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Inna.e-like CD4 T cells selected by thymocytes suppress a.a.tive immune responses a.a.nst ba.teria. infections

Open Journa. of Immunology 2012年第1期2卷 25-39页

作者： Yu Qia. Bria. M. Gra. Moha.med H. Sofi La.ra.D. Ba.ler kathryn a. eaton Ma.y X. D. O’Riorda. Cheong-Hee Cha.g Depa.tment of Microbiology a.d Immunology University of Michigan Ann Arbor USA Unit for La. a.ima. Medicine Medical School University of Michigan Ann Arbor USA

We ha.e reported a.new inna.e-like CD4 T cell popula.ion tha. expresses cell surfa.e ma.ers of effector/memory cells a.d produce Th1 a.d Th2 cytokines immedia.ely upon a.tiva.ion. Unlike conventiona. CD4 T cells tha. a.e selected by thymic epithelia. cells, these CD4 T cells, na.ed T-CD4 T cells, a.e selected by MHC cla.s II expressing thymocytes. Previously, we showed tha. the presence of T-CD4 T cells protected mice from a.rwa. infla.ma.ion suggesting a. immune regula.ory role of T-CD4 T cells. To further understa.d the function of T-CD4 T cells, we investiga.ed immune responses media.ed by T-CD4 T cells during ba.teria. infection beca.se the genera.ion of a.tigen specific CD4 T cells contributes to clea.a.ce of infection a.d for the development of immune memory. The current study shows a.suppressive effect of T-CD4 T cells on both CD8 a.d CD4 T cell-media.ed immune responses during Listeria.a.d Helicoba.ter infections. In the mouse model of Listeria.monocytogenes infection, T-CD4 T cells resulted in decrea.edfrequency of Listeria.specific CD8 T cells a.d the killing a.tivity of them. Furthermore, mice with T-CD4 T cells developed poor immune memory, demonstra.ed by reduced expa.sion of a.tigen-specific T cells a.d high ba.teria. burden upon re-infection. Simila.ly, the presence of T-CD4 T cells suppressed the genera.ion of a.tigen-specific CD4 T cells in Helicoba.ter pylori infected mice. Thus, our studies revea. a.novel function of T-CD4 T cells in sup-pressing a.ti-ba.teria. immunity.

关键词： Ba.teria. Infection Inna.e-Like CD4 T Cells Immune Suppression

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The Importa.ce of Setting Trea.ment Goa.s for Ca.diova.cula. Disea.es

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World Journa. of Ca.diova.cula. Disea.es 2024年第1期14卷 10-15页

作者： Da.id S. Scha.e Bra.a.a.Na.a.a.lika.Goda.i Teodor Duro Robert Philip eaton University of New Mexico Hea.th Sciences Albuquerque USA

Ba.kground: Guidelines a.e issued by most ma.or orga.iza.ions tha. focus on a.specific disea.e entity. Guidelines should be a.significa.t help to the pra.ticing physicia. who ma. not be up-to-da.e with the recent medica. litera.ure. Unfortuna.ely, when conflicting guidelines for a.specific disea.e a.e published, confusion results. Purpose: This a.ticle provides a.suggested guideline outcome mea.ure tha. would benefit the physicia. a.d pa.ient. Methods: a.review of 19 different guidelines for ca.diova.cula. disea.e trea.ment is one exa.ple of the la.k of specific outcomes tha. currently exist. The ba.ic problem with most guidelines is tha. they do not sta.e the expected end result (i.e., the benefit to the pa.ient) if tha. guideline is followed. When guidelines use ca.diova.cula. disea.e risk fa.tors to dicta.e thera.y, the end benefit is never sta.ed so tha. the pa.ient ca. ma.e a. a.propria.e choice of which (if a.y) guideline to follow. Results: a.good exa.ple is guidelines published by the a.erica. Hea.t a.socia.ion for reducing ca.diova.cula. disea.e. These guidelines a.e risk fa.tor ba.ed a.d only indica.e tha. ca.diova.cula. disea.e would be reduced if followed. No specific percenta.e in the reduction of the incidence of disea.e is given. In contra.t, when elimina.ion of the disea.e is the sta.ed goa. of the guideline, the end result is clea.. To da.e, this goa. ha. been sta.ed by only one orga.iza.ion devoted to elimina.ing ca.diova.cula. disea.e. Conclusion: Guidelines need to be written to provide the physicia. a.d the pa.ient with a.specific end point tha. is expected when the guideline is followed. Pa.ient a.cepta.ce a.d complia.ce will be much improved if the pa.ient knows the risk/benefit of following the guideline’s recommenda.ions.

关键词： Guideline Goa.s for Ca.diova.cula. Disea.e Prevention Ca.diova.cula. Disea.e Risk Fa.tors for Ca.diova.cula. Disea.e Pooled Cohort Equa.ions

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红色星球上的小小直升机美国宇航局火星探测器的意外成功

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空中英语教室（高级版．彭蒙惠英语） 2024年第7期 20-21,43页

作者： Kit eaton 不详

离地球几亿英里之外,一个4磅重的电子设备小盒子正忙着创造历史。于2020年发射到火星的小型自主直升机“机智号”,至今已经发动它那小小的旋奖叶片飞了70次(译注1),行进了850英尺(约259.08米),并在整个飞行过程中拍摄了这颗红色星球的... 详细信息

离地球几亿英里之外,一个4磅重的电子设备小盒子正忙着创造历史。于2020年发射到火星的小型自主直升机“机智号”,至今已经发动它那小小的旋奖叶片飞了70次(译注1),行进了850英尺(约259.08米),并在整个飞行过程中拍摄了这颗红色星球的崎岖表面。作为第一架以自身动力在地球以外的星球飞行的航空器,它的长寿是另一件不可思议的壮举。

关键词：美国宇航局火星探测器电子设备不可思议红色

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眼睛晴上的人工智能

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空中英语教室（高级版．彭蒙惠英语） 2024年第6期 26-27,46,47页

作者： Kit eaton 不详

可穿戴设备回来了。这是科技界当前话题性最高的流行语虽然那些产品还是会继续记录你的步数、心率,甚至是血氧浓度,但你佩戴它们的方式却即将改变。你的下一件可穿戴设备也许会是戴在脸上的一副智能眼镜,或是更具未来感的护目镜。

关键词：可穿戴设备人工智能话题性护目镜智能眼镜血氧浓度流行语科技界

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Compa.a.ive genomics of oroba.cha.eous species with different pa.a.itic lifestyles revea.s the origin a.d stepwise evolution of pla.t pa.a.itism

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Molecula. Pla.t 2022年第8期15卷 1384-1399页

作者： Yuxing Xu Jingxiong Zha.g Ca.rong Ma.Yunting Lei Guojing Shen Jia.jun Jin Deren a.R.eaton' Jia.qia.g Wu Depa.tment of Economic Pla.ts a.d Biotechnology Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant ResourcesKunming Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of SciencesKunming 650201China Ca. Center for Excellence in Biotic Intera.tions University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100049China Depa.tment of Ecology Evolution and Environmental BiologyColumbia UniversityNew YorkNY 10027USA

Oroba.cha.ea. is the la.gest fa.ily of pa.a.iticpla.ts,conta.ning a.totrophic a.d pa.a.iticpla.ts with a.l degrees of *** ma.es it byfa. the best fa.ily for studying the origin a.d evolution of pla.t *** we provide three high-qua.ity genomes of oroba.cha.eous pla.ts,the a.totrophic Lindenbergia.luchunensis a.d the holopa.a.itic pla.ts Phelipa.che a.gyptia.a.a.d Oroba.che *** a.a.ysis of these three genomes together with those previously published a.d the tra.scriptomes of other oroba.cha.eous species crea.eda.robust phylogeneticfra.ework *** found tha. a. a.cient whole-genome duplica.ion(WGD;a.out 73.48million yea.s a.o),which occurred ea.liertha. theoriginof Oroba.cha.ea.,mightha.e contributed totheemergence of ***,no WGD events occurred in a.y linea.e of oroba.cha.eous pa.a.ites except for Striga.a.ter divergence from their a.totrophic common a.cestor,suggesting tha.,in contra.t with previous specula.ions,WGD is not a.socia.ed with the emergence of *** detected evident convergent gene loss in a.l pa.a.ites within Oroba.cha.ea. a.d between Oroba.cha.ea. a.d dodder Cuscuta.*** gene fa.ilies in the oroba.cha.eous pa.a.ites showed a.clea. pa.tern of recent ga.ns a.d *** expa.ded gene fa.ilies a.e enriched in functions rela.ed to the development of the ha.storium,suggesting tha. recent gene fa.ily expa.sions ma. ha.e fa.ilita.ed the a.a.ta.ion of oroba.cha.eous pa.a.ites to different *** study illustra.es a.stepwise pa.tern in the evolution of pa.a.itism in the oroba.cha.eous pa.a.ites a.d will fa.ilita.e future studieson pa.a.itism a.d the control of pa.a.itic pla.ts in a.riculture.

关键词： genomics Oroba.cha.ea. pa.a.itism whole-genome duplica.ion gene loss gene fa.ily expa.sion

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Using bioa.oustic tools to cla.ify species delimita.ion within the Bla.iston's Fish Owl(Bubo bla.istoni)complex

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a.ia. Resea.ch 2022年第1期13卷 17-24页

作者： Nya.a.engera. Movin Ta.ja.a.Ga.ova.Sergei G.Surma.h Jona.ha. C.Sla.ht a.a.Kisleiko Ja.es a.eaton Fra.k E.Rheindt Depa.tment of Biologica. Sciences National University of Singapore16 Science Drive 4Singapore117558Singapore Federa. Scientific Center for Biodiversity of Terrestria. Biota.of Ea.t a.ia.FEB Ra..Vla.ivostok Russia Wildlife Conserva.ion Society 2300 Southern BlvdBronxNYUSA10460 Kurilskii Sta.e Na.ure Reserve Yuzhno-KurilskRussia a.3a.5 Casa Indah ⅠPersiaran Surian47810Petaling JayaMalaysia

a.though Bla.iston’s Fish Owl(Bubo bla.istoni) is widely trea.ed a. a.single species,ma.ked differences in the structure of pa.r duets between continenta. a.d insula. popula.ions ha.e been ***,no study ha. qua.tita.ively a.sessed these voca. *** obta.ned 192 duets from 22 pa.rs of Bla.iston’s Fish Owl:15 pa.rs of *** from the Ja.a.ese isla.d of Hokka.do a.d the Russia. Kuril isla.d of Kuna.hir,a.d seven pa.rs of *** from Primorye on the Russia. *** is a.sizea.le da.a.et for such a.la.ge,retiring,a.d ra.e *** conducted bioa.oustic exa.ina.ions of 14 voca. pa.a.eters using principa. component a.a.ysis a.d the Isler criterion to qua.tita.ively test species bounda.ies within the *** *** found tha. the insula. popula.ions on Hokka.do a.d Kuna.hir emerged a. voca.ly simila. to ea.h other but ma.kedly different from the continenta. popula.ions of ***,corresponding closely with presently a.cepted subspecies *** differences in the duets of the insula. a.d continenta. groups a.e grea.er tha. the pa.rwise compa.isons of territoria. voca.isa.ions between other sympa.ric owl *** on the reproductive importa.ce of voca. duets in owl biology,we propose the ta.onomic eleva.ion of the continenta. subspecies to species level a. Northern Fish Owl *** study corrobora.es the importa.ce of bioa.oustics in a.certa.ning species bounda.ies in owls a.d ha. importa.t implica.ions for the ma.a.ement of the two newly delimited species,ea.h likely to be a.sessed a. *** species should be ma.a.ed independently to optimise conserva.ion outcomes.

关键词： Ea.le Owl Ja.a. Russia. Fa. Ea.t Ta.onomy Biogeogra.hy

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a.cidenta. discovery a.d isola.ion of Zika.virus in Uga.da.a.d the relentless epidemiologist behind the investiga.ions

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Virologica.Sinica 2016年第4期31卷 357-361页

作者： Hedi Zhou Brya. eaton Zhihong Hu Ba.il a.if Wuha. Institute of Virology Chinese Academy of Sciences 6 Belvedere Terra.e Ocean Grove Scientist Emeritus Laboratory for Molecular VirologyGLFCSault Ste.

INTRODUCTION Zika.virus(ZIKV)ha. ca.tured the a.tention of the world beca.se of its potentia. to infect neura. cells a.d its tera.ogenic effects on foetuses a.d the new *** virus seems to ha.e va.ious modes of tra.smission a.d ha. been the subject of ma.y reviews in the litera.ure(exa.ple,Musso a.d Gubler,2016,Wa.g et a..,2016).ZIKV wa. first isola.ed in1947 but rema.ned a.most

关键词： a.cidenta. discovery a.d isola.ion of Zika.virus in Uga.da.a.d the relentless epidemiologist behind the investiga.ions

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COVID-19 a.d Ca.diova.cula. Disea.e—Two Pa.demics, One Success

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World Journa. of Ca.diova.cula. Disea.es 2023年第4期13卷 236-242页

作者： Robert Philip eaton Ba.ry Ra.o Ma.tin Hickey Da.id S. Scha.e Division of Genera. Interna. Medicine University of New Mexico School of Medicine Albuquerque NM USA New Hea.t Fitness a.d Hea.th Albuquerque NM USA New Mexico Sta.e Sena.or Albuquerque NM USA

Ba.kground: COVID-19 ha. ha. a.ma.or impa.t on a.l fa.ets of life in the United Sta.es. Its deva.ta.ing effects ha.e resulted in the mobiliza.ion of ma.or resources, both a. the na.iona., sta.e, a.d individua. levels. This mobiliza.ion ha. resulted in va.cina.ion, persona. preventive mea.ures, a.d new thera.ies to comba. this illness. a. a.result, the ra.es of new infections, hospita.iza.ions, a.d dea.hs ha.e grea.ly diminished, minimizing the a.socia.ed morbidity a.d morta.ity. Purpose: Wha. ha. not been a.precia.ed is tha. a.more serious epidemic ha. continued una.a.ed in the United Sta.es a.d the Western world. This a.ticle empha.izes the importa.ce of a.na.iona. effort to era.ica.e ca.diova.cula. disea.e. Methods: Ca.diova.cula. disea.e ha. ca.sed more dea.hs tha. COVID-19 in a.most a.l months since the COVID-19 epidemic wa. first recognized in December 2020. In fa.t, ca.diova.cula. disea.e ha. ca.sed more dea.hs tha. either a.l ca.cers combined or infections for the la.t two deca.es. The tra.edy of this truth is tha. effective thera.y is currently a.a.la.le for preventing a.d reversing ca.diova.cula. disea.e a. a.very low cost. Wha. is required is a.concerted effort a.d commitment by a.l legisla.ive a.d medica. orga.iza.ions to a.loca.e the resources to a.olish a.ymptoma.ic ca.diova.cula. disea.e. Results: Recognition a.d mobiliza.ion of resources to comba. this epidemic a.e much overdue with the resulta.t sa.ings of lives a.d billions of dolla.s. It is pa.t time for the medica. esta.lishment to support the na.iona. identifica.ion of a.ymptoma.ic ca.diova.cula. disea.e a.d initia.e trea.ment before pa.ients become symptoma.ic with this dea.ly disea.e. Conclusion: The na.iona. experience with COVID-19 ha. demonstra.ed wha. ca. be a.complished when a.na.iona. concerted effort is ma.e to a.dress a.deva.ta.ing medica. epidemic. This commitment is not only fea.ible for ca.diova.cula. disea.e, but is a.so necessa.y for the benefit of a.l people in the world.

关键词： Epidemic Ca.diova.cula. COVID-19 Hea.t a.ta.k Dea.h Ra.e

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Huma. a.d ecologica. risks of meta.s in soils under different la.d-use types in a. urba. environment of Ba.gla.esh

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Pedosphere 2020年第2期30卷 201-213页

作者： Md.Sa.ful ISLa. Md.Ka.ser a.MED Md.Ha.ibulla. a.-Ma.UN Dennis Wa.ne eaton Depa.tment of Soil Science Patuakhali Science and Technology UniversityDumkiPatuakhali 8602Bangladesh Gra.ua.e School of Environment a.d Informa.ion Sciences Yokohama National University79-7 TokiwadaiHodogaya-kuYokohamaKanagawa 240-8501Japan Depa.tment of Ocea.ogra.hy University of DhakaDhaka 1000Bangladesh Depa.tment of Fisheries University of DhakaDhaka 1000Bangladesh Contra.t Fa.ulty Rutgers UniversityNew BrunswickNJ 08901-8554USA

Tra.e meta. conta.ina.ion in soil is of grea. concern owing to its long persistence in the environment a.d toxicity to huma.s a.d other *** of six potentia.ly toxic tra.e meta.s,Cr,Ni,Cu,a.,Cd,a.d Pb,in urba. soils were mea.ured in Dha.a.City,*** from different la.d-use types,na.ely,a.ricultura. field,pa.k,pla.ground,petrol sta.ion,meta. workshop,brick field,burning sites,disposa. sites of household wa.te,ga.ment wa.te,electronic wa.te,a.d ta.nery wa.t,a.d construction wa.te demolishing sites,were *** concentra.ion ra.ges of Cr,Ni,Cu,a.,Pb,a.d Cd in soils were 2.4–1258,8.3–1044,9.7–823,8.7–277,1.8–80,a.d 13–842 mg kg^-1,*** concentra.ions of meta.s were subsequently used to esta.lish ha.a.d quotients(HQs)for the a.ult *** meta. HQs decrea.ed in the order of a.>Cr>Pb>Cd>Ni>*** wa. the most vita. exposure pa.hwa. of studied meta.s from soils followed by derma. conta.t a.d *** ra.ge of pollution loa. index(PLI)wa. 0.96–17,indica.ing severe conta.ina.ion of soil by tra.e *** the comprehensive potentia. ecologica. risk(PER),soils from a.l la.d-use types showed considera.le to very high ecologica. *** findings of this study revea.ed tha. in the urba. a.ea.studied,soils of some la.d-use types were severely conta.ina.ed with tra.e ***,it is suggested tha. more a.tention should be pa.d to the potentia. hea.th risks to the loca. inha.ita.ts a.d ecologica. risk to the surrounding ecosystems.

关键词： ha.a.d quotient hea.th risk la.d use potentia. ecologica. risk soil pollution tra.e meta.s urba. soil

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Improving Ca.diova.cula. Risk a.sessment to Optimize Thera.y

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World Journa. of Ca.diova.cula. Disea.es 2023年第1期13卷 7-20页

作者： a.len a.olphe Sha.e Wilder Teodor Duro Robert Philip eaton Da.id S. Scha.e Division of Genera. Interna. Medicine University of New Mexico School of Medicine Albuquerque USA Division of Endocrinology University of New Mexico School of Medicine Albuquerque USA

Ba.kground: Qua.tifying ten-yea. ca.diova.cula. risk ca. be cha.lenging. Different online risk ca.cula.ors provide different risk estima.es a.d online risk ca.cula.ors use only one point in time. However, risk fa.tors occur over the lifetime of the individua.. Purpose: This ma.uscript provides three solutions to improving ten-yea. ca.diova.cula. risk a.sessment in individua.s a. intermedia.e risk. Methods: Mea.uring Lipoprotein(a.—Lp(a. is recommended for a.sessing ca.diova.cula. risk in a.l individua.s who a.e in the intermedia.e risk ca.egory by sta.da.d online risk ca.cula.ors. Lp(a. is prima.ily determined by genetic inherita.ce. It ha. the undesira.le properties of being proa.herosclerotic, proinfla.ma.ory, a.d prothrombotic. Mea.uring a.olipoprotein B (a.o B) provides a.good index of the number of a.herosclerotic pa.ticles present. Studies ha.e demonstra.ed tha. sma.l, dense LDL cholesterol pa.ticles a.e more a.herogenic tha. la.ger, less dense LDL cholesterol pa.ticles. Mea.uring high sensitivity C-rea.tive protein (hsCRP) provides a.good estima.ion of the degree of infla.ma.ion in the va.cula. system. Infla.ma.ion is a.critica. component of hea.t a.ta.ks a.d strokes. It is increa.ed in dia.etes a.d obesity. Trea.ment to reduce infla.ma.ion results in a.reduction of ca.diova.cula. events, independent of lipid va.ues. Results: The a.ove three risk fa.tors should be mea.ured in a.l pa.ients with a. intermedia.e risk score. Routine a.sa.s a.e rea.ily a.a.la.le a. a.rea.ona.le cost. They a.e independent risk fa.tors for ca.diova.cula. disea.e. Their recommenda.ion is ba.ed on the pa.hophysiology of a.herosclerotic ca.diova.cula. disea.e. Successful thera.y will result in the decrea.e of ea.h of these risk fa.tors. Conclusion: The recommended a.proa.h will improve the a.sessment of ca.diova.cula. risk a.d guide the physicia. a.d pa.ient to the correct trea.ment recommenda.ions.

关键词： Ca.diova.cula. Disea.e a.herosclerosis Risk Equa.ions a.olipoprotein B Lipoprotein(a. High Sensitivity C-Rea.tive Protein

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