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Assessment of soil microbial and enzyme activity in the rhizosphere zone under different land use/cover of a semiarid region, India

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Ecological Processes 2021年第1期10卷 225-236页

作者： Archana Meena k.s.rao Department of Botany University of RajasthanJaipurRajasthan 302004India. Natural Resource Management Laboratory Department of BotanyUniversity of DelhiNorth CampusDelhi 110007India.

Background:Land use/cover and management practices are widely known to influence soil organic matter(sOM)quality and *** present study investigated the effect of different land use,i.e.,forests *** forest cover(MFC),Prosopis juliflora(sw.)DC-dominated forest cover(PFC),and cultivated sites *** field(AF),vegetable field(VF),respectively,on soil parameter,microbial activity,and enzymes involved in soil nutrient cycle in a semiarid region of ***:The results showed a significant reduction(Psoil carbon(sC),soil nitrogen(sN)content(~30–80%)and consequently the soil microbial biomass carbon(sMBC)(~70–80%),soil basal respiration(sBR),soil substrate-induced respiration(ssIR),and soil enzyme activities(β-glucosidase,acid phosphatase,and dehydrogenase)under cultivated sites in comparison with forest ***’s correlation showed that a positive correlation of sC with sMBC,sBR,ssIR(Ps(i.e.,β-glucosidase,dehydrogenase)(PsC in regulating microbial and enzymatic ***,a positive correlation of soil moisture with urease activity(Ps found suggesting it as a significant abiotic factor for soil biological ***,based on the PCA analysis,we observed the clustering of sMBC/sC ratio and qCO_(2) nearby ***:Our study suggests that soil microbial parameters(sMBC,sBR,ssIR,sMBC/sC,qCO_(2))and enzyme activity are key indicators of soil health and *** use/cover alters the sOM content and soil microbial *** management strategies focusing on the conservation of natural forest and minimizing the land disturbances will be effective in preventing soil carbon flux as CO_(2) and maintaining the sC stock.

关键词： Land use changes soil microbes soil enzymes semiarid ecosystems Land management practices

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soil moisture controls the spatio-temporal pattern of soil respiration under different land use systems in a semi-arid ecosystem of Delhi,India

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Ecological Processes 2020年第1期9卷 172-184页

作者： Archana Meena M.Hanief J.Dinakaran k.s.rao Department of Botany University of RajasthanJaipurRajasthan 302004India Department of Botany Baba Ghulam Ghulam Shah Badshah UniversityRajouriJammu and Kashmir 185234India Department of Botany Bhaskaracharya College of Applied SciencesUniversity of DelhiDwarkaDelhi 110007India Department of Botany University of DelhiDelhi 110007India

Background:soil respiration(s_(R))is a critical process for understanding the impact of climatic conditions and land degradation on the carbon cycle in terrestrial *** measured the s_(R) and soil environmental factors over 1 year in four land uses with varying levels of disturbance and different vegetation types viz.,mixed forest cover(MFC),Prosopis juliflora(sw.)forest cover(PFC),agricultural field(AF),and vegetable field(VF),in a semi-arid area of Delhi,*** primary aim was to assess the effects of soil moisture(s_(M)),soil temperature(s_(T)),and soil microbial activity(s_(MA))on the s_(R).Methods:The s_(R) was measured monthly using an LI-6400 with an infrared gas analyser and a soil *** s_(M) was measured using the gravimetric *** s_(T)(10 cm)was measured with a probe attached to the *** s_(MA) was determined by fluorescein diacetate ***:The s_(R) showed seasonal variations,with the mean annual s_(R) ranging from 3.22 to 5.78μmol m^(−2) s^(−1) and higher s_(R) rates of~15-55%in the cultivated fields(AF,VF)than in the forest sites(MFC,PFC).The VF had significantly higher s_(R)(Pses(AF,PFC,MFC),which did not vary significantly from one another in s_(R)(Psures ANOVA evaluated the significant differences(Ps_(R) for high precipitation months(July,August,september,February).The s_(M) as a single factor showed a strong significant relationship in all the land uses(R^(2)=0.67-0.91,Ps_(T) on the s_(R) was found to be weak and non-significant in the PFC,MFC,and AF(R^(2)=0.14-0.31;P>0.05).Contrasting results were observed in the VF,which showed high s_(R) during summer(May;11.21μmol m^(−2) s^(−1))and a significant exponential relationship with the s_(T)(R^(2)=0.52;Ps_(R) was positively related to the sMA(R2=0.44-0.5;Ps based on the independent variables s_(M),s_(T),and s_(MA) explained 91-95

关键词： soil respiration soil moisture soil microbes soil temperature Precipitation Land use change semi-arid ecosystems

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Assessment of above- and belowground carbon pools in a semi-arid forest ecosystem of Delhi, India

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Ecological Processes 2019年第1期8卷 93-103页

作者： Archana Meena Ankita Bidalia M.Hanief JDinakaran k.s.rao Department of Botany University of RajasthanJaipurRajasthan 302004India Natural Resource Management Laboratory Department of BotanyUniversity of DelhiNorth CampusDelhi 110007India Department of Botany Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah UniversityRajouriJ&K 185234India

Background:Assessment of carbon pools in semi-arid forests of India is crucial in order to develop a better action plan for management of such ecosystems under global climate change and rapid *** study,therefore,aims to assess the above-and belowground carbon storage potential of a semi-arid forest ecosystem of ***:For the study,two forest sites were selected,i.e.,north ridge(NRF)and central ridge(CRF).Aboveground tree biomass was estimated by using growing stock volume equations developed by Forest survey of India and specific wood *** biomass was determined by harvest sampling ***(root)biomass was determined by using a developed *** soil organic carbon(sOC),soil samples were collected at 0–10-cm and 10–20-cm depth and carbon content was ***:The present study estimated 90.51 Mg ha−1 biomass and 63.49 Mg C ha−1 carbon in the semi-arid forest of Delhi,*** lower diameter classes showed highest tree density,i.e.,240 and 328 individuals ha−1(11–20 cm),basal area,i.e.,8.7(31–40 cm)and 6.08m2 ha−1(11–20 cm),and biomass,i.e.,24.25 and 23.57 Mg ha−1(11–20 cm)in NRF and CRF,***,a significant contribution of biomass(7.8 Mg ha−1)in DBH class 81–90 cm in NRF suggested the importance of mature trees in biomass and carbon *** forests were predominantly occupied by Prosopis juliflora(sw.)DC which also showed the highest contribution to the(approximately 40%)tree *** allocation was maximum in aboveground(40–49%),followed by soil(29.93–37.7%),belowground or root(20–22%),and litter(0.27–0.59%).Conclusion:Our study suggested plant biomass and soils are the potential pools of carbon storage in these ***,carbon storage in tree biomass was found to be mainly influenced by tree density,basal area,and species *** belonging to lower DBH classes are the major carbon sinks in these *** the study,native trees contributed to the significan

关键词： semi-arid forest Carbon pool Forest management species composition Basal area Carbon allocation pattern

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Ethnobotanical study towards Conservation of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants in Upper Catchments of Dhauli Ganga in the Central Himalaya

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Journal of Mountain science 2012年第2期9卷 286-296页

作者： L.s.kANDARI P.C.PHONDANI k.C.PAYAL k.s.rao R.k.MAIkHURI school of Natural Resources Management and Environmental sciences College of Agriculture and Environmental SciencesHaramaya University G.B.Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment&Development Department of Botany University of Delhi

The present study broadly focused on medicinal plant species collected from wild by the villagers for different purposes in the upper catchment of Dhauli Ganga in Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve(NDBR),in the central Himalaya.A schedule based survey was conducted during the years 2003-2005 in 15 villages of Chamoli district part of the *** was collected from collectors, vaidya(medicine man)and those dealing with domestication and marketing of the medicinal plants. The aim of the study was to understand the prioritiesed medicinal plants,their mode of collection and document their ethnobotanical uses by the Bhotiya tribal communities,in this world heritage site. During the survey,50 medicinal plants belonging to 31 families and 44 genera were *** of these,70% were harvested from the wild,22% were cultivated and 8% were cultivated as well as wild *** the cultivated species,8% were found growing in the kitchen gardens and 14%in the agricultural ***,42%of the plants had their roots and rhizomes used followed by leaves (26%),seeds(10%),seed and leaf(8%),bark and whole plant(6%)and flower(1%).Most plants were reported to be used for rheumatism(16),followed by stomach disorder(14),cold and cough(11),and jaundice(9).Thirty three plants species were reported to have more than one therapeutic uses,while 17 species were reported to be used against single *** distance of villages from road head was one of the factors contributing to the decline in the medicinal plant population in their natural habitats. The availability of medicinal plants increased with increase in distance from road head and also the peoples'dependence on *** of the traditional knowledge will help in conservation of knowledge and also opportunity for using it for future training and *** result of this study will help in promoting sustainable cultivation and implementation in conservation protocol of those species,which are in the verge of exti

关键词： Conservation strategy Ethnobotany Medicinal plants Traditional communities Central Himalaya

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Effect of mixed-cropping and water-stress on macro-nutrients and biochemical constituents of rhizomatous medicinal plants in Central Himalaya,India

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Journal of Forestry Research 2012年第4期23卷 615-621页

作者： L.s.kandari k.s.rao R.k.Maikhuri kusum Payal school of Natural Resources Management and Environmental sciences College of Agriculture and Environmental SciencesHaramaya UniversityP.#Box 337Dire DawaEthiopia Department of Botany University of DelhiDelhi-110007India G.B.Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment&Development Srinagar246174UttarakhandIndia.

Plants in the alpine zone mainly depend on the reserved food materials stored in their rhizomes for the next growing season. We investigated the effect of mixed cropping （Phaseolus vulgaris L. var. Pinto） with four rhizomatous medicinal plants, i.e., Angelica glauca, Arnebia benthamii, Rheum emodi and Pleurospermum angelicoides as well as three levels of water stress treatment under two conditions （shade net and open field） on macronutrients （NPk） and biochemicals （carbohydrates and protein）. The experiment was conducted by completely randomized design （CDR）. The data were analyzed with ANOVA as well as CDR. The experimental results show that in all the species shade conditions with sever water stress （ssWs） increased the level of macronutrients （NPk）. However, （N） concentration was highest under shade with mixed cropping （sMIX）. Under sMIX, carbohydrate content was highest than open field control conditions （CONT）. This investigation results demon- strate that mixed cropping of medicinal plants with Phaseolus vulgaris could be a good livelihood option in the mountainous regions of Indian Central Himalaya. And the water-stress conditions along with mixed cropping could improve the biochemical constituents in the rhizome of these species.

关键词： Mixed cropping Medicinal and Aromatic plants Nitrogenfixation Phaseolus vulgaris Water stress

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Fuelwood assessment at the micro-watershed level:a case study in Garhwal Himalaya,India

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Chinese Journal of Population,Resources and Environment 2015年第2期13卷 177-186页

作者： Y.s.C.khuman Nancy Raina Ranjita Pandey k.s.rao school of Agriculture Indira Gandhi National Open University Department of Botany University of Delhi Department of statistics University of Delhi

Biomass,as fuelwood,is one of the major sources of energy in rural areas,especially in the mountainous regions of the *** the increasing human population exerts more pressure on the forest thereby inducing an adverse effect on the sustainability of the ecosystem,which consequently causes fuelwood crisis at a local level,this crisis is spatio-temporal in ***,the major objective of this study is to assess the sustainability of fuelwood at different probable scenarios at a micro watershed *** present study was conducted in the Phakot watershed,the Tehri Garhwal district of central Himalaya in India,during *** on the vegetation composition in the study area,the net primary productivity(NPP)value of the Oak forest,and mixed oak and sal forests,was used for the quantification of fuelwood availability in evergreen and deciduous forests,*** fuelwood demand was calculated on the basis of seasonal fuelwood consumption *** probable permutations for availability-demand scenarios assuming the existence of high(H),low(L)and average(A)conditions were analyzed for evaluating the *** available annual harvestable fuelwood in the watershed is in the minimum and maximum ranges of 2283.28 to 4066.00 tons,respectively,per year whereas it has a demand of 110.76 tons as the minimum to 3659 tons as the maximum *** shows that in the current availabilitydemand scenario,the watershed does not have fuelwood crisis in the present situation but needs to maintain the sustainability of the *** on our study,it is concluded that,globally,more spatio-temporal study is required to understand the issues at the local level.

关键词： watershed fuelwood assessment biomass stress sustainability

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Changes in Agricultural Biodiversity: Implications for sustainable Livelihood in the Himalaya

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Journal of Mountain science 2005年第1期2卷 23-31页

作者： k.G.saxena R.k.Maikhuri k.s.rao school of Environmental sciences Jawaharlal Nehru University New Delhi 110067IndiaG.B.Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment and DevelopmentGarhwal UnitP.O.Box92 Srinagar246174IndiaCentre for Inter-disciplinary Studies of Mountain and Hill EnvironmentUniversity of DelhiSouth CampusBenito Juarez Road New Delhi110 021India

Himalayan mountain system is distinguished globally for a rich biodiversity and for its role in regulating the climate of the south Asia. Traditional crop-livestock mixed farming in the Himalaya is highly dependent on forests for fodder and manure prepared from forest leaf litter and livestock excreta. Apart from sustaining farm production, forests provide a variety of other tangible and intangible benefits, which are critical for sustainable livelihood of not only 115 million mountain people, but also many more people living in the adjoining plains. Extension of agricultural land- use coupled with replacement of traditional staple food crops by cash crops and of multipurpose agroforestry trees by fruit trees are widespread changes. Cultivation of Fagopyrum esculentum, Fagopyrum tataricum, Panicum miliaceum, setaria italica and Pisum arvense has been almost abandoned. Increasing stress on cash crops is driven by a socio-cultural change from subsistence to market economy facilitated by improvement in accessibility andsupplyofstaplefoodgrainsatsubsidizedpriceby the government. Farmers have gained substantial economic benefits from cash crops. However, loss of agrobiodiversity implies more risks to local livelihood in the events of downfall in market price/demand of cashcrops,terminationofsupplyofstaplefoodgrains at subsidized price, pest outbreaks in a cash crop dominated homogeneous landscape and abnormal climate years. Indigenous innovations enabling improvement in farm economy by conserving and/enhancing agrobiodiversity do exist, but are highly localized. The changes in agrobiodiversity are such that soil loss and run-off from the croplands have dramatically increased together with increase in local pressure on forests. As farm productivity is maintained with forest-based inputs, continued depletion of forest resources will result in poor economic returns from agriculture to local people, apart from loss of global benefits from Himalayan forests. Interventions inc

关键词： Land use/cover change food security cash crops traditional agricultural practices forest management

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Traditional Agrodiversity Management:A Case study of Central Himalayan Village Ecosystem

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Journal of Mountain science 2011年第1期8卷 62-74页

作者： Abhishek CHANDRA P.Pardha sARADHI R.k.MAIkHURI k.G.sAXENA k.s.rao Department of Environmental Biology University of Delhi G.B.Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment and Development Garhwal UnitSrinagar(Uttarakhand) 246 174India school of Environmental sciences Jawaharlal Nehru University Department of Botany University of Delhi

Environmental, biological, socio-cultural and economic status variation existing in the Central Himalaya have led to the evolution of diverse and unique traditional agroecosystems, crop species and livestock, which facilitate the traditional mountain farming societies to sustain themselves. Indigenous agroecosystems are highly site specific and differ from place to place, as they have evolved along divergent lines. For maintenance of traditional agrodiversity management the farmers of the Central Himalaya have evolved various types of crop rotations in consonance with the varied environmental conditions and agronomic requirements. In irrigated fiat lands two crops are harvested in a year with negligible fallow period but in rainfed conditions if a cropping sequence is presumed to be starting after winter fallow phase then four major cropping seasons can be identified namely first kharif season （first crop season）, first rabi season （second crop season）, second kharif season （third crop season） and second rabi season （fourth crop season）. Highest crop diversity is present in kharif season in comparison to rabi season. Traditionally the fields are left fallow after harvest of the second kharif season crop. Important characteristics of agrodiversity management are the use of bullocks for draughtpower, human energy as labour, crop residues as animal feed and animal waste mixed with forest litter as organic input to restore soil fertility levels. Women provide most of the human labour except for ploughing and threshing grain. The present study deals with assessment of traditional agrodiversity management such as （i） crop diversity, （ii） realized yield under the traditional practices and （iii） assess the differences of realized yields under sole and mixed cropping systems. It indicated that crop rotation is an important feature of the Central Himalayan village ecosystem which helps to continue the diversity of species grown, as are the distribution of crops in the growing

关键词： Traditional agricultural practices Himalayas Rainfed Management

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Passive activity enhances residual control ability in patients with complete spinal cord injury

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Neural Regeneration Research 2025年第8期20卷 2337-2347页

作者： Yanqing Xiao Mingming Gao Zejia He Jia Zheng Hongming Bai Jia-sheng rao Guiyun song Wei song Xiaoguang Li Beijing key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Neural Regeneration Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical EngineeringSchool of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringBeihang UniversityBeijingChina Department of Rehabilitation Evaluation China Rehabilitation Research CenterBeijingChina Cardiac Center Beijing Children’s HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina The state key Laboratory of Virtual Reality Technology and systems Beihang UniversityBeijingChina Department of Rehabilitation Engineering China Rehabilitation Science InstituteBeijingChina

Patients with complete spinal cord injury retain the potential for volitional muscle activity in muscles located below the spinal injury ***,because of prolonged inactivity,initial attempts to activate these muscles may not effectively engage any of the remaining neurons in the descending pathway.A previous study unexpectedly found that a brief clinical round of passive activity significantly increased volitional muscle activation,as measured by surface *** this study,we further explored the effect of passive activity on surface electromyographic signals during volitional control tasks among individuals with complete spinal cord *** patients with chronic complete thoracic spinal cord injury were *** electromyography data from eight major leg muscles were acquired and compared before and after the passive activity *** results indicated that the passive activity led to an increased number of activated volitional muscles and an increased frequency of *** the cumulative root mean square of surface electromyography amplitude for volitional control of movement showed a slight increase after passive activity,the difference was not statistically *** findings suggest that brief passive activity may enhance the ability to initiate volitional muscle activity during surface electromyography tasks and underscore the potential of passive activity for improving residual motor control among patients with motor complete spinal cord injury.

关键词： complete spinal cord injury cycle training epidural electrical stimulation motor training passive activity physiological state spinal cord circuit surface electromyography volitional control task

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Influence of local stiffeners and cutout shapes on the vibration and stability characteristics of quasi-isotropic laminates under hygro-thermo-mechanical loadings

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Defence Technology（防务技术） 2022年第12期18卷 2107-2124页

作者： T.Rajanna k.s.subash Chandra k.Venkata rao Department of Civil Engineering B.M.S College of EngineeringBengaluru560019India Research scholar B.M.S College of EngineeringBengaluru560019India Department of Mechanical Engineering B.M.S Evening College of EngineeringBengaluru560019India Department of Mechanical Engineering Government PolytechnicBagepalli561207India

The perforated stiffened panel is generally found as a sub-component of sophisticated *** fundamental purpose of this panel is to withstand against buckling under complicated loading and environmental ***,an accurate knowledge of critical buckling behaviour of stiffened panels is very much essential for a reliable and lightweight structural *** this paper,the focus is on quasi-laminated panels with different cutout shapes of various sizes and their responses to hygrothermal environments under nonlinearly varying edge loads and is compared with the locally stiffened *** this,the modelling of the panel and stiffener is done by adopting nine-noded heterosis plate elements and three noded beam elements *** stiffener formulation is suitably modified in order to take the torsional effect also into consideration along with the effect of shear ***,the plate and the stiffener elements are treated separately,and then the displacement compatibility is maintained between them by using the transformation *** a given loading and geometric discontinuity,the stress distribution within the perforated panel is highly non-uniform in nature and hence a dynamic approach has been used to calculate buckling loads by adopting two sets of boundary conditions,one set for pre-buckling stress analysis and the second set for buckling *** different quasi-isotropic stacking sequences are deliberated in this work by varying different ply-orientation in each *** study also addresses the effect of various parameters such as nonlinear loads,hygro-thermal loads,cutout size and shapes,position of cutout,stiffener parameters,stacking sequences,thickness of plate and boundary conditions.

关键词： Locally stiffened panels Buckling Vibration Cutouts Heterosis Hygrothermal environment

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