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人类环境杂志 1996年第2期25卷 133-136页

作者： john simon ntebogang khupe 张康生 Gaborone City Council Private Bag 0098 Gaborone Republic of Botswana

博茨瓦纳是位于南部非洲高原中心南回归线上的一个内陆国家。平均海拔高度约为1000m,国土总面积为582 000km^2,人口为 1326 746。博茨瓦纳与津巴布韦、南非共和国、纳米比亚和赞比亚接壤。

关键词：博茨瓦纳哈博罗内市供水系统排水系统

Prevalence and Factors Associated with Refractive Errors among University Students at Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Uganda

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Open Journal of Ophthalmology 2024年第3期14卷 324-338页

作者： Denis Kamara john Onyango simon Arunga Mwanja Pius Pliers Denis Tusingwire Mary Assumpta Ayoo Eric Ronald Mulongo Barnabas Atwiine Department of Ophthalmology Mbarara University of Science and Technology Mbarara City Uganda College of Health Sciences Makerere University Kampala Uganda London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine London England Faculty of Business and Development Studies Gulu University Gulu Uganda College of Health Sciences Lira University Lira Uganda

Introduction: WHO estimated that uncorrected refractive errors are the leading cause of visual impairment and second leading cause of blindness globally. University students are prone to developing refractive errors due to their curriculum that requires a lot of near work affecting their performance and quality of life unknowingly. Genetic and environmental factors are thought to play a role in the development of refractive errors. This study addresses the paucity of knowledge about refractive errors among university students in East Africa, providing a foundation for further research. Objectives: To determine the prevalence and factors associated with refractive errors among students in the Faculty of Medicine at Mbarara University of Science and Technology. Methodology: This was a cross-sectional descriptive and analytical study in which 368 undergraduate students selected using random sampling were assessed for refractive errors from March 2021-July 2021. Eligible participants were recruited and their VA assessment done after answering a questionnaire. Students whose VA improved on pin hole had subjective retinoscopy and results were compiled and imported to STATA 14 for analysis. Results: The prevalence of refractive errors was 26.36% with (95% CI) among university students especially myopia. Myopia is most predominant at 60%, followed by 37% Astigmatism and hyperopia of 3% among medical students. Astigmatism consisted of largely myopic astigmatism 72% (26) and 28% (10) compound/mixed astigmatism only. Student positive family history of refractive error was found to have a statistically significant relationship with refractive errors with AOR 1.68 (1.04 - 2.72) (95% CI) and P (0.032). Conclusion: The prevalence of refractive errors among university students, especially myopia, was found to be high and family history was associated with students having refractive errors.

关键词： Refractive Errors Prevalence Myopia Astigmatism Hyperopia Hypermetropia University Students Blindness Visual Impairment

Predictors of survival in autoimmune liver disease overlap syndromes

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World Journal of Hepatology 2024年第9期16卷 1269-1277页

作者： Dujinthan Jayabalan Yi Huang Luis Calzadilla-Bertot Malik Janjua Bastiaan de Boer john Joseph Wendy Cheng simon Hazeldine Briohny W Smith Gerry C MacQuillan Michael C Wallace George Garas Leon A Adams Gary P Jeffrey Medical School University of Western AustraliaNed-lands 6009Western AustraliaAustralia Department of Hepatology Sir Charles Gairdner HospitalNedlands 6009Western AustraliaAustralia Department of Anatomical Pathology PathWest Laboratory MedicineNedlands 6009Western AustraliaAustralia Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Royal Perth HospitalPerth 6000Western AustraliaAustralia Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Fiona Stanley HospitalMurdoch 6150Western AustraliaAustralia Medical School University of Western AustraliaNedl-ands 6009Western AustraliaAustralia

BACKGROUND Survival in patients with autoimmune liver disease overlap syndromes(AILDOS)compared to those with single autoimmune liver disease is *** To investigate the survival of patients with AILDOS and assess the accuracy of non-invasive serum models for predicting liver-related *** Patients with AILDOS were defined as either autoimmune hepatitis and primary biliary cholangitis overlap(AIH-PBC)or autoimmune hepatitis and primary sclerosing cholangitis overlap(AIH-PSC)and were identified from three tertiary centres for this cohort ***-related death or transplantation(liver-related mortality)was determined using a population-based data linkage *** scores for liver-related death were compared for accuracy[including liver outcome score(LOS),Hepascore,Mayo Score,model for end-stage liver disease(MELD)score and MELD incorporated with serum sodium(MELD-Na)score].RESULTS Twenty-two AILDOS patients were followed for a median of 3.1 years(range,0.35-7.7).Fourteen were female,the median age was 46.7 years(range,17.8 to 82.1)and median Hepascore was 1(range,0.07-1).At five years post enrolment,57%of patients remained free from liver-related mortality(74%AIH-PBC,27%AIH-PSC).There was no significant difference in survival between AIH-PBC and *** was a significant predictor of liver-related mortality(P<0.05)in patients with AIH-PBC(n=14)but not AIH-PSC(n=8).A LOS cut-point of 6 discriminated liver-related mortality in AIH-PBC patients(P=0.012,log-rank test,100%sensitivity,77.8%specificity)(Harrell's C-statistic 0.867).The MELD score,MELD-Na score and Mayo Score were not predictive of liver-related mortality in any *** Survival in the rare,AILDOS is *** current study supports the LOS as a predictor of liver-related mortality in AIH-PBC *** trials investigating predictors of survival in AILDOS are required.

关键词： Autoimmune liver disease overlap syndromes Liver outcome score Liver-related death Hepascore Autoimmune hepatitis Primary biliary cholangitis Primary sclerosing cholangitis

Effects of a school-based karate intervention on academic achievement,psychosocial functioning,and physical fitness:A multi-country cluster randomized controlled trial

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Journal of Sport and Health Science 2024年第1期13卷 90-98页

作者： Tania Pinto-Escalona Erica Gobbi Pedro L.Valenzuela simon J.Bennett Pierluigi Aschieri Manuel Martin-Loeches Antonio Paoli Oscar Martinez-de-Quel Faculty of Education Complutense University of MadridMadrid 28040Spain Department of Biomolecular Sciences University of Urbino“Carlo Bo”Urbino 61029Italy Department of Systems Biology University of AlcaláMadrid 28805Spain Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences Faculty of ScienceLiverpool John Moores UniversityLiverpoolL33AFUK Italian Judo WrestlingKarate and Martial Arts FederationRome 00122Italy Psychobiology&Methods for the Behavioural Sciences Department Complutense University of MadridMadrid 28040Spain Department of Biomedical Sciences University of PaduaPadua 35122Italy

Purpose:To examine the effects of a school-based karate intervention on academic achievement,psychosocial functioning,and physical fitness in children aged 7-8 ***:Twenty schools in 5 different European countries(2 second-grade classrooms per school)participated in a cluster randomized controlled trial(Sport at School trial).Participants were assigned to either a control group,which continued with their habitual physical education lessons,or to an intervention group,which replaced these lessons with a 1-year karate intervention(Karate Mind and Movement program).A total of 721 children(344 girls and 377 boys,7.4±0.5 years old,mean±SD)completed the study,of which 333 and 388 were assigned to the control group and intervention group,*** included academic performance(average grade),psychosocial functioning(Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire for parents),and different markers of physical fitness(cardiorespiratory fitness,balance,and flexibility).Results:The intervention provided small but significant benefits compared to the control group for academic achievement(d=0.16;p=0.003),conduct problems(d=-0.28;p=0.003),cardiorespiratory fitness(d=0.36;p0.05).Conclusion:A 1-year school-based karate intervention was effective in improving academic achievement,conduct problems,and physical fitness in primary school *** results support the inclusion of karate during physical education lessons.

关键词： Academic performance Cardiorespiratory fitness Conduct problems Karate Physical fitness

A review of dual-spin projectile stability

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Defence Technology（防务技术） 2020年第1期16卷 1-9页

作者： James Norris Amer Hameed john Economou simon Parker Centre for Defence Engineering Cranfield UniversityDefence Academy of the United KingdomShrivenhamSN68LA United Kingdom BAE Systems United Kingdom

This paper gives a succinct review of dual-spinprojectile stability and some technologies relating to *** describes how the traditional stability factors from linear projectile theory are modified to better describe a controlled dual-spin ***,it reviews works which have investigated how different aspects of a controlled dual-spin design can affect flight stability,primarily airframe structure and canard properties.A conclusion is given,highlighting important guidelines from the enclosed discussions.

关键词： Guided projectiles Dual-spin Gyroscopic Dynamic Stability Canards

Impacts of livestock grazing on a savanna grassland in Kenya

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Journal of Arid Land 2012年第1期4卷 29-35页

作者： john KIOKO john Warui KIRINGE simon Ole SENO The School for Field Studies Center for Wildlife Management Studies School of Natural Resources Management Narok University College

The dynamics of most rangelands in Kenya remain to be poorly understood. This paper provides baseline information on the response of a semiarid rangeland under different livestock grazing regimes on land inhabited by the Massai people in the east side of Amboseli National Park in Kenya. The data were collected from grasslands designated into four types：（1） grassland from previous Massai settlements that had been abandoned for over twenty years; （2） grassland excluded from livestock grazing for eight years; （3） a dry season grazing area; and （4） a continuous grazing area where grazing occurred throughout all seasons. Collected data included grass species composition, grass height, inter-tuft distance, standing grass biomass and soil characteristics. The results indicated that continuous grazing area in semiarid rangelands exhibited loss of vegetation with negative, long-term effects on grass functional qualities and forage production, whereas grassland that used traditional Maasai grazing methods showed efficiency and desirable effects on the rangelands. The results also showed that abandoned homestead sites, though degraded, were important nutrient reservoirs.

关键词： dry season grazing grass species composition livestock grazing soil nutrients Kenya

Identification of Differentially Senescing Mutants of Wheat and Impacts on Yield,Biomass and Nitrogen Partitioning

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Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 2012年第8期54卷 555-566页

作者： Adinda P.Derkx simon Orford simon Griffiths M.john Foulkes Malcolm J. Hawkesford Plant Biology and Crop Science Department Rothamsted ResearchHarpendenHertfordshireAL5 2JQUK Division of Plant&Crop Sciences School of BiosciencesUniversity of NottinghamSutton Bonington CampusNr LoughboroughLE12 5RDUK john Innes Centre Norwich Research ParkColneyNorwich NR4 7UHUK

Increasing photosynthetic capacity by extending canopy longevity during grain filling using slow senescing stay-green genotypes is a possible means to improve yield in wheat. Ethyl methanesulfonate （EMS） mutated wheat lines （Triticum aestivum L. cv. Paragon） were screened for fast and slow canopy senescence to investigate the impact on yield and nitrogen partitioning. Stay-green and fast-senescing lines with similar anthesis dates were characterised in detail. Delayed senescence was only apparent at higher nitrogen supply with low nitrogen supply enhancing the rate of senescence in all lines. In the stay-green line 3 （SG3）, on a whole plant basis, tiller and seed number increased whilst thousand grain weight （TGW） decreased; although a greater N uptake was observed in the main tiller, yield was not affected. In fast-senescing line 2 （FS2）, yield decreased, principally as a result of decreased TGW. Analysis of N-partitioning in the main stem indicated that although the slow-senescing line had lower biomass and consequently less nitrogen in all plant parts, the proportion of biomass and nitrogen in the flag leaf was greater at anthesis compared to the other lines; this contributed to the grain N and yield of the slow-senescing line at maturity in both the main tiller and in the whole plant. A field trial confirmed senescence patterns of the two lines, and the negative impact on yield for FS2 and a positive impact for SG3 at low N only. The lack of increased yield in the slow-senescing line was likely due to decreased biomass and additionally a possible sink limitation.

关键词： Wheat senescence stay-green grain-filling yield nitrogen.

Climate change drives flooding risk increases in the Yellow River Basin

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Geography and Sustainability 2024年第2期5卷 193-199页

作者： Hengxing Lan Zheng Zhao Langping Li Junhua Li Bojie Fu Naiman Tian Ruixun Lai Sha Zhou Yanbo Zhu Fanyu Zhang Jianbing Peng john J.Clague State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources ResearchChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China School of Geological Engineering and Geomatics Chang’an UniversityXi’an 710064China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 10049China Yellow River Institute of Hydraulic Research Yellow River Conservancy CommissionZhengzhou 450003China State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology Research Center for Eco-Environmental SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100085China State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resources Ecology Beijing Normal UniversityBeijing 100875China Key Laboratory of Mechanics on Disaster and Environment in Western China The Ministry of Education of ChinaSchool of Civil Engineering and MechanicsLanzhou UniversityLanzhou 730000China Department of Earth Sciences Simon Fraser UniversityBurnabyCanada

The Yellow River Basin(YRB)has experienced severe floods and continuous riverbed elevation throughout *** climate change has been suggested to be driving a worldwide increase in flooding ***,owing to insufficient evidence,the quantitative correlation between flooding and climate change remains *** present a long time series of maximum flood discharge in the YRB dating back to 1843 compiled from historical documents and instrument *** in yearly maximum flood discharge show distinct periods:a dramatic decreasing period from 1843 to 1950,and an oscillating gentle decreasing from 1950 to 2021,with the latter period also showing increasing more extreme floods.A Mann-Kendall test analysis suggests that the latter period can be further split into two distinct sub-periods:an oscillating gentle decreasing period from 1950 to 2000,and a clear recent increasing period from 2000 to *** further predict that climate change will cause an ongoing remarkable increase in future flooding risk and an∼44.4 billion US dollars loss of floods in the YRB in 2100.

关键词： Flooding risk Risk management Climate change Flood discharge Extreme precipitation

The roles of multimodality treatment and lymphadenectomy in the management of esophageal cancer

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Chinese Medical Journal 1997年第11期 3-9页

作者： simon Law and john Wong

Purpose To review the current status of multimodality treatment and lymphadenectomy in the management of esophageal cancer. Data sources Literature review. Study selection Multimodality treatment and lymphadenectomy in esophageal cancer. Data extraction Results in research papers published selected by literature search. Results Numerous studies have been carried out attempting to define the roles of various neoadjuvant or adjuvant regimens in the treatment of esophageal cancer. These included the use of radiotherapy or chemotherapy alone or in different combinations, with or without surgical resection. Randomized trials have failed to show significant improvement compared with surgical resection alone, although downstaging of disease and benefits on subgroups of patients could be demonstrated. Whether the extent of resection can influence outcome was tested by varying the surgical approach, and by increasing the extent of lymphadenectomy. Although indirect evidence exists suggesting more extensive resection may improve long term prognosis, definitive proof is lacking. Conclusions More well organized randomized controlled trials are needed to further elucidate the roles of these approaches in the treatment of esophageal cancer.

关键词： lymphadenectomy The

Reconstructing seafloor age distributions in lost ocean basins

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Geoscience Frontiers 2021年第2期12卷 769-780页

作者： simon Williams Nicky M.Wright john Cannon Nicolas Flament R.Dietmar Müller Department of Geology Northwest UniversityXi’an710069China State Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics Northwest UniversityXi’an710069China Research School of Earth Sciences The Australian National UniversityACT2601Australia ARC Centre of Excellence for Climate Extremes The Australian National UniversityACT2601Australia EarthByte Group School of GeosciencesUniversity of SydneyAustralia GeoQuEST Research Centre School of EarthAtmospheric and Life SciencesUniversity of WollongongNorthfields AvenueNSW2522Australia

Reconstructions of past seafloor age make it possible to quantify how plate tectonic forces,surface heat flow,ocean basin volume and global sea level have varied through geological ***,past ocean basins that have now been subducted cannot be uniquely reconstructed,and a significant challenge is how to explore a wide range of possible ***,we investigate possible distributions of seafloor ages from the late Paleozoic to present using published full-plate reconstructions and a new,efficient seafloor age reconstruction workflow,all developed using the open-source software *** test alternative reconstruction models and examine the influence of assumed spreading rates within the Panthalassa Ocean on the reconstructed history of mean seafloor age,oceanic heat flow,and the contribution of ocean basin volume to global sea *** reconstructions suggest variations in mean seafloor age of~15 Myr during the late Paleozoic,similar to the amplitude of variations previously proposed for the Cretaceous to *** reconstructed oceanic age-area distributions are broadly compatible with a scenario in which the long-period fluctuations in global sea level since the late Paleozoic are largely driven by changes in mean seafloor *** suggestions of a constant rate of seafloor production through time can be modelled using our workflow,but require that oceanic plates in the Paleozoic move slower than continents based on current reconstructions of continental motion,which is difficult to reconcile with geodynamic studies.

关键词： Plate reconstructions Sea level Seafloor spreading