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How Did Vinh Moc Village, Located near Vietnam DMZ, Protect Their Villagers from United States Air Force Bombardment during the Vietnam War?

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Open Journal of Soil Science 2023年第1期13卷 1-27页

作者： kenneth R. Olson College of Agricultural Consumer and Environmental Sciences University of Illinois Urbana USA

The buried village is Vinh Moc where more than 1200 Vietnamese, including soldiers, who lived underground during the Vietnam War (1965 to 1972) were hand dug into red basalt bedrock. The Vinh Moc Village was strategically located on the border of North Vietnam and South Vietnam approximately 14 km north of the DMZ and along the shoreline of the South China Sea. During the Vietnam War, the US Air Force heavily bombed Vinh Moc. The North Vietnamese Army (NVA) had an important military base on nearby Con Co Island. Brave civil volunteers from Vinh Moc would make the 28 km dangerous journey to the island, disguised as fishermen, to deliver supplies to the soldiers stationed there. The people who remained at Vinh Moc dug tunnels into red basalt hills in order to survive this onslaught. The American forces assessed the villagers of Vinh Moc were supplying food and armaments to the NVA garrison on the island of Con Co, which was in turn hindering the American bombers on their way to bomb Hanoi. The US military objective was to force the villagers of Vinh Moc to leave the area. The villagers initially dug the tunnels to a 10 m depth but the American forces designed bombs that burrowed down 10 m before exploding. The soil tunnels were then deepened to 30 m to provide safety for the soldiers and civilians working there during the intense US Air Force bombing. The primary objective of the research study was to determine how the soils and parent material of Vinh Moc Village, protected their villagers from the United States Air Force bombardment during the Vietnam War. In addition, the natural parent material at both the Vinh Moc and Cu Chi were assessed to determine why the tunnels were so resilient. The Cu Chi and Iron Triangle soil tunnels were dug by hand in the Old Alluvium soils and parent material where iron in solution precipitated and became the soil binding material. The Vinh Moc tunnels were hand dug in porous, red basalt (bedrock) hills where the consolidated rock st

关键词： Vinh Moc Village South China Sea Shoreline Con Co Island Bombing Huang Tri Province Soil Tunnels Ground Penetrating Bombs Cu Chi Soil Tunnels

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Review and Analysis: Fate of Arsenic Applied to Canal Shipping Lane Vegetation and United States Military Base Grounds in the Panama Canal Zone

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Open Journal of Soil Science 2023年第10期13卷 391-413页

作者： kenneth R. Olson College of Agricultural Consumer and Environmental Sciences University of Illinois Urbana USA

The opening of the Panama Canal in 1913 increased the availability of internationally traded goods and transformed ocean-shipping by shortening travel time between the Atlantic Ocean and Pacific Ocean. The canal sparked the growth of port authorities and increased ship tonnage on both coasts of Panama. Since the construction of the Panama Canal, in the 1910s, pesticides, herbicides and chemicals, including arsenic, have been essential for controlling wetland vegetation, including hyacinth, which blocked rivers, lakes, and the canal as well as managing mosquitoes. Pesticides and chemicals flowed into Lake Gatun (reservoir) either attached to sediment or in solution during the monsoon season. Lake Gatun was the drinking water source for most of the people living in the Panama Canal Zone. The United States military base commanders had the ability to order and use cacodylic acid (arsenic based) from the Naval Depot Supply Federal and Stock Catalog and the later Federal Supply Catalog on the military base grounds in the Panama Canal Zone. Cacodylic acid was shipped to Panama Canal Zone ports, including Balboa and Cristobal, and distributed to the military bases by rail or truck. The objective of this study is to determine the fate of arsenic: 1) applied between 1914 and 1935 to Panama Canal shipping lane hyacinth and other wetland vegetation and 2) cacodylic acid (arsenic) sprayed from 1948 to 1999 on the US military base grounds in the Panama Canal Zone.

关键词： Panama Canal Arsenic Hyacinth Lake Gatun Shipping Lanes Cacodylic Acid

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Self-Coexistence Among Cognitive Radio Networks Using Risk-Motivated Channel Selection Based Deference Structure

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Tsinghua Science and Technology 2013年第3期18卷 242-249页

作者： kenneth Ezirim Shamik Sengupta Department of Computer Science Graduate Center Department of Math. and Comp. Sci. John Jay College

Among cognitive radio networks there is a persistent trend of competition to acquire under-utilized and idle channels for data transmission. The competition for spectrum resources often results in the misuse of the spectrum resources as networks experience contention in attempt to access unoccupied spectrum bands. The competitive scenario causes cognitive radio networks to incur a huge amount of loss, which constitutes a major problem of self-coexistence among networks. As a way to minimize these losses we present a self-coexistence mechanism that allows cognitive radio networks to coexist with each other by implementing a risk-motivated channel selection based on deference structure. Cognitive radio networks form deference structure community to have more efficient access to a channel of interest and can defer transmission to one another on that channel, thereby minimizing the chances of conflicts. As part of the decision making process to become a member of a deference structure community, cognitive radio networks rely on a risk-motivated channel selection scheme to evaluate the tentative deference structure channel. We provide numerical and simulation results that demonstrates the benefits of the proposed self-coexistence mechanism and show how it helps networks to coordinate their spectrum activities, minimize contention experienced and improve their utility. We also emphasize on the importance of the deference structure community size with regards to the average performance of member networks.

关键词： dynamic spectrum access cognitive radio self-coexistence deference deference structure

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Influence of tribology on global energy consumption, costs and emissions

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Friction 2017年第3期5卷 263-284页

作者： kenneth HOLMBERG Ali ERDEMIR VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland VTTFI-02044 Finland Argonne National Laboratory Argonne IL 60439 USA

Calculations of the impact of friction and wear on energy consumption, economic expenditure, and CO2 emissions are presented on a global scale. This impact study covers the four main energy consuming sectors: transportation, manufacturing, power generation, and residential. Previously published four case studies on passenger cars, trucks and buses, paper machines and the mining industry were included in our detailed calculations as reference data in our current analyses. The following can be concluded: Fifty years ago, wear and wear-related failures were a major concern for UK industry and their mitigation was considered to be the major contributor to potential economic savings by as much as 95% in ten years by the development and deployment of new tribological solutions. The corresponding estimated savings are today still of the same orders but the calculated contribution to cost reduction is about 74% by friction reduction and to 26% from better wear protection. Overall, wear appears to be more critical than friction as it may result in catastrophic failures and operational breakdowns that can adversely impact productivity and hence cost.

关键词： friction wear energy saving emission reduction

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The Mekong Delta in Vietnam and Cambodia Is Subsiding and in Need of Remediation

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Open Journal of Soil Science 2022年第5期12卷 171-192页

作者： kenneth R. Olson Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences College of Agricultural Consumer and Environmental Sciences University of Illinois Urbana USA

Land subsidence and rising sea levels could result in 40% of the Mekong Delta being covered by the South China Sea within the next few decades. The impact of groundwater withdrawal, in the SE Asia mega deltas of Ganges-Brahmaputra Delta, Jakarta Delta, Chao Phraya Delta and Mekong Delta, is a major reason these deltas are sinking. There are lessons to be learned from both failures and successful remediation efforts in other mega deltas as Vietnam policy makers seek to address Mekong Delta subsidence. Without a significant Vietnam government remediation and mitigation efforts, land subsidence in the Mekong Delta will continue. Land subsidence has occurred in the Mekong Delta as a result of the retention of sediments behind the China and Laos dams on the main stem of the Mekong River, reduced flooding peaks, climate change, sea level rise, storm surges and flooding. In addition, subsidence has been exascerbated by compaction, groundwater extraction for shrimp ponds, rice paddies and the household and drinking water needs of approximately 20 million people living on the Mekong Delta in Vietnam and Cambodia. The Mekong Delta shorelines are eroding and significant land areas, including wetlands, are becoming open water. The wetlands and land mass are also subsiding as a result of the reduction in sediment deposition. Large dams on the mainstem of the Mekong River in China and Laos have reduced peak flows and reduced sediment loads in lower Mekong River. Population and industrial growth have increased groundwater extraction and salt water intrusion as the delta subsides leading to consolidation and reduction in the current plumes flowing into the South China Sea. The primary objective of this paper is to assess the impact of groundwater withdrawals for rice paddies, shrimp ponds, aquaculture, industry and drinking water on Mekong Delta land subsidence. The secondary objective is to identify mitigation efforts used in other Southeast Asia deltas and make remediation recomm

关键词： Dykes Ho Chi Minh City Jakarta Mekong Delta Sea Walls Subsidence Sediments

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Review and Analysis: Did the United States Transport, Off-Load and Use Commercial 2,4,5-T Herbicides with Unknown Amounts of Dioxin TCDD on Military Base Grounds in Panama Canal Zone between 1948 and 1999?

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Open Journal of Soil Science 2023年第11期13卷 490-515页

作者： kenneth R. Olson College of Agricultural Consumer and Environmental Sciences University of Illinois Urbana USA

The 84 km Panama Canal connecting the Atlantic and Pacific oceans has historically been a strategic waterway for shipping and the location of United States (US) military bases. Since the construction of Lake Gatun reservoir, canal locks and navigation channel through the Isthmus of Panama tropical forests in the 1910s, chemicals, pesticides, and herbicides have been essential for controlling upland and wetland vegetation as well as managing mosquito-borne diseases. Chemicals and pesticides flowed into Lake Gatun via land surface runoff and subsurface drainage either attached to the sediment or in solution during the rainy season. Lake Gatun and the Panama Canal was the drinking water source for most of the civilian and military population living in the Panama Canal Zone. Between 1948 and 1999, US military base commanders had the ability to order, from the Federal Supply Catalog, commercially available herbicide 2,4,5-T with unknown amounts of dioxin TCDD for use on the military base grounds in the Panama Canal Zone. The herbicide 2,4,5-T was transported to Panama Canal Zone ports, including the ports Cristobal on the Caribbean and Balboa on the Pacific, and distributed to the US military bases in Panama by rail or truck. The US National Toxicology Program and the International Agency for the Research on Cancer listed dioxin and TCDD as known human carcinogens. Dioxins are endocrine disrupters and can cause certain chloracne, cancers, developmental and reproductive effects. In 1985, the United States government banned the manufacture of the herbicide 2,4,5-T, with unknown amounts of dioxin TCDD, after it was shown to cause cancer in animals. The objectives of this study are to determine: 1) the fate of dioxin TCDD, a contaminant in the herbicide 2,4,5-T, sprayed on the US military base vegetation in the Panama Canal Zone from 1948 to 1999, 2) the transport of dioxin TCDD rich sediment via soil erosion and overland flow into Lake Gatun and Panama Canal waterways and 3

关键词： Dioxin TCDD Agent Orange 2 4 5-T Panama Canal Zone Commercial Herbicides US Department of Defense Fort Sherman Monsanto Ezra Kraus

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Management of prostatosymphyseal fistula following photoselective vaporization of the prostate:Case series and systematic review of the literature

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Current Urology 2022年第2期16卷 88-93页

作者： Scott D.Lundy Nicholas Hauser Hadley Wood Amr Fergany kenneth Angermeier Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute Cleveland ClinicClevelandOHUSA Department of Urology University of MiamiMiamiFLUSA Sebastian River Medical Center SebastianFLUSA

Background:This study is aimed to describe our institutional experience and review the literature to date on prostatosymphyseal fistula(PSF),or puboprostatic fistula,following bladder outlet procedures such as transurethral resection of the prostate(TURP)or laser photoselective vaporization of the prostate(PVP).Materials and methods:We retrospectively queried our institutional experience for management of PSF following PVP performed for symptomatic benign prostatic *** also performed a systematic literature review for PSF following PVP or ***,we describe our surgical approach to the management of this challenging ***:We identified 7 cases of PSF following PVP from our institution,as well as an additional 7 cases following PVP and 9 cases following TURP from literature *** diagnosis of PSF was made between 0.5 and 24 months following PVP,and the most specific symptoms were pubic pain and difficulty *** patients requiring several evaluations before the diagnosis was made using appropriate imaging *** percent of patients required surgical intervention including fistula repair or *** surgical approach has evolved,and we now routinely perform robotic fistula repair with Y-V plasty and interposition flap with excellent ***:Puboprostatic fistula is a rare and poorly described complication of PVP or *** the best of our knowledge,this case series of PSF following PVP represents the largest series to date and doubles the number of reported cases in the *** fistula repair with interposition of either peritoneal or perivesical fat flaps appears to be a viable management strategy.

关键词： Fistula Laser Prostatosymphyseal fistula Puboprostatic fistula Reconstructive surgery

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Saigon River Valley: A Navigation, Trade, Mitigation, Invasion, Liberation, and Unification Pathway

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Open Journal of Soil Science 2023年第2期13卷 46-82页

作者： kenneth R. Olson College of Agricultural Consumer and Environmental Sciences University of Illinois Urbana USA

The Saigon River is located in southern Vietnam with headwaters starting in southeastern Cambodia. The river flows southeast for about 225 km to the South China Sea. Most readers of Vietnam’s history know about the American-Vietnam War (1965-1973). However, centuries before that time, Vietnam fought with the Chinese, the Khmers, the Chams and the Mongols. The history of Vietnam begins in the Red River Delta, where farmers first cultivated rice. A millenia of struggle against the Chinese then followed. The Saigon River Valley was the pathway used by the North Vietnamese Army (NVA) to get from the Ho Chi Minh Trail in Cambodia to Saigon during the 1968 Tet Offensive. The NVA dug Cu Chi and Iron Triangle soil tunnels near Cu Chi in the Old Alluvium terrace to hide from American Forces and Air Force bombers. In 1962, the Tan Son Nhut Air Force base on the northern edge of Saigon received the first shipments of Agent Blue, the arsenic based herbicide, used to destroy the rice crop. The most dioxin TCDD and arsenic contaminated site in Vietnam was Bien Hoa Air Force base on the Saigon River just 30 km northeast east of Ho Chi Minh City. The adjacent Bien Hoa City has a population of over 800,000. The Port of Ho Chi Minh City is the most significant river port in Vietnam and Southeast Asia. The river is navigable by ships which draft up to 9 m. Vietnam only became a united country in the 19th century. Its independence was soon affected by French colonialism and then the destructive American intervention in the Vietnam War. The Vietnam War Archive no. 2 in Ho Chi Minh City houses residual correspondence between the Republic of Vietnam (RV) President Diem’s administration and US President Kennedy’s administration related to the Khai Huang program (hamlet strategy). In addition, the archive contains some of the tactical herbicide spray records of the RV military for the Mekong Delta. The primary objective this study is to document the role that the Saigon River Valley played,

关键词： Saigon River Ho Chi Minh City Port of Saigon Cu Chi Soil Tunnels Iron Triangle Soil Tunnel Khai Huang Bien Hoa Cu Chi Nha Be Base

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Sexual selection and incipient speciation in Hawaiian Drosophila

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Science Bulletin 2016年第2期61卷 125-131页

作者： Haiyan Nie kenneth Kaneshiro Central South University of Forestry and Technology Lab of Insect Systematics and Evolutionary Biology College of Life Science and Technology Pacific Biosciences Research Centre University of Hawaii at Manoa

We conducted sexual selection experiments to produce strains with high and low mating discrimination in females of laboratory strains of Hawaiian Drosophila, ***, then examined secondary sexual traits of these two lines, and compared them with that of standard line. In order to do this, we screened out super-males which mated successfully with females and with high mating records;and poor males which usually could not mate successfully with females and had low mating records. In the meantime,choosy females were also screened out, which almost never responded to males' nuptial dance and were difficult to be mated; but indiscriminate females were on the contrary,which were very ready to accept male's nuptial dance and were very easy to be mated. As a result, by mating supermales with choosy females, we were able to produce the high-line strain; similarly, for the low line, we mated poor males with indiscriminate females and we had a strain that was significantly different from our standard strain within just two generations of selection, i.e., morphological trait differences were measured between the standard strain and the two selected lines, which indicated that mating discrimination has affected secondary sexual traits of the lowline strain significantly: Cilia number on the foretibia of low-line males is significantly different from that of the standard line, which perhaps was the indication of incipient speciation in Hawaiian Drosophila.

关键词：形态特征夏威夷性别选择果蝇早期标准菌株物种形成标准线

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Androgenic-anabolic steroids and the Olympic Games

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Asian Journal of Andrology 2008年第3期10卷 384-390页

作者： kenneth D. Fitch School of Human Movement and Exercise Science Faculty of Life and Health Sciences University of Western AustraliaNedlands 6009 Australia

Androgenic-anabolic steroids （AAS） have been misused by athletes at the Olympic Games, both before and after they were prohibited in sport in 1974. Systematic doping with AAS occurred in the German Democratic Republic （GDR） from 1965 to 1989 which assisted that country to win many medals at Olympic Games, especially in female events. Currently, AAS are the most frequent category of prohibited substances detected in the urine of athletes both globally and at the last two Summer Olympic Games. Scientific confirmation that AAS are effective in enhancing sports performance was difficult because ethical approval was difficult for research involving male subjects taking massive doses of androgens as some athletes and bodybuilders did. Methods to detect AAS have evolved gradually over the past three decades and currently, despite an impressive array of sophisticated analytical equipment and methods, anti-doping authorities and analytical scientists continue to face challenges as have occurred from the use by athletes of designer AAS during the past few years. The future development and use of selective androgen receptor modulators （SARMs） can be anticipated to pose problems in the years ahead. Endocrinologists should be aware that on occasions, replacement testosterone （T） therapy may be authorized in sport as a therapeutic use exemption （TUE） and these circumstances are discussed.

关键词： doping androgenic-anabolic steroids history Olympic Games detection designer steroids therapeutic use exemption

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