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Monitoring dioxins and PCBs in eggs as sensitive indicators for environmental pollution and global contaminated sites and recommendations for reducing and controlling releases and exposure

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Emerging Contaminants 2022年第1期8卷 254-279页

作者： Jindrich Petrlik Lee Bell Joe DiGangi Serge Molly Allo'o Allo'o Gilbert Kuepouo Griffins Ochieng Ochola Valeriya Grechko nikola Jelinek Jitka Strakova Martin Skalsky Yuyun Ismawati Drwiega jonathan n.hogarh Eric Akortia Sam Adu-Kumi Akarapon Teebthaisong Maria Carcamo Bjorn Beeler Peter Behnisch Claudia Baitinger Christine Herold Roland Weber International Pollutants Elimination network(IPEn) GooteborgSweden Arnika e Toxics and Waste Programme Delnicka 13PragueCzech Republic national Toxics network(nTn) PerthAustralia national SAICM Focal Point President of the Tenth Conference of the Parties to the Rotterdam ConventionMinistry of ForestryFisheries and EnvironmentLibrevilleGabon Centre de Recherche et d‘Education pour le Developpement(CREPD) YaoundeCameroon Centre for Environmental Justice and Development(CEJAD) NairobiKenya University of Chemistry and Technology Technicka 5PragueCzech Republic Arnika e Citizens'Support Center Delnicka 13PragueCzech Republic nexus3 Foundation Denpasar80223Indonesia Department of Environmental Science Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and TechnologyKumasiGhana Ghana Atomic Energy Commission National Nuclear Research InstituteAccraRepublic of Ghana Chemicals Control and Management Centre Environmental Protection AgencyAccraGhana Ecological Alert and Recovery e Thailand(EARTH) NonthaburiThailand La Red de Accion en Plaguicidas y sus Alternativas para America Latina MontevideoUruguay BioDetection Systems BV(BDS) Science Park 4061098 XHAmsterdamthe Netherlands Bund für Umwelt und naturschutz(BUnD) Germany POPs Environmental Consulting D-73527Schw€abisch GmündGermany

This review compiles information on PCDD/F-and PCB-contaminated eggs from 20 years of global egg monitoring around emission sources in four continents conducted by the International Pollutants Elimination network(IPEn)and Arnika as well as a compilation of data from scientific *** monitored 127 pooled egg samples including samples from 113 chicken flocks at potential PCDD/F-and PCB-contaminated sites around priority sources listed in the Stockholm Convention(*** incinerators,metal industries,cement plants,and open burning).99(88%)of pooled egg samples were above the EU maximum limits for PCDD/Fs(2.5 pg PCDD/F-TEQ/g fat)or the sum of PCDD/Fs and dioxinlike PCBs(5 pg PCDD/F-PCB-TEQ/g fat).Children consuming such eggs exceed the tolerable weekly intake(TWI).This demonstrates that close to 90%of these areas were not safe for the production of free-range *** out of the 113 egg samples(14%)were contaminated above 50 pg TEQ/g fat and exceeded the EU maximum limit more than 10 *** the 26 pooled egg samples around incinerators 24(92%)exceeded the limit with a mean of 43.1 pg TEQ/g fat(2.6e234 pg TEQ/g).All 21 egg samples around metal industries(4.4e112.6 pg TEQ/g fat)were above limits with mean concentration of 26.0 pg TEQ/g *** all 7 egg samples measured at e-waste recycling sites were above limits(mean 308 pg TEQ/g fat).In 58(51%)pooled egg samples the PCB-TEQ was above 5 pg TEQ/g fat exceeding the EU maximum limit with dioxin-like PCBs *** highlights the role of commercial PCBs for global contamination with dioxin-like *** was discovered that around metal industries,shredder plants,open burning sites of e-waste and dump sites,a high share of contamination was caused by *** clearly shows severe PCB release from the end-of-life management of PCB-containing equipment in developing *** highly contaminated eggs were found at many sites where plastic was *** highest contaminated egg sample ev

关键词： PCDD/PCDF dl-PCBs PBDD/PBDF Contaminated sites Monitoring Egg DR CALUX

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Origin of major ions in monthly rainfall events at the Bamenda Highlands, north West Cameroon

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2014年第4期26卷 801-809页

作者： Mengnjo J. Wirmvem Takeshi Ohba Wilson Y. Fantong Samuel n. Ayonghe jonathan n. hogarh Justice Y. Suila Asobo nkengmatia E. Asaah Seigo Ooki Gregory Tanyileke Joseph V. Hell Department of Chemistry School of Science Tokai University Hiratsuka 259-1211 Japan Institute of Geological and Mining Research Yaounde Cameroon Department of Environmental Science Faculty of Science University of Buea Buea Cameroon Department of Environmental Science Kwame Nkrumah University of Science & Technology Kumasi Ghana G.B.H.S. Atiela Nkwen Bamenda Cameroon Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences Tokyo Institute of Technology Tokyo 152-8551 Japan

Rainwater characteristics can reveal emissions from various anthropogenic and natural sources into the atmosphere. The physico-chemical characteristics of 44 monthly rainfall events （collected between January and December 2012） from 4 weather stations （Bamenda, ndop plain, ndawara and Kumbo） in the Bamenda Highlands （BH） were investigated. The purpose was to determine the sources of chemical species, their seasonal inputs and suitability of the rainwater for drinking. The mean pH of 5 indicated the slightly acidic nature of the rainwater. Average total dissolved solids （TDS） were low （6.7 mg/L）, characteristic of unpolluted atmospheric moisture/air. Major ion concentrations （mg/L） were low and in the order K＋〉 Ca2＋〉 Mg2~ 〉 na＋ for cations and nO3 〉〉 HCO3 〉 SO] 〉 CI- 〉 PO3- 〉 F- for anions. The average rainwater in the area was mixed Ca-Mg-SO4-CI water type. The CI-/na＋ ratio （1.04） was comparable to that of seawater （1.16）, an indication that n a＋ and CI originated mainly from marine （Atlantic Ocean） aerosols. High enrichments of Ca2＋, Mg2＋ and SO2- to na＋ ratios relative to seawater ratios （constituting 44% of the total ions） demonstrated their terrigenous origin, mainly from Saharan and Sahelian arid dusts. The K＋/na＋ ratio （2.24）, which was similar to tropical vegetation ash （2.38）, and nO3 was essentially from biomass burning. Light （〈 100 mm） pre-monsoon and post-monsoon convective rains were enriched in major ions than the heavy （〉 100 mm） monsoon rains, indicating a high contribution of major ions during the low convective showers. Despite the acidic nature, the TDS and major ion concentrations classified the rainwater as potable based on the WHO guidelines.

关键词： rainwater chemistry tropical atmosphere drinking-water Bamenda Highlands Cameroon

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