon River ho Chi Minh City Port of saigon Cu Chi soil Tunnels Iron Triangle soil Tunnel Khai huang Bien hoa Cu Chi Nha Be Base

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Data Uncover Bigger Galaxy in Cosmos,and It’s Ours

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科技英语学习 2009年第5期 4-5页

作者： kenneth Chang 刘广霞

天文学家用一种新方法重新测量了太阳围绕银河系中心运动的速度，结果发现太阳运动的速度比之前测量到的要快许多。而且，银河系也比之前人们认识到的更庞大，差不多能和仙女座媲美了。

关键词：天文学家银河系太阳运动测量方法

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Disappearance and appearance of an indigestible marker in feces from growing pigs as affected by previous-and currentdiet composition

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Journal of Animal science and Biotechnology 2017年第3期8卷 643-651页

作者： Brandy M.Jacobs John F.Patience Merlin D.Lindemann kenneth J.stalder Brian J.Kerr Department of Animal science Iowa State UniversityAmes 50010USA Department of Animal and Food sciences University of KentuckyLexington 40546KYUSA UsDA-ARs-National Laboratory for Agricultural and the Environment Ames 50010IAUSA

Background： Indigestible markers are commonly utilized in digestion studies, but the complete disappearance or maximum appearance of a marker in feces can be affected by diet composition, feed intake, or an animal＇s *** objectives of this study were to determine the impact of previous（Phase 1, P1） and current-（Phase 2, P2）diet composition on marker disappearance（Cr） and appearance（Ti） in pigs fed 3 diets differing in NDF ***： When pigs were maintained on the 25.1, 72.5, and 125.0 g/kg NDF diets, it took 5.1, 4.1, and 2.5 d, respectively,for Cr levels to decrease below the limit of quantitation; or 4.6, 3.7, or 2.8 d, respectively, for Ti to be maximized. These effects were not, however, independent of the previous diet as indicated by the interaction between P1 and P2 diets on fecal marker concentrations（P 〈 0.01）. When dietary NDF increased from P1 to P2, it took less time for fecal Cr to decrease or fecal Ti to be maximized（an average of 2.5 d）, than if NDF decreased from P1 to P2 where it took longer for fecal Cr to decrease or fecal Ti to be maximized（an average of 3.4 d）.Conclusions： Because of the wide range in excretion times reported in the literature and improved laboratory methods for elemental detection, the data suggests that caution must be taken in considering dietary fiber concentrations of the past and currently fed diets so that no previous dietary marker addition remains in the digestive tract or feces such that a smal amount of maker is present to confound subsequent experimental results, and that marker concentration have stabilized when these samples are col ected.

关键词： Adaptation Digestibility Fiber Indigestible marker Pig

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