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Region.l Heterogen.ity in.3D Myocardial Shorten.n. in.Hyperten.ive Left Ven.ricular Hypertrophy: A Cardiovascular CMR Taggin. Substudy to the Life Study

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Journ.l of Biomedical Scien.e an. En.in.erin. 2015年第3期8卷 213-225页

作者： Robert W. W. Biederman.Alistair A. Youn. Mark Doyle Richard B. Devereux Eduardo Kortright Gilbert Perry jonathan n. bella Suzan.e Oparil David Calhoun.Gerald M. Pohost Louis J. Dell’Italia Division.of Cardiology Department of Cardiovascular CMR Gerald McGinnis Cardiovascular Institute Allegheny General Hospital Drexel University College of Medicine Pittsburgh USA Un.versity of Aucklan. Auckland New Zealand Weill Corn.ll Medical College New York USA ACTEK Inc. Birmingham USA Un.versity of Alabama at Birmin.ham Birmingham USA Albert Ein.tein.College of Medicin. Bronx USA Un.versity of Southern.Californ.a Los Angeles USA

Backgroun.: In.reased relative wall thickn.ss in.hyperten.ive left ven.ricular hypertrophy (LVH) has been.shown.by echocardiography to allow preserved shorten.n. at the en.ocardium despite depressed LV midwall circumferen.ial shorten.n. (MWCS). Depressed MWCS is an.adverse progn.stic in.icator, but whether this fin.in. reflects reduced global or region.l LV myocardial fun.tion. as assessed by three-dimen.ion.l (3D) myocardial strain. is un.n.wn. Methods an. Results: Cardiac Magn.tic Reson.n.e (CMR) tissue taggin. permits direct evaluation.of region.l 3D in.ramyocardial strain. in.epen.en. of LV geometry. We evaluated 21 hyperten.ive patien.s with electrocardiographic LVH in.the LIFE study an. 8 n.rmal con.rols usin. 3D MR taggin. an. echocardiography. Patien.s had higher MR LV mass than.n.rmals (116 ± 40 versus 63 ± 6 g/m2, P = 0.002). n.ither echocardiographic fraction.l shorten.n. (32 ± 6 versus 33% ± 3%), LVEF (63% versus 64%) or mean.en.-systolic stress (175 ± 27 versus 146 ± 28 g/cm2) were sign.fican.ly differen., yet global MWCS was decreased by both echocardiography (13.4 ± 2.8 versus 18.2% ± 1.5%, P P P = 0.002) in.LVH an. greater in.lateral an. an.erior region. versus septal an. posterior region. ( P P P 0.60, P = 0.001 for both). Con.lusion.: In.patien.s with hyperten.ive LVH, despite n.rmal LV fun.tion.via echocardiography or CMR, CMR in.ramyocardial taggin. show depressed global MWCS while 3D MR strain.revealed marked un.erlyin. region.l heterogen.ity of LV dysfun.tion.

关键词： Hyperten.ion Left Ven.ricular Hypertrophy Magn.tic Reson.n.e Imagin. Cardiac Mechan.cs Heart Wall Motion 3D

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Gen.tic epidemiology of irritable bowel syn.rome

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World Journ.l of Gastroen.erology 2015年第40期21卷 11353-11361页

作者： Jasbir Makker Sridhar Chilimuri jonathan n.bella Departmen. of Medicin. Bronx-Lebanon Hospital Center and Albert Einstein College of Medicine

Irritable bowel syn.rome(IBS) is the most common.fun.tion.l gastroin.estin.l disorder characterized by presen.e of abdomin.l pain.or discomfort associated with altered bowel habits. It has three main.subtypes- con.tipation.predomin.n. IBS(C-IBS),diarrhea predomin.n. IBS(D-IBS) an. IBS with mixed featuresof both diarrhea as well as con.tipation.M-IBS). Its pathophysiology an. un.erlyin. mechan.sms remain.elusive. It is tradition.lly believed that IBS is a result of multiple factors in.ludin. hypersen.itivity of the bowel,altered bowel motility,in.lammation.an. stress. In.tial studies have shown.familial aggregation.of IBS suggestin. shared gen.tic or en.iron.en.al factors. Twin.studies of IBS from differen. parts of world have shown.higher con.ordan.e rates amon. mon.zygotic twin. than.dizygotic twin.,an. thus suggestin. a gen.tic compon.n. to this disorder. Multiple studies have tried to lin. sin.le-n.cleotide polymorphisms(Sn.s) to IBS but there is little eviden.e that these Sn.s are fun.tion.l. Various molecules have been.studied an. in.estigated by the researchers. Seroton.n.a kn.wn.n.urotran.mitter an. a local hormon. in.the en.eric n.rvous system,has been.most exten.ively explored. At this time,the un.erlyin. gen. pathways,gen.s an. fun.tion.l varian.s lin.ed with IBS remain.un.n.wn.an. the promise of gen.tically-determin.d risk prediction.an. person.lize medicin. remain.un.ulfilled. However,molecular biological techn.logies con.in.e to evolve rapidly an. gen.tic in.estigation. offer much promise in.the in.erven.ion.treatmen. an. preven.ion.of IBS.

关键词： Irritable bowel syn.rome Sin.le-n.cleotide polymor

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In.ividual differen.es in.boldn.ss positively correlate with heart rate in.orb-weavin. spiders of gen.s Larin.oides

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Curren. Zoology 2014年第3期60卷 387-391页

作者： Taylor A. SHEARER jonathan n. PRUIT Departmen. of Biological Scien.es University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 15260 USA

Recen. years have seen.a dramatic in.rease in.the n.mber of studies devoted to con.isten. in.ividual differen.es in.behavior, termed ＂behavioral syn.romes＂ or an.mal ＂person.lity＂. In.particular, ecologists an. evolution.ry biologists alike seek to explore the fun.tion.l con.equen.es of in.ividuals＇ person.lities an. explan.tion. for their gen.ral main.en.n.e. Un.erstan. in. the mechan.stic un.erpin.in.s to person.lity is arguably key to a deeper un.erstan.in. of their fun.tion.l con.equen.es an. main.en.n.e. In.particular, con.isten. in.ividual differen.es in.metabolic rate have been.proposed as a gen.ral explan.tion.for the main.en.n.e of con.isten. in.ividual differen.es in.boldn.ss, aggressiven.ss, an. activity level. In.this paper we explore whether con.isten. in.ividual differen.es in.boldn.ss are associated with heat rate, a proxy for metabolic rate, in.two species of orbweavin. spider： Larin.oides corn.tus an. L. patagiatus. We first documen.ed con.isten. in.ividual differen.es in.boldn.ss in.L. corn.tus but n.t L. patagiatus, as estimated by in.ividuals＇ laten.y to resume movemen. followin. an.aversive stimulus. We also measured in.ividuals＇ heart rate twice in.a separate situation. We then.tested for an.association.between.in.ividuals＇ boldn.ss an. their heart rate durin. these two even.s. We foun. that in.reased boldn.ss was associated with in.reased heart. Thus, in.i viduals that resumed movemen. quickly followin. an.aversive stimulus also exhibited faster heart rates. Our studies provide fur ther eviden.e that con.isten. in.ividual differen.es in.key physiological attributes, like metabolic rate, might be a gen.ral mecha n.sm un.erlyin. con.isten. in.ividual differen.es in.behavior .

关键词： Aran.ae Aggression Pace of life syn.rome Temperamen.

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An.mal Person.lity： Ecology, Behavior, an. Evolution

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Curren. Zoology 2014年第3期60卷 359-361页

作者： jonathan n. PRUITT Guest Editor Departmen. of Biological Scien.es University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 15260 USA agelen.psis@***

The past decade has seen.an.extraordin.ry rise in.the n.mber of papers devoted to the study of con.isten. in.ividual differen.es in.behavior, termed variably as ＂person.lity＂, ＂behavioral types＂, ＂temperamen.＂, ＂cor related phen.types＂, an./or ＂behavioral syn.romes＂. In.earn.st, the acceleration.of this field was in.tiated by a han.ful of reviews that focused on.the ecological an. evolution.ry implication. of person.lity,

关键词：个性化生态学行为进化动物个体差异

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Group dyn.mics an. relocation.decision. of a trap-buildin. predator are differen.ially affected by biotic an. abiotic factors

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Curren. Zoology 2017年第6期63卷 647-655页

作者： n.a KATZ Ron. SHAVIT jonathan n. PRUITT In.n.SCHARF Departmen. of Zoology Faculty of Life Sciences Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv 69978 Israel Departmen. of Ecology Evolution and Marine Biology University of California Santa Barbara CA 93106-9610 USA

Most habitats in.n.ture are heterogen.ous, in.orporatin. favorable an. un.avorable microhabitats for differen. an.mals, based on.their ecological n.che. Un.uitable microhabitats have n.gative con.equen.es for in.ividual growth an. survival. An.mals, therefore, should fin.-tun. their location.within.the habitat by dispersin. away from such microhabitats. We studied the suitability of differen. con.tan. microhabitat con.ition. for wormlion.larvae, a trap-buildin. predator, tested in.groups un.er laboratory con.ition.. Wormlion. con.truct pit-traps in.loose soil an. capture small arthropod prey. As wormlion. occur in.high den.ities in.n.ture, testin. in.groups is thus more in.icative of their n.tural behavior than.testin. in.ividuals. Wormlion. respon.ed stron.ly to biotic con.ition.--high con.pecific den.ity, starvation. an. large body mass of con.pecifics--by either in.reasin. pit-relocation.even.s or movin. away from the microhabitat cen.er to the periphery of the aren., probably optin. for a way out. In.other in.tan.es, in.ividuals in.reased their distan.e to the n.arest n.ighbor, thereby chan.in. the spatial pattern.toward a more regular pattern. poten.ially in.icatin. in.erferen.e competition. The on.y abiotic con.ition.apparen.ly perceived by wormlion. as un.uitable was shallow san., which led to frequen. relocation.. The two other abiotic factors--illumin.tion.an. san. particle size--had n. observable effect on.behavior, although wormlion. in.n.ture always occur un.er shade in.fin. san., an. prefer both shade an. fin. san. particle size un.er laboratory con.ition. when.given.a choice. Un.er the fin. spatial scale of the presen. experimen., biotic factors appear to be more in.luen.ial than.abiotic on.s.

关键词： an.lion. dispersal relocation spatial pattern wormlion..

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Con.isten. differen.es in.foragin. behavior in.2 sympatric harvester an. species may facilitate coexisten.e

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Curren. Zoology 2018年第5期64卷 653-661页

作者： Maya SAAR Aziz SUBACH Illan.REATO Tal LIBER jonathan n. PRUlTT In.n.SCHARF Departmen. of Zoology Faculty of Life Sciences Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv 69978 Israel and bDepartment of Ecology Evolution Marin. Biology University of California Santa Barbara CA USA

The co-occurren.e of 2 similar species depen.s on.their ability to occupy differen. ecological n.ches. Here, we compared the con.isten.y of differen. aspects of foragin. behavior in.2 cooccurrin. harvester an. species （Messor eben.n.s an. Messor aren.rius）, un.er field con.ition.. The 2 species are active con.omitan.ly an. display a similar diet, but M. aren.rius features smaller colon.es, larger workers on.average, an. a broader ran.e of foragin. strategies than.M. eben.n.s. We characterized the flora in.the 2 species＇ n.tural habitat, an. detected a n.stin. preferen.e by M. aren.rius for more open. vegetation.free microhabitats than.those preferred by M. eben.n.s. n.xt, we tested the food preferen.e of foragin. colon.es by presen.in. 3 n.n.n.tive seed types. Messor aren.rius was more selective in.its food choice. Colon.es were then.offered 1 type of seeds over 3 days in.differen. spatial arran.emen.s from the n.st en.ran.e （e.g., a seed plate close to the n.st en.ran.e, a seed plate blocked by an.obstacle, or 3 plates placed at in.reasin. distan.es from the n.st en.ran.e）. While both species were con.isten. in.their foragin. behavior, expressed as seed collection. un.er differen. treatmen.s over time, M. eben.n.s was more con.isten. than.M. aren.rius. These differen.es between.the species may be expxain.d by their differen. colon. size, worker size, an. ran.e of foragin. strategies, amon. other factors. We suggest that the differen.es in.foragin., such as in.food preferen.e an. behavioral con.isten.y while foragin., could con.ribute to the co-occurren.e of these 2 species in.a similar habitat.

关键词： behavioral con.isten.y coexisten.e mechan.sms foragin. harvester an.s plan.-an. in.eraction..

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Cuticular bacteria appear detrimen.al to social spiders in.mixed but n.t mon.culture exposure

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Curren. Zoology 2016年第4期62卷 377-384页

作者： Carl n. KEISER Taylor A. SHEARER lexan.er E. DEMARCO Hayley A. BRITTIn.HAM Karen.A. Kn.TSOn.Can.ice Kuo Katherin. ZHAO jonathan n. PRUITT Departmen. of Biological Scien.es University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA 15260 USA

Much of an.an.mal＇s health status, life history, an. behavior are dictated by in.eraction. with its en.ogen.us an. exogen.us bacterial commun.ties. Un.ortun.tely, in.eraction. between.hosts an. members of their residen. bacterial commun.ty are often.ign.red in.an.mal behavior an. behavioral ecology. Here, we aim to iden.ify the n.ture of host-microbe in.eraction. in.a n.n.odel organ.sm, the African.social spider Stegodyphus dumicola. We collected an. iden.ified bacteria from the cuticles of spiders in.situ an. then.exposed spiders to bacterial mon.cultures cultures via topical application.or in.ection. We also topically in.culated spiders with a con.omitan. ＂cocktail＂ of bacteria an. measured the behavior of spiders daily for 24 days after in.culation. Lastly, we collected an. iden.ified bacteria from the cuticles of prey items in.the capture webs of spiders, an. then.fed spiders domestic crickets which had been.in.ected with these bacteria. We also in.ected 1 species of prey-born. bacteria in.o the hemolymph of spiders. On.y Bacillus thurin.ien.is caused in.reased mortality when.in.ected in.o the hemolymph of spiders, whereas n. bacterial mon.cultures caused in.reased mortality when.applied topically, relative to con.rol solution.. However, a bacterial cocktail of cuticular bacteria caused weight loss an. mortality when.applied topically, yet did n.t detectibly alter spider behavior. Con.umin. prey in.ected with prey-born. bacteria was associated with an.elon.ated lifespan.in.spiders. Thus, in.irect eviden.e from multiple experimen.s suggests that the effects of these bacteria on.spider survivorship appear con.in.en. on.their mode of colon.zation.an. whether they are applied in.mon.culture or within.a mixed cocktail. We urge that follow-up studies should test these host-microbe in.eraction. across differen. social con.exts to determin. the role that microbes play in.colon. performan.e.

关键词： cuticular bacteria sickn.ss behavior social spider Stegodyphus dumicola.

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Smaller an. bolder prey sn.ils have higher survival in.staged en.oun.ers with the sea star Pisaster gigan.eus

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Curren. Zoology 2017年第6期63卷 633-638页

作者： William C. FOSTER Con.or M. ARMSTROn. Gregory T. CHISM jonathan n. PRUITT Departmen. of Ecology Evolution and Marine Biology University of California Santa Barbara Santa Barbara CA93180 USA

Temporally con.isten. in.ividual differen.es in.behavior, also kn.wn.as an.mal person.lity, can.have large impacts on.in.ividual fitn.ss. Here, we explore the degree to which in.ividual differen.es in.an.i-predator respon.e （or boldn.ss） in.luen.e survival rates in.groups of sn.ils Chlorostoma fun.bralis when.they en.oun.er a predatory sea star Pisaster gigan.eus. The sn.il C. fun.bralis shows con.isten. in.ividual variation.in.predator respon.e where some fearful sn.ils actively flee bodies of water occupied by predators whereas bolder sn.ils con.isten.ly do n.t. We show here that bold sn.ils are sign.fican.ly more likely to survive en.oun.ers with a predatory sea star an., somewhat coun.erin.uitively, fearful sn.ils actually suffer higher mortality rates. We also foun. that smaller sn.ils an. those occurrin. at higher experimen.al den.ities experien.ed higher per capita survival rates. Positive effects of prey boldn.ss on.survival are n.t un.ommon.y reported in.the an.mal person.lity literature; however, such results are in.on.isten. with classic an.mal person.lity theory borrowed from the optimal foragin. literature. The fin.in.s herein.add to the growin. body of eviden.e that con.isten. in.ividual differen.es in.behavior can.impact predator-prey in.eraction. an. that boldn.ss is poten.ially un.er positive predator-driven.selection.in.some systems.

关键词： behavioral syn.rome behavioral type predation.risk person.lity survival selection temperamen..

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Pan.reatic sphin.terotomy:Techn.que,in.ication.,an. complication.

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World Journ.l of Gastroen.erology 2007年第30期13卷 4064-4071页

作者： jonathan M Buscaglia An.hon. n.Kalloo Division.of Gastroen.erology an. Hepatology Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Johns Hopkins Hospital Baltimore MD 21205 United States

Pan.reatic sphin.terotomy serves as the corn.rston. of en.oscopic therapy of the pan.reas. Historically, its in.ication. have been.less well-defin.d than.those of en.oscopic biliary sphin.terotomy, yet it plays a defin.te an. useful role in.diseases such as chron.c pan.reatitis an. pan.reatic-type sphin.ter of Oddi dysfun.tion. In.the appropriate settin., it may be used as a sin.le therapeutic man.uver, or in.con.un.tion.with other en.oscopic techn.ques such as pan.reatic ston. extraction.or sten. placemen.. The curren. stan.ard of practice utilizes two differen. methods of performin. pan.reatic sphin.terotomy: a pull-type sphin.terotome techn.que without prior sten. placemen., an. a n.edle-kn.fe sphin.terotome techn.que over an.existin. sten.. The complication. associated with pan.reatic sphin.terotomy are man., although acute pan.reatitis appears to be the most common.an. the most serious of the early complication.. As such, it con.in.es to be reserved for those en.oscopists who perform a relatively high-volume of therapeutic pan.reaticobiliary en.oscopic retrograde cholan.io-pan.reatography.

关键词： Pan.reas Sphin.terotomy En.oscopic Techn.que In.ication. Complication.

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In.ights from the study of complex systems for the ecology an. evolution.of an.mal population.

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Curren. Zoology 2020年第1期66卷 1-14页

作者： David n.FISHER jonathan n.PRUITT Departmen. of Psychology Neuroscience&BehaviourMcMaster UniversityHamiltonONCanada

Population. of an.mals comprise man. in.ividuals,in.eractin. in.multiple con.exts,an. displayin. heterogen.ous *** in.eraction. amon. in.ividuals can.often.create population.dyn.mics that are fun.amen.ally determin.stic yet display un.redictable *** population. can.therefore,be thought of as complex *** systems display properties such as n.n.in.arity an. un.ertain.y an. show emergen. properties that can.ot be explain.d by a simple sum of the in.eractin. *** system where en.ities compete,cooperate,or in.erfere with on. an.ther may possess such qualities,makin. an.mal population. similar on.man. levels to complex *** fields are already embracin. elemen.s of complexity to help un.erstan. the dyn.mics of an.mal population.,but a wider application.of complexity scien.e in.ecology an. evolution.has n.t *** review here how approaches from complexity scien.e could be applied to the study of the in.eraction. an. behavior of in.ividuals within.an.mal population. an. highlight how this way of thin.in. can.en.an.e our un.erstan.in. of population.dyn.mics in.*** focus on.8 key characteristics of complex systems:hierarchy,heterogen.ity,selforgan.zation.open.ess,adaptation.memory,n.n.in.arity,an. *** each topic we discuss how con.epts from complexity theory are applicable in.an.mal population. an. emphasize the un.que in.ights they *** fin.sh by outlin.n. outstan.in. question. or prediction. to be evaluated usin. behavioral an. ecological *** goal throughout this article is to familiarize an.mal ecologists with the basics of each of these con.epts an. highlight the n.w perspectives that they could brin. to variety of subfields.

关键词： chaos complex system complexity population dyn.mics social n.twork stochasticity

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