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Innate immune responses induced by lipopolysaccharide and lipoteichoic acid in primary goat mammary epithelial cells

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j.urnal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 2017年第4期8卷 842-851页

作者： Omar Bulgari Xianwen Dong Alfred L.Roca1 Anna M. Caroli juan j. loor Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Urbana IL 61801 USA Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine University of BresciaBrescia 25123 Italy Institute of Animal Nutrition Sichuan Agricultural University Chengdu 611130 China Division of Nutritional Sciences University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Urbana IL 61801 USA

Background: Innate immune responses induced by in vitro stimulation of primary mammary epithelial cells(MEC) using Gram-negative lipopolysaccharide(LPS) and Gram-positive lipoteichoic acid(LTA) bacterial cell wall components are well-characterized in bovine species. The obj.ctive of the current study was to characterize the downstream regulation of the inflammatory response induced by Toll-like receptors in primary goat MEC(pgMEC). We performed quantitative real-time RT-PCR(qPCR) to measure mRNA levels of 9 genes involved in transcriptional regulation or antibacterial activity: Toll-like receptor 2(TLR2), Toll-like receptor 4(TLR4), prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2(PTGS2), interferon induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 3(IFIT3), interferon regulatory factor 3(IRF3), myeloid differentiation primary response 88(MYD88), nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells 1(NFKB1), Toll interacting protein(TOLLIP), and lactoferrin(LTF). Furthermore,we analyzed 7 cytokines involved in Toll-like receptor signaling pathways: C-C motif chemokine ligand 2(CCL2), C-C motif chemokine ligand 5(CCL5), C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 6(CXCL6), interleukin 8(CXCL8), interleukin 1 beta(IL1 B), interleukin 6(IL6), and tumor necrosis factor alpha(TNF).Results: Stimulation of pgMEC with LPS for 3 h led to an increase in expression of CCL2, CXCL6, IL6, CXCL8,PTGS2, IFIT3, MYD88, NFKB1, and TLR4(P < 0.05). Except for IL6, and PTGS2, the same genes had greater expression than controls at 6 h post-LPS(P < 0.05). Expression of CCL5, PTGS2, IFIT3, NFKB1, TLR4, and TOLLIP was greater than controls after 3 h of incubation with LTA(P < 0.05). Compared to controls, stimulation with LTA for 6 h led to greater expression of PTGS2, IFIT3, NFKB1, and TOLLIP(P < 0.05) whereas the expression of CXCL6, CXCL8, and TLR4 was lower(P < 0.05). At 3 h incubation with both toxins compared to controls a greater expression(P < 0.05) of CCL2, CCL5, CXCL6, CXCL8, IL6, PTGS2, IFIT3, IR

关键词： Gene expression Inflammation Lactation Mastitis

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Hepatic metabolomics and transcriptomics to study susceptibility to ketosis in response to prepartal nutritional management

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j.urnal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 2020年第1期11卷 194-210页

作者： Khuram Shahzad Vincenzo Lopreiato Yusheng Liang Erminio Trevisi j.han S.Osorio Chuang Xu juan j.loor COMSATS Institute of Information Technology ChakShahzadIslamabad 44000Pakistan Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences University of IllinoisUrbanaIL 61801USA Istituto di Zootecnica Facoltàdi Scienze AgrarieAlimentari e AmbientaliUniversitàCattolica del Sacro Cuore29122 PiacenzaItaly Department of Dairy Science South Dakota State UniversityBrookingsSD 57006USA College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural UniversityXinyang Rd.5Daqing 163319China.

Background:Ketosis in dairy cows is associated with body fat mobilization during the peripartal ***-clinical and clinical ketosis arise more frequently in cows that are overfed energy during the entire dry(last 50 to 45 days prior to parturition)or close-up period(last^28 days prepartum).Methods:A retrospective analysis was performed on 12 cows from a larger cohort that were fed a higher-energy diet[1.54 Mcal/kg of dry matter(DM);35.9%of DM corn silage and 13%of DM ground corn]during the close-up dry period,of which 6 did not develop clinical ketosis(OVE,0.83 mmol/L plasma hydroxybutyrate;BHB)and 6 were diagnosed with clinical ketosis(KET,1.4 mmol/L BHB)during the first week postpartum.A whole-transcriptome bovine microarray(Agilent Technologies)and metabolomics(GC-MS,LC-MS;Metabolon~?Inc.)were used to perform transcript and metabolite profiling of liver tissue harvested at-10 days relative to parturition which allowed to establish potential associations between prepartal transcriptome/metabolome profiles and susceptibility to clinical ketosis ***:Cows in KET had greater(P=0.01)overall body weight between-2 and 1 week around parturition,but similar body condition score than *** dry matter intake(DMI)did not differ prepartum,KET cows had lower(P<0.01)DMI and similar milk yield as OVE cows during the first week *** analysis revealed a total of 3065 differentially expressed genes(DEG;P≤0.05)in *** identified 15 out of 313 total biochemical compounds significantly affected(P≤0.10)in *** those,greater concentrations(P≤0.06,+2.3-fold)of glycochenodeoxycholate in KET cows also have been detected in humans developing non-alcoholic fatty liver *** analysis using the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG)pathway database and the DEG revealed that,among the top 20 most-impacted metabolic pathway categories in KET,65%were overall *** included’Metabolism of cofactors

关键词： Bioinformatics Ketosis Metabolomics Transition cow

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Residual feed intake divergence during the preweaning period is associated with unique hindgut microbiome and metabolome profiles in neonatal Holstein heifer calves

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j.urnal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 2020年第2期11卷 453-467页

作者： Ahmed Elolimy Abdulrahman Alharthi Mohamed Zeineldin Claudia Parys juan j.loor Mammalian NutriPhysioGenomics Department of Animal SciencesUniversity of IllinoisUrbanaILUSA Department of Animal Sciences University of IllinoisUrbanaILUSA Department of Animal Production National Research CentreDokkiGizaEgypt Carl R.Woese Institute for Genomic Biology University of IllinoisUrbanaIllinoisUSA Department of Animal Medicine College of Veterinary MedicineBenha UniversityBenhaEgypt Evonik Nutrition&Care GmbH Hanau-WolfgangGermany Division of Nutritional Sciences Illinois Informatics InstituteUniversity of IllinoisUrbanaILUSA

Background:Recent studies underscored that divergence in residual feed intake(RFI)in mature beef and dairy cattle is associated with changes in ruminal microbiome and metabolome profiles which may contribute,at least in part,to better feed *** the rumen in neonatal calves during the preweaning period is underdeveloped until close to weaning,they rely on hindgut microbial fermentation to breakdown undigested diet *** leads to production of key metabolites such as volatile fatty acids(VFA),amino acids,and vitamins that could potentially be absorbed in the hind-gut and help drive growth and *** RFI divergence in neonatal calves is associated with changes in hindgut microbial communities and metabolites is largely ***,the obj.ctive of the current study was to determine differences in hindgut microbiome and metabolome in neonatal Holstein heifer calves retrospectively-grouped based on feed efficiency as mostefficient(M-eff)or least-efficient(L-eff)calves using RFI divergence during the preweaning ***:Twenty-six Holstein heifer calves received 3.8 L of first-milking colostrum from their respective dams within 6 h after *** were housed in individual outdoor hutches bedded with straw,fed twice daily with a milk replacer,and had ad libitum access to a starter grain mix from birth to weaning at 42 d of *** were classified into M-eff[n=13;RFI coefficient=−5.72±0.94 kg DMI(milk replacer+starter grain)/d]and L-eff[n=13;RFI coefficient=5.61±0.94 kg DMI(milk replacer+starter grain)/d]based on a linear regression model including the combined starter grain mix and milk replacer DMI,average daily gain(ADG),and metabolic body weight(MBW).A deep sterile rectal swab exposed only to the rectum was collected immediately at birth before colostrum feeding(i.e.,d 0),and fecal samples at d 14,28,and 42(prior to weaning)for microbiome and untargeted metabolome analyses using 16S rRNA gene sequencing and LC-MS.M

关键词： Feed efficiency Gut Metabolomics Microbiota Neonates Newborn Preweaning RFI

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Body condition score prior to parturition is associated with plasma and adipose tissue biomarkers of lipid metabolism and inflammation in Holstein cows

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j.urnal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 2018年第2期9卷 439-450页

作者： Abdulrahman Alharthi Zheng Zhou Vincenzo Lopreiato Erminio Trevisi juan j.loor Mammalian Nutri Physio Genomics Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences University of Illinois Animal and Veterinary Sciences Clemson University 146 Poole Agricultural Center Department of Health Science Interdepartmental Services Centre of Veterinary for Human and Animal Health Magna Gr?cia University of Catanzaro Institute of Zootechnics Faculty of Agriculture Food and Environmental Science Università Cattolica del S.Cuore

Background: Previous research has revealed a strong inflammatory response within adipose(AT) tissue during the transition into lactation. Whether this effect is a result of oxidative stress induced by lipolysis and fatty acid oxidation associated with differences in prepartum body condition score remains to be determined. The obj.ctives of this study were to investigate systemic biomarkers of energy balance and inflammation and the expression of lipid metabolismand inflammation-related genes in AT during the transition period in dairy ***: Twenty multiparous Holstein cows were retrospectively divided by body condition score(BCS) prior to parturition into two groups(10 cows/group): BCS ≤ 3.25(Lo BCS) and BCS ≥ 3.75(Hi BCS). Subcutaneous adipose tissue was biopsied from the tail-head region at d-10, 7 and 20 relative to parturition. Plasma was used to evaluate biomarkers of energy balance(EBAL) [free fatty acids(NEFA), glycerol, insulin] and inflammation [IL-1β, haptoglobin, myeloperoxidase, and reactive oxygen metabolites(ROM)]. Although insulin concentration was not affected by BCS, NEFA was overal greater and glycerol lower in HiB CS cows. Greater activity of myeloperoxidase in plasma coincided with increased haptoglobin and IL-1β postpartum in LoB CS *** genes related with oxidative stress, the expression of the cytosolic antioxidant enzyme SOD1 was greater in LoB CS compared to HiB CS. Cows in LoB CS compared with HiB CS had greater overal expression of ABDH5 and ATGL along with ADIPOQ, indicating enhanced basal lipolysis and secretion of adiponectin. Expression of CPT1 A, ACADVL, and ACOX1 was greater overal in HiB CS than LoB CS indicating enhanced NEFA oxidation. Although the temporal increase in plasma NEFA regardless of BCS coincided with the profile of CPT1 A, the gradual decrease in genes related with reesterification of NEFA(PCK1) and glycerol efflux(AQP7) coupled with an increase in glycerol kinase(GK) suggested some stimulation of NEFA u

关键词： Body condition score Lipid mobilization Transition cow

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Expression of fatty acid sensing G-protein coupled receptors in peripartal Holstein cows

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j.urnal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 2017年第3期8卷 660-669页

作者： Alea Agrawal Abdulrahman Alharthi Mario Vailati-Riboni Zheng Zhou juan j.loor Mammalian NutriPhysioGenomics Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional SciencesUniversity of illinois1207 West Gregory DriveUrbanaIL 61801USA

Background： G-protein coupled receptors（GPCR）, also referred as Free Fatty Acid Receptors（FFAR）, are widely studied within human medicine as drug targets for metabolic disorders. To combat metabolic disorders prevalent in dairy cows during the transition period, which co-occur with negative energy balance and changes to lipid and glucose metabolism, it may be helpful to identify locations and roles of FFAR and other members of the GPCR family in bovine ***： Quantitative RT-PCR（qPCR） of subcutaneous adipose, liver, and PMNL samples during the transition period（-10, ＋7, and ＋20 or ＋30 d） were used for expression profiling of medium-（MCFA） and long-chain fatty acid（LCFA）receptors GPR120 and GPR40, MCFA receptor GPR84, and niacin receptor HCAR2/3. Adipose samples were obtained from cows with either high（HI; BCS ≥ 3.75） or low（LO; BCS ≤ 3.25） body condition score（BCS） to examine whether FFAR expression is correlated with this indicator of health and body reserves. Supplementation of rumen-protected methionine（MET）, which may improve immune function and production postpartum, was also compared with unsupplemented control（CON） cows for liver and blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes（PMNL） samples. In adipose tissue, GPR84 and GPR120 were differentially expressed over time, while GPR40 was not expressed; in PMNL, GPR40 was differentially expressed over time and between MET vs. CON, GPR84 expression differed only between dietary groups, and GPR120 was not expressed; in liver, GPCR were either not expressed or barely ***： The data indicate that there is likely not a direct role in liver for the selected GPCR during the transition period, but they do play variable roles in adipose and PMN. In future, these receptors may prove useful targets and/or markers for peripartal metabolism and immunity.

关键词： Inflammation Methionine Neutrophils Transition cow

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Effect of different exogenous fatty acids on the cytosolic triacylglycerol content in bovine mammary cells

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Animal Nutrition 2019年第2期5卷 202-208页

作者： Einar Vargas-Bello-Pérez juan j.loor Philip C Garnsworthy The University of Nottingham Sutton Bonington Campus Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Faculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of Copenhagen Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences University of Illinois1207 West Gregory DriveUrbana

The obj.ctive of this study was to determine how cytosolic triacylglycerols(TAG) are stored in mammary cells and whether this depends on the individual chemical configuration of fatty acids(FA). This obj.ctive was accomplished by addition of different FA to a FA-free medium used to culture mammary alveolar cells-large T antigen cells(MAC-T). Treatments consisted of adding FA(palmitate, stearate, oleate, linoleate,rumenic acid [CLA], elaidate and vaccinate) solutions to the medium at 100, 200, 300 and 400 mmol/L concentrations for a 24-h incubation period. At the end of each incubation period, cytosolic TAG, DNA and protein contents were measured. Palmitate, vaccenate, linoleate and CLA increased(P j.sted for DNA content. Overall, effects on cytosolic TAG accumulation depended on individual FA structure(chain length, degree of saturation, and number and orientation of FA double bonds). In addition, the long-chain FA used in this study did not have a detrimental effect on MAC-T cells as indicated by cytosolic protein and DNA contents reflecting their biological role in lipid accumulation.

关键词： Long chain fatty acid Mammary cells Trans fatty acid Triacylglycerol accumulation Vaccenic acid

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Essential amino acid ratios and mTOR affect lipogenic gene networks and miRNA expression in bovine mammary epithelial cells

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j.urnal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 2016年第4期7卷 612-622页

作者： Shanshan Li Afshin Hosseini Marina Danes Carolina j.cometo j.anxin Liu juan j.loor Institute of Dairy Science College of Animal SciencesZhejiang University Department of Animal Sciences Mammalian Nutri Physio GenomicsUniversity of Illinois Department of Animal Science University of Lavras NUPEEC Departamento de Clínicas VeterináriaPrograma de Pós-Gradua??o em BiotecnologiaUniversidade Federal de Pelotas

Background： The obj.ctive of this study was to study how changing the ratio of Lys to Thr, Lys to His, and Lys to Val affects the expression of lipogenic genes and microRNA （miRNA） in bovine mammary epithelial cells. Results： Triplicate cultures with the respective ＂optimal＂ amino acid （AA） ratio （OPAA = Lys：Met 2.9：1; Thr：Phe 1.05：1; Lys：Thr 1.8：1; Lys：His 2.38：1; Lys：Val 1.23：1） plus rapamycin （OPAARMC; positive control）, OPAA, Lys：Thr 2.1：1 （LT2.1）, Lys：Thr 1.3：1 （LT1.3）, Lys：His 3.05：1 （LH3.0）, or Lys：Val 1.62：1 （LV1.6） were incubated in lactogenic medium for 12 h. The expression of 15 lipogenic genes and 7 miRNA were evaluated. Responses to LT2.1, LT1.3, LH3.0, and LV1.6 relative to the control （OPAARMC） included up-regulated expression ofACSS2, FABP3, ACACA, FASN, SCD, LPIN1, INSIG1, SREBF1, PPARD, and NR1H3 （commonly known as LXR-a）. Furthermore, LV1.6 up-regulated expression of ACSL1, DGAT1, and RXRA and down-regulated PPARG expression. Although no effect of OPAA on expression of PPARG was observed, compared with the control, OPAA up-regulated expression of the PPAR targets ACSS2, FABP3, ACACA, FASN, SCD, LPIN1, INSIG1, and SREBF1. Compared with the control, the expression of the anti-lipogenic MIR27AB was down-regulated by OPAA, LT2.1, LT1.3 and LH3.0. In contrast, compared with the control, the expression of the pro-lipogenic MIR21 was up-regulated by LT2.1, LT1.3, LH3.0, and LV1.6. Conclusions： The observed up-regulation of lipogenic gene networks and the changes in expression of key miRNA involved in the control of lipogenic balance are indicative of a potentially important role of EAA ratios and mTOR signaling in the regulation of milk fat synthesis.

关键词： Amino acids Milk fat synthesis mTOR Nutrigenomics

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Supplemental Smartamine M in higher-energy diets during the prepartal period improves hepatic biomarkers of health and oxidative status in Holstein cows

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j.urnal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 2017年第3期8卷 624-635页

作者： Mario Vailati-Riboni j.han S.Osorio Erminio Trevisi Daniel Luchini juan j.loor Mammalian Nutri Physio Genomics Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional SciencesUniversity of IllinoisUrbanaIL 61801USA Istituto di Zootecnica Facolt àdi Scienze Agrarie Alimentari e AmbientaliUniversità Cattolica del Sacro Cuore29122 PiacenzaItaly Adisseo NA AlpharettaGA 30022USA. Dairy and Food Science Department South Dakota State University1111 College Ave113H Alfred DairyScience HallBrookings SD 57007USA

Background： Feeding higher-energy prepartum is a common practice in the dairy industry. However, recent data underscore how it could reduce performance, deepen negative energy balance, and augment inflammation and oxidative stress in fresh cows. We tested the effectiveness of rumen-protected methionine in preventing the negative effect of feeding a higher-energy prepartum. Multiparous Holstein cows were fed a control lower-energy diet（CON, 1.24 Mcal/kg DM; high-straw） during the whole dry period（-50 d）, or were switched to a higher-energy（OVE, 1.54 Mcal/kg DM）, or OVE plus Smartamine M（OVE ＋ SM; Adisseo NA） during the last 21 d before *** cows received the same lactation diet（1.75 Mcal/kg DM）. Smartamine M was top-dressed on the OVE diet（0.07% of DM） from -21 through 30 d in milk（DIM）. Liver samples were obtained via percutaneous biopsy at -10, 7 and 21 DIM. Expression of genes associated with energy and lipid metabolism, hepatokines, methionine cycle, antioxidant capacity and inflammation was ***： Postpartal dry matter intake, milk yield, and energy-corrected milk were higher in CON and OVE ＋ SM compared with OVE. Furthermore, milk protein and fat percentages were greater in OVE ＋ SM compared with CON and OVE. Expression of the gluconeogenic gene PCK1 and the lipid-metabolism transcription regulator PPARA was again greater with CON and OVE ＋ SM compared with OVE. Expression of the lipoprotein synthesis enzyme MTTP was lower in OVE ＋ SM than CON or OVE. Similarly, the hepatokine FGF21, which correlates with severity of negative energy balance, was increased postpartum only in OVE compared to the other two groups. These results indicate greater liver metabolism and functions to support a greater production in OVE ＋ SM. At 7 DIM, the enzyme GSR involved in the synthesis of glutathione tended to be upregulated in OVE than CON-fed cows, suggesting a greater antioxidant demand in overfed cows. Feeding OVE ＋ SM resulted in lower similar express

关键词： Energy Methionine Nutrigenomics Transition period

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Dietary N-carbamylglutamate or L-arginine improves fetal intestinal amino acid profiles during intrauterine growth restriction in undernourished ewes

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Animal Nutrition 2022年第1期8卷 341-349页

作者： Hao Zhang Xiaoyun Liu Yi Zheng Ying Zhang juan j.loor Hongrong Wang Mengzhi Wang State Key Laboratory of Sheep Genetic Improvement and Healthy Production Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural and Reclamation ScienceShihezi 832000China Laboratory of Metabolic Manipulation of Herbivorous Animal Nutrition College of Animal Science and TechnologyYangzhou UniversityYangzhou 225009China j.int International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety The Ministry of Education of ChinaYangzhou UniversityYangzhou 225009China Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences University of IllinoisUrbanaIL 61801USA

Our previous studies demonstrated that prenatal in utero growth restriction impairs postnatal intestinal ***,improving postpartal intestinal absorption capacity and growth by manipulating the maternal diet prepartum is of *** work was conducted to determine whether supplementation of N-carbamylglutamate(NCG)or rumen-protected L-arginine(RP-Arg)increased fetal intestinal amino acid(AA)profiles in intrauterine growth retardation(IUGR)*** d 35 of gestation,Hu ewes(n=32)carrying twin fetuses were randomized into 4 groups(8 ewes and 16 fetuses in each group),where diets were as follows:100%of nutrient requirements recommended by National Research Council(NRC,2007)(CON);50%of nutrient requirements recommended by NRC(2007)(RES);RES+RPArg(20 g/d),(RES+ARG);and RES+NCG(5 g/d),(RES+NCG).On d 110 of gestation,both fetal and maternal tissues were collected and *** with RES,solute carrier family 1,member 5(SLC1A5)was upregulated(Pj.j.num,duodenum and ileum when supplementing NCG and *** to RES,RP-Arg or NCG supplementation to RES resulted in upregulation(P<0.05)of peptide transporter 1 protein abundance within the fetal *** or RP-Arg supplementation to RES also upregulated phosphorylated mechanistic target of rapamycin(pmTOR)-to-mTOR ratio in the fetal ileum induced by IUGR(P<0.05).As a result,during IUGR,supplementation of Arg or NCG affected intestinal AA profiles in the fetus in part through controlling mTOR signal transduction as well as AA and peptide *** studies should be conducted to understand the role(if any)of the placenta on the improvement of growth and AA profiles independent of the fetal *** would help demonstrate the relative contribution of intestinal uptake in fetal life.

关键词： Intrauterine growth restriction L-arginine Fetal sheep N-carbamylglutamate Intestinal amino acids

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Level of dietary energy and 2,4-thiazolidinedione alter molecular and systemic biomarkers of inflammation and liver function in Holstein cows

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j.urnal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 2018年第1期9卷 145-155页

作者： Afshin Hosseini Mustafa Salman Zheng Zhou j.mes K.Drackley Erminio Trevisi juan j.loor Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences University of Illinois Department of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Diseases University of Ondokuz May?s Istituto di Zootecnica Facoltàdi Scienze Agrarie Alimentari ed AmbientaliUniversità Cattolica del Sacro Cuore

Background： The obj.ctive of the study was to evaluate the effect of overfeeding a moderate energy diet and a2,4-thiazolidinedione（TZD） inj.ction on blood and hepatic tissue biomarkers of lipid metabolism, oxidative stress,and inflammation as it relates to insulin ***： Fourteen dry non-pregnant cows were fed a control（CON） diet to meet 100% of NRC requirements for3 wk, after which half of the cows were assigned to a moderate-energy diet（OVE） and half of the cows continued on CON for 6 wk. All cows received an intravenous inj.ction of 4 mg TZD/kg of body weight（BW） daily from 2 wk after initiation of dietary treatments and for 2 additional week. Compared with CON cows and before TZD treatment, the OVE cows had lower concentration of total protein, urea and albumin over time. The concentration of cholesterol and tocopherol was greater after 2 wk of TZD regardless of diet. Before and after TZD, the OVE cows had greater concentrations of AST/GOT, while concentrations of paraoxonase, total protein, globulin, myeloperoxidase, and haptoglobin were lower compared with CON cows. Regardless of diet, TZD administration increased the concentration of ceruloplasmin, ROMt, cholesterol, tocopherol, total protein, globulin, myeloperoxidase and beta-carotene. In contrast,the concentration of haptoglobin decreased at the end of TZD inj.ction regardless of diet. Prior to TZD inj.ction, the mR NA expression of PC, ANGPTL4, FGF21, INSR, ACOX1, and PPARD in liver of OVE cows was lower compared with CON cows. In contrast, the expression of HMGCS2 was greater in OVE compared with CON cows. After 1 wk of TZD administration the expression of IRS1 decreased regardless of diet; whereas, expression of INSR increased after 2 wk of TZD inj.ction. Cows fed OVE had lower overal expression of TNF, INSR, PC, ACOX1, FGF21, and PPARD but greater HMGCS2 expression. These differences were most evident before and after 1 wk of TZD inj.ction, and by 2 wk of TZD differences in expression for

关键词： Inflammation Insulin sensitivity Nutrition PPAR

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