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the Impacts and Causes of Land Fragmentation on Farm Productivity: Case Review of East African Countries

Open Journal of Ecology 2024年第5期14卷 455-482页

作者： joseph Mayindo Mayele Jacob B. Kolleh Joel Emmanuel Saburi Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics The University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan Department of Forestry and Wildlife College of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies University of Juba Juba South Sudan Department of Socio-Economic and Applied Statistics Central Agricultural Research Institute (CARI) Suakoko Liberia

this report provides an overall assessment of land fragmentation problems in East Africa. Many parts of East Africa have become highly fragmented, putting development systems and activities in these areas at risk of complete collapse. Land fragmentation occurs when land gets converted for agriculture, industrialization, or urbanization, invaded by non-local plants, or enclosed for individual use and by subdividing farmlands into subsequent smaller units called parcels with varying average farm sizes. Fragmentation results from inappropriate agricultural development processes and ineffective land use planning that fails to recognize how farmland is used, and the importance of its interconnected areas. Insecurity of tenure and resource rights are key factors in making this possible. Land fragmentation is one of the key reasons why the ability of most resources in East Africa becomes scarcer, and those remaining become “privatized” by more powerful community members—keen to maintain their access to them. Such individualistic attitudes are new and disadvantage the poorest even further by affecting the traditional customary safety nets and agricultural outputs. Neither the government nor customary governance systems effectively protect resource access for the poorest. this review summary report identifies the key causes, measures, and implications, government interventions, and the common remedies to land fragmentation problems in the East African Countries of Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda, and tanzania including neighboring Ethiopia, and the Sudan. the findings indicated from 2005 to 2015, the population kept increasing for all the named countries in East Africa with Rwanda and Uganda having a substantial increase in population density. the study review further explores the trend in the performance of agriculture by average farm sizes within the intervals of five years by highlighting their strong linkages and found that the average farm size has declined drastically, especiall

关键词： Land Fragmentation Land Consolidation Farm Productivity Industrialization Impacts Causes Average Farm Size Population East Africa

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the Sigma-1 Receptor as a Pharmacologic Chaperone: Energetics

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Journal of Biosciences and Medicines 2024年第8期12卷 347-356页

作者： Robert B. Raffa joseph V. Pergolizzi Jr. School of Pharmacy (Emeritus) Temple University Philadelphia PA USA College of Pharmacy (Adjunct) University of Arizona Tucson AZ USA NEMA Research Naples FL USA

Initially thought to be an opioid receptor subtype, Sigma-1 receptors (S1R) are now known to be unique proteins that have chaperone-like properties. As such, they play critical roles in cellular signaling, homeostasis, and cell survival. these roles offer significant insight for understanding homeostasis of normal physiologic processes, and the pathophysiologic consequences of disruption of normal function. Because of the broad nature of chaperone action, S1R agonists and antagonists represent potential drug discovery goals for the pharmacotherapeutic treatment of a variety of disorders that result from dysfunctional proteins. the present study summarizes the S1R as a pharmacologic chaperone crucial for protein folding and cellular homeostasis. through literature review and thermodynamic analysis, it explores how S1R stabilizes target proteins, influencing neuroprotection and potential drug therapies. the binding of chaperones to target proteins is thermodynamically favorable, offering insights into treating diseases linked to protein misfolding.

关键词： Chaperone Sigma-1 Receptor Energetics thermodynamics Isothermal titration Microcalorimetry

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Community-Based Hepatitis B Campaign in Asian Americans

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International Journal of Clinical Medicine 2024年第9期15卷 389-412页

作者： Chul S. Hyun Soonsik Kim Sarah Hyun joseph McMenamin the Center for Viral Hepatitis Englewood Cliffs NJ USA Korean Community Services of Metropolitan New York Bayside NY USA Mailman School of Public Health Columbia University New York NY USA Christian & Barton LLP Richmond VA USA

Chronic hepatitis B (CHB) disproportionately affects minority groups in the US, particularly Asian Americans, with numerous factors contributing to this disparity. Of the 2.4 million people living with chronic HBV in the US, 60% are Asian American. Many are unaware of their status and lack access to proper clinical care, with less than ten percent receiving necessary antiviral treatment. Barriers to screening and care include lack of disease awareness, language and cultural barriers, and financial constraints. Additionally, healthcare providers and systems in the US often overlook the importance of CHB, leading to inadequate care. In response, the Center for Viral Hepatitis (CVH) has implemented a community-based outreach program over the past sixteen years, employing a multifaceted approach involving all sectors of society and various organizations to combat health disparities in CHB. this grassroots campaign has proven highly effective, leveraging CVH’s leadership in spearheading numerous collaborative activities with community members, healthcare professionals, and policymakers. We have summarized the key points of CVH's efforts and their significance in combating CHB-related health disparities. the CHB Screening and Awareness Campaign, tailored to the Asian American community, serves as a successful model for increasing CHB screening, linkage-to-care, and addressing socio-cultural barriers and health literacy. Insights from these outreach programs have guided the development of culturally relevant resources and education initiatives. these findings suggest that such community-driven approaches are essential for addressing health disparities. the strategies and outcomes of CVH’s efforts can inform future health initiatives for other minority communities in the US and globally.

关键词： Chronic Hepatitis B (CHB) Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) Health Disparity Health Inequity Asian Americans Cultural Competence in Healthcare Community-Based Screening Linkage-to-Care (LtC)

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Comparative Study of Exhaust Emissions from Diesel and Syngas Powered 3.5 kW Compression Ignition Engine with and without Load

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Journal of Power and Energy Engineering 2024年第8期12卷 30-46页

作者： Benson Kariuki Paul Njogu joseph Kamau Robert Kinyua Sameer Bachani Institute of Energy and Environmental technology Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture & Technology Nairobi Kenya Department of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering Technical University of Mombasa Mombasa Kenya

Despite diesel engines being highly efficient, with low fuel consumption and reduced carbon dioxide emissions, they emit relatively high levels of particulate matter and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) due to high exhaust gas temperatures. Engine emissions show the quality and completeness of combustion. this paper aims to present the results of a study comparing exhaust emissions from a diesel and syngas powered engine. Syngas was produced from co-firing coal and biomass in a gasifier then cleaned, cooled and applied as an alternative fuel in an engine operated from 0 - 100% load. Exhaust-emissions were monitored at this load conditions. the exhaust-temperature was measured using thermocouples and the emission gases were analyzed using testo 350. the emissions were lower and decreased as the engine load increased, except for sulphur dioxide and NOx. the study shows that levels of carbon monoxide, were higher in a range of 46.5 - 80.2%, while carbon dioxide was 3.3 - 18% higher compared to those from diesel. Hydrocarbon emissions were 480 and 1250 ppm for diesel and syngas respectively. the study reveals that the engine operates optimally at higher loads since hydrocarbons and oxides of carbon are low due to complete combustion at higher temperatures. Exhaust gas temperature was higher in the syngas fuel and increased as the engine load increased in the range of 455.83 - 480.03˚C which influenced the formation of NOx. NOx from diesel was found to be higher, ranging from 32.5 - 40.5%, compared to those from syngas with an engine load of 75%. the study observed that relative to diesel, the emissions of sulfur dioxide at 50% engine load were lower in a range of 23.7 - 57.1%. Emissions of hydrocarbons depended on the degree of substitution of diesel and engine load. the study therefore shows that, relative to diesel, emissions decreased when syngas was used with upgraded syngas from Prosporis juliflora presenting as the best alternative followed by Hyphanae compressa, and last

关键词： Emissions Engine Load temperature Neat-Diesel Syngas

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Soybean Response to Weed Residues in the Soil

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Agricultural Sciences 2024年第8期15卷 801-811页

作者： Dwayne D. joseph Michael W. Marshall Matthew Cutulle Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences Clemson University Clemson SC USA Edisto Research and Education Center Clemson University Blackville SC USA Coastal Research and Education Center Clemson University Charleson SC USA

Soybean production systems that return plant residues to the soil surface are gaining in popularity. As these practices become more widespread, more crop and weed residues are being introduced into the upper soil profile. Greenhouse studies were conducted to determine the effects of varying concentrations of Palmer amaranth and pitted morningglory plant residues (aboveground portion of the plant) on soybean production. the study was arranged in a completely randomized experimental design with five treatments and five replications. Palmer amaranth and pitted morningglory residues were incorporated into soil at 20,000, 40,000, 80,000 and 160,000 ppm. Inert plastic residue at the same residue levels was included as a check. Soybean dry weight, leaf area and leaf tissue nutrient content were recorded during the study. A decrease in soybean dry weight and leaf area was observed as Palmer amaranth residue in the soil increased. Palmer amaranth residues of 160,000 ppm and 80,000 ppm in the soil significantly reduced soybean dry weight by 69% and 59%, respectively, and soybean leaf area by 60% and 57%, respectively. In contrast, pitted morningglory and inert plastic residues had no observable effect on soybean growth and development. this study demonstrated Palmer amaranth residues in the soil impacted early season soybean growth and development.

关键词： Reduced tillage Plant Residues Allelopathy Glycine max L.

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Disparate outcomes in Hispanic patients with metabolic dysfunctionassociated steatotic liver disease/steatohepatitis and type 2 diabetes: Large cohort study

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World Journal of Diabetes 2024年第5期15卷 886-897页

作者： joseph Matthew Gosnell George Golovko Esteban Arroyave Akshata Moghe Michael L Kueht Omar AbdulSaldarriaga Kevin H McKinney Heather L Stevenson Monique R Ferguson Department of Pathology University of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTX 77555United States Department of Pharmacology&toxicology University of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTX 77555United States Department of Medicine University of Texas Health Science Center at HoustonHoustonTX 77030United States Department of Surgery University of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTX 77555United States Center for tropical Diseases Department of Internal MedicineUniversity of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTX 77555United States Department of Internal Medicine University of Texas Medical BranchGalvestonTX 77555United States

BACKGROUND Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease(MASLD)and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis(MASH)are a growing health burden across a significant portion of the global patient ***,these conditions seem to have disparate rates and outcomes between different ethnic *** combination of MASLD/MASH and type 2 diabetes increases the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC),and Hispanic patients experience the greatest burden,particularly those in South *** to compare outcomes between Hispanic and non-Hispanic patients in the United States,while further focusing on the Hispanic population within Southeast texas to determine whether the documented disparity in outcomes is a function of geographical circumstance or if there is a more widespread reason that all clinicians must account for in prognostic *** this cohort analysis was conducted with data obtained from triNetX,LLC(“triNetX”),a global federated health research network that provides access to deidentified medical records from healthcare organizations *** cohort networks were used:University of texas Medical Branch(UtMB)hospital and the United States national database collective to determine whether disparities were related to geographic regions,like Southeast *** this study findings revealed Hispanics/Latinos have a statistically significant higher occurrence of HCC,type 2 diabetes mellitus,and liver fibrosis/cirrhosis in both the United States and the UtMB Hispanic/Latino *** mortality in Hispanics/Latinos was lower within the United States group and not statistically elevated in the UtMB *** this would appear to support that Hispanic patients in Southeast texas are not uniquely affected compared to the national Hispanic population.

关键词： Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis Hispanic Diabetes mellitus triNetX Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis Steatotic liver disease Hepatocellular carcinoma

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Recovery rates of persistent post-COVID-19 olfactory dysfunction using psychophysical assessment:A longitudinal cohort study

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World Journal of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery 2024年第2期10卷 79-87页

作者： Jeremy P.tervo Patricia t.Jacobson Brandon J.Vilarello tiana M.Saak Francesco F.Caruana Liam W.Gallagher joseph B.Gary David A.Gudis Paule V.joseph D.P.Devanand terry E.Goldberg Jonathan B.Overdevest Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons New YorkNew YorkUSA Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery New York-Presbyterian/Columbia University Irving Medical CenterNew YorkNew YorkUSA Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery University of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery University of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Section of Sensory Science and Metabolism&National Institute of Nursing ResearchBethesdaMarylandUSA New York-Presbyterian/Columbia University Irving Medical Center New YorkNew YorkUSA

Objectives:Persistent olfactory dysfunction(OD)following loss of smell associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection is a major feature of long *** on the prevalence of persistent OD predominantly rely on self-reported olfactory *** studies have tracked longitudinal rates of recovery using psychophysical assessment among patients presenting for evaluation of persistent OD beyond a window of acute *** anchored in standardized testing methods are needed to counsel patients who fail to acutely regain their sense of *** study aims to quantify the degree of persistent OD in post-COVID-19 patients who experience subjective and psychophysical ***:We grouped participants presenting for OD evaluation into cohorts based on both subjective and psychophysical olfactory status at a baseline assessment and assessed their olfactory abilities with a visual analogue scale and the Sniffin'Sticks extended test at baseline and 1-year time *** had confirmed a history of COVID-19 by lab evaluation or clinical diagnosis if lab evaluation was not ***:Baseline olfactory evaluation was completed by 122 participants,53 of whom completed the 1-year follow-up *** participants presenting with perceived OD,74.5%had confirmed psychophysical OD at baseline,with 55.1%at 1-year *** had reliable trends in self-rated versus psychophysically tested olfactory function at both time *** total threshold,discrimination,and identification(tDI)score improved by+3.25 points in the cohort with psychophysical OD(p=0.0005),with this improvement largely attributable to an increase in median threshold scores(+2.75 points;p=0.0004).Conclusions:OD persists in a significant number of patients who fail to acutely recovery their sense of smell after COVID-19,with many demonstrating lingering deficits at *** in threshold,but not discrimination or identification,most significantly mediate improvement

关键词： long COVID olfaction post-COVID condition smell dysfunction

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Citrobacter Causing Septic Arthritis: A Case Report

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Infectious Diseases & Immunity 2024年第3期4卷 146-148页

作者： Kimberly K.Levine Mary Dahl Abubakar tauseef joseph thirumalareddy Department of Internal Medicine Creighton University School of MedicineOmaha 68124NEUSA

the genus Citrobacter commonly found in water and soil as well as the intestinal and urinary tracts of animals and *** Citrobacter infections are infrequently diagnosed in environmental contexts,the rising incidence of nosocomial manifestations underscores the importance of considering this organism in the differential diagnosis of hospital-acquired *** present a case of patient with septic arthritis of the shoulder who had been originally admitted for the management of acute-on-chronic congestive heart failure exacerbation and severe *** hospital day 1,joint aspiration cultures and Gram stain confirmed the presence of Citrobacter koseri,a pathogen not commonly associated with septic arthritis,and ceftriaxone was administered to target *** hospital day 7,antibiotic was transitioned to levofloxacin,every other day for 4 *** patient was discharged to an acute rehabilitation facility after a 14-day hospital *** case stresses the importance of maintaining a broad differential diagnosis for any patients who present with fever and joint inflammation or swelling,especially in a postoperative setting.

关键词： Citrobacter koseri Bacteremia Septic arthritis

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Hormone replacement therapy for menopausal mood swings and sleep quality:the current evidence

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World Journal of Psychiatry 2024年第10期14卷 1605-1610页

作者： Sanja Borozan Abul Bashar M Kamrul-Hasan joseph M Pappachan Department of Endocrinology Clinical Centre of MontenegroPodgorica 81000Montenegro Faculty of Medicine University of MontenegroPodgorica 81000Montenegro Department of Endocrinology Mymensingh Medical College HospitalMymensingh 2200DhakaBangladesh Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS TrustPreston PR29HTUnited Kingdom Faculty of Science Manchester Metropolitan UniversityManchester M156BHUnited Kingdom Department of Endocrinology Kathmandu Medical CollegeManipal UniversityManipal 576104India

Marked alterations in the normal female hormonal milieu in the perimenopausal period significantly affect women’s health,leading to decreased well-being,psychological distress,and impaired quality of *** menopausal symp-toms include hot flashes,sleep and mood changes,fatigue,weight gain,and urogenital *** often neglect mood swings and disrupted sleep,although those can significantly limit the productivity of women and impair their cognitive function and mental ***-based management should include a personalized,holistic approach to alleviate symptoms and careful consideration of the risks vs benefits of hormone replacement therapy(HRt),with due consideration of personal preferences.A research paper in the recent issue of the World Journal of Psychiatry by Liu et al investigated the role of HRt in altering mood changes and impaired sleep quality in menopausal women,which helps us to understand the benefits of this treatment approach.

关键词： Menopausal symptoms Mood changes Sleep quality Hormone replacement therapy Quality of life

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Study of the Biological Quality of the Water in the Manantali Dam Reservoir: Analysis of the Fish Fauna and Plankton Communities

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Journal of Agricultural Chemistry and Environment 2024年第1期13卷 100-114页

作者： joseph Mbeur Faye Saïdou Ndao Louis Eugène Victor Sambou Laboratory of Water and Environment Sciences and technologies (LaStEE) Polytechnic School of Thies (EPT) Thies Senegal UFR Sciences et technologies (SEt) University Iba Der Thiam of Thies (UIDT) Thies Senegal

the aim of this study of the Manantali dam reservoir is to investigate the biological quality of the water through inventories and analysis of the ichthyofauna and planktonic communities (zooplankton and phytoplankton). Inventories of ichthyofauna and plankton communities were carried out quarterly from 2003 to 2022. the fish populations studied on the basis of bioindicators (species richness, diversity index, equitability index, diversification index) identified 29 species belonging to 10 families. the Cichlidae family is the most represented, while the Schilbeidae and tetraodontioae families are less represented in terms of number of species. the species Hydrocynus forskalii and Brycinus nurse with relative abundances of 40.12% and 21.4% respectively, both from the family Alestidae, are the most abundant. the species H. forskalii has a frequency of occurrence of 100%. the specific diversity index of 2.9 and the equitability index of 0.6 show an average diversity of fish species. the diversification index of 2.9 indicates a theoretical number of habitats of 2 to 3. the planktonic community is made up of zooplankton and phytoplankton. the inventory of zooplankton shows the presence of 28 zooplankton species belonging to 9 families of the three zooplankton groups Rotifera, Cladocera and Copepoda. Analysis of the frequencies of occurrence of the various taxa showed that the characteristic species of Lake Manantali are the omnipresent rotifers Keratella cochlearis, Keratella quadrata and trichocerca chattoni. For phytoplankton, the inventories carried out show the presence of 65 species belonging to 5 families (Chlorophycees, Diatomees, Dinophycees, Chrysophycees and Cyanophycees). An analysis of the frequency of occurrence of the various taxa shows that the characteristic species of Lake Manantali are Chlorophycees, with 7 species: Desmidium baileyi, Micrasterias alata, Sphaerocystis schroeteri, Spondylosium sp., Staurastrum heimii, Staurastrum subanchora, Staurodesmu

关键词： Inventory Fish Zooplankton Phytoplankton Diversity Manantali

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