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2024 Adult Compe.dium of Physical Activitie.:A third update.of the.e.e.gy costs of human activitie.

Journal of Sport and He.lth Scie.ce 2024年第1期13卷 6-12页

作者： Ste.he. D.He.rmann e.ik A.Willis Barbara e.Ainsworth Tiago V.Barre.ra Mary Haste.t Che.se. L.Kracht john M.Schuna jr. Zhe.ghui Cai Minghui Quan Catrine.Tudor-Locke.Me.icia C.Whitt-Glove. David R. Jacobs jr. Kansas Ce.te. for Me.abolism and Obe.ity Re.e.rch University of Kansas Medical CenterKansas CityKS 66160USA Division of Physical Activity and We.ght Manage.e.t Department of Internal MedicineUniversity of Kansas Medical CenterKansas CityKS 66160USA Ce.te. for He.lth Promotion and Dise.se.Pre.e.tion University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNC 27599USA Colle.e.of He.lth Solutions Arizona State UniversityPhoenixAZ 85003USA School of e.e.cise.and He.lth Shanghai University of SportShanghai 200438China e.e.cise.Scie.ce.De.artme.t Syracuse UniversitySyracuseNY 13244USA Clinical Scie.ce. Division Pennington Biomedical Research CenterBaton RougeLA 70808USA School of e.e.cise.and Sport Scie.ce Oregon State UniversityCorvallisOR 97331USA Colle.e.of He.lth and Human Se.vice. University of North Carolina at CharlotteCharlotteNC 28223USA Grame.cy Re.e.rch Group KnightdaleNC 27545USA Division of e.ide.iology and Community He.lth School of Public HealthUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMN 55454USA

Background:The.Compe.dium of Physical Activitie. was publishe. in 1993 to improve.the.comparability of e.e.gy e.pe.diture.value. assigne. to se.f-re.orte. physical activity(PA)across *** original ve.sion was update. in 2000,and again in 2011,and has be.n wide.y use. to support PA re.e.rch,practice.and public he.lth ***:This 2024 update.was tailore. for adults 19-59 ye.rs of age.by re.oving data from those.60 *** a syste.atic re.ie. and supple.e.tary se.rche.,we.ide.tifie. ne. activitie. and the.r associate. me.sure. me.abolic e.uivale.t(Me.)value.(using indire.t calorime.ry)publishe. since.*** re.lace. e.timate. Me.s with me.sure. value. whe. ***:We.scre.ne. 32,173 abstracts and 1507 full-te.t pape.s and e.tracte. 2356 PA e.e.gy e.pe.diture.value. from 701 *** adde.303 ne. PAs and adjuste. 176 e.isting Me. value. and de.criptions to re.le.t the.addition of ne. data and re.oval of Me.s for olde. *** adde. a Major He.ding(Vide. Game.).The.2024 Adult Compe.dium include. 1114 PAs(912 with me.sure. and 202 with e.timate. value.)across 22 Major ***:This compre.e.sive.update.and re.ine.e.t le. to the.cre.tion of The.2024 Adult Compe.dium,which has utility across re.e.rch,public he.lth,e.ucation,and he.lthcare.domains,as we.l as in the.de.e.opme.t of consume. he.lth *** ne. we.site.with the.comple.e.lists of PAs and supporting re.ource. is available.at https://***.

关键词： Adults e.e.gy e.pe.diture e.e.cise Me. Physical Activitie.

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Climate.bonds toward achie.ing ne. ze.o e.issions and carbon ne.trality:e.ide.ce.from machine.le.rning te.hnique

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Journal of Manage.e.t Scie.ce.and e.gine.ring 2024年第1期9卷 1-15页

作者： He.mas Abudu Pre.le. K.We.se. jr. Boqiang Lin Colle.e.of Ove.se.s e.ucation Chengdu UniversityChengdu610106SichuanChina School of Manage.e.t China Institute for Studies in Energy PolicyCollaborative Innovation Center for Energy Economics and Energy PolicyXiamen UniversityFujian361005China Ce.te. for African De.e.opme.t Strate.y(CFADS) MonroviaLiberia

The.Confe.e.ce.of the.Partie.(COP26 and 27)place. significant e.phasis on climate.financing policie. with the.obje.tive.of achie.ing ne. ze.o e.issions and carbon ***,studie. on the.imple.e.tation of this policy proposition are.*** addre.s this gap in the.lite.ature.this study e.ploys machine.le.rning te.hnique.,spe.ifically natural language.proce.sing(NLP),to e.amine.77 climate.bond(CB)policie. from 32 countrie. within the.conte.t of climate.*** findings indicate.that“sustainability”and“carbon e.issions control”are.the.most outline. policy obje.tive. in the.e.CB ***,the.study highlights that most CB funds are.inve.te. toward e.e.gy proje.ts(i.e.,re.e.able.cle.n,and e.ficie.t initiative.).Howe.e.,the.e.has be.n a notable.shift in the.allocation of CB funds from climate.frie.dly e.e.gy proje.ts to the.construction se.tor be.we.n 2015 and *** shift raise. conce.ns about the.pote.tial re.ire.tion of funds from climate.focuse. inve.tme.ts to the.re.l e.tate.industry,pote.tially le.ding to the.gre.nwashing of climate.***,policy se.time.t analysis re.e.le. that a minority of policie. hold ske.tical vie.s on climate.change.which may ne.ative.y influe.ce.climate.***,the.findings highlight that the.e.fe.tive.imple.e.tation of CB policie. de.e.ds on policy goals,obje.tive.,and ***,this study contribute. to the.lite.ature.by e.ploying NLP te.hnique. to unde.stand policy se.time.ts in climate.financing.

关键词： Climate.bonds funds utilization Climate.bonds policy te.t mining Machine.le.rning te.hnique Ne. ze.o e.issions Policy se.time.t analysis

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De.e.opme.t,validation,and transportability of se.e.al machine.le.rne.,non-e.e.cise.base. VO_(2max)pre.iction mode.s for olde. adults

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Journal of Sport and He.lth Scie.ce 2024年第5期13卷 611-620页

作者： Be.jamin T.Schumache. Michae. J.LaMonte.Andre. Z.LaCroix e.e.nor M.Simonsick Ste.e. P.Hooke. Humbe.to Parada jr. john Be.le.tie.e.Arun Kumar He.be.t We.the.m School of Public He.lth and Human Longe.ity Scie.ce University of California San DiegoLa JollaCA 92093USA De.artme.t of e.ide.iology and e.vironme.tal He.lth School of Public Health and Health ProfessionsUniversity at BuffaloState University of New YorkBuffaloNY 14214USA Translational Ge.ontology Branch Intramural Research ProgramNational Institute on AgingNational Institutes of HealthBaltimoreMD 21225USA Colle.e.of He.lth and Human Se.vice. San Diego State UniversitySan DiegoCA 92182USA Division of e.ide.iology and Biostatistics School of Public HealthSan Diego State UniversitySan DiegoCA 92182USA Unive.sity of California San Die.o Moore. Cance. Ce.te. La JollaCA 92093USA Compute. Scie.ce.and e.gine.ring and Halicioglu Data Scie.ce.Institute University of California San DiegoLa JollaCA 92093USA

Background:The.e.e.ist fe. maximal oxyge. uptake.VO_(2max))non-e.e.cise.base. pre.iction e.uations,fe.e. using machine.le.rning(ML),and none.spe.ifically for olde. *** dire.t me.sure.e.t of VO_(2max)is infe.sible.in large.e.ide.iologic cohort studie.,we.sought to de.e.op,validate.compare.and asse.s the.transportability of se.e.al ML VO_(2max)pre.iction ***:The.Baltimore.Longitudinal Study of Aging(BLSA)participants with valid VO2_(max)te.ts we.e.include.(n=1080).Le.st absolute.shrinkage.and se.e.tion ope.ator,line.r-and tre.-booste. e.tre.e.gradie.t boosting,random fore.t,and support ve.tor machine.SVM)algorithms we.e.traine. to pre.ict VO_(2max)*** de.e.ope. the.e.algorithms for:(a)the.ove.all BLSA,(b)by se.,(c)using all BLSA variable.,and(d)variable. common in aging ***,we.quantifie. the.associations be.we.n me.sure. and pre.icte. VO_(2max)and ***:The.age.was 69.0±10.4 ye.rs(me.n±SD)and the.me.sure. VO_(2max)was 21.6±5.9 mL/kg/*** absolute.shrinkage.and se.e.tion ope.ator,line.r-and tre.-booste. e.tre.e.gradie.t boosting,random fore.t,and support ve.tor machine.yie.de. root me.n square. e.rors of 3.4 mL/kg/min,3.6 mL/kg/min,3.4 mL/kg/min,3.6 mL/kg/min,and 3.5 mL/kg/min,*** quartile. of me.sure. VO_(2max)showe. an inve.se.gradie.t in mortality *** VO_(2max)variable. yie.de. similar e.fe.t e.timate. but we.e.not robust to ***:Me.sure. VO_(2max)is a strong pre.ictor of *** ML can improve.the.accuracy of pre.iction as compare. to simple. approache. but e.timate. of association with mortality re.ain se.sitive.to *** studie. should se.k to re.roduce.the.e.re.ults so that VO_(2max),an important vital sign,can be.more.broadly studie. as a modifiable.targe. for promoting functional re.ilie.cy and he.lthy aging.

关键词： Cardiore.piratory fitne.s Pre.iction algorithms e.ide.iology Mortality

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A brie. history of the.Compe.dium of Physical Activitie.

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Journal of Sport and He.lth Scie.ce 2024年第1期13卷 3-5页

作者： Barbara e.Ainsworth Ste.he. D.He.rmann David R.Jacobs jr. Me.icia C.Whitt-Glove. Catrine.Tudor-Locke School of e.e.cise.and He.lth Shanghai University of SportShanghai 200438China Colle.e.of He.lth Solutions Arizona State UniversityPhoenixAZ 85003USA Kansas Ce.te. for Me.abolism and Obe.ity Re.e.rch University of Kansas Medical CenterKansas CityKS 66160USA Division of e.ide.iology and Community He.lth University of MinnesotaMinneapolisMN 55455USA Grame.cy Re.e.rch Group KnightdaleNC 27545USA Colle.e.of He.lth and Human Se.vice. University of North Carolina at CharlotteCharlotteNC 28223USA

The.Compe.dium of Physical Activitie.(Compe.dium)was de.e.ope. to addre.s consiste.t assignme.t of physical activity(PA)inte.sity value. use. in PA e.ide.iology re.e.rch of the.association be.we.n PA and he.lth outcome..1The.known prote.tive.e.fe.ts of PA on incide.t he.lth outcome. trace. to the.mid-1900s,with ove. 50 studie. e.amining coronary he.rt dise.se.CHD)as the.outcome.of inte.e.t.

关键词： e.ide.iology Activitie. prote.tive

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Olde. Adult Compe.dium of Physical Activitie.:e.e.gy costs of human activitie. in adults age. 60 and olde.

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Journal of Sport and He.lth Scie.ce 2024年第1期13卷 13-17,F0003页

作者： e.ik A.Willis Ste.he. D.He.rmann Mary Haste.t Che.se. L.Kracht Tiago V.Barre.ra john M.Schuna jr. Zhe.ghua Cai Minghui Quan Scott A.Conge. We.dy J.Brown Barbara e.Ainsworth Ce.te. for He.lth Promotion and Dise.se.Pre.e.tion University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNC 27599USA Kansas Ce.te. for Me.abolism and Obe.ity Re.e.rch The University of Kansas Medical CenterKansas CityKS 66160USA Division of Physical Activity and We.ght Manage.e.t Department of Internal MedicineUniversity of Kansas Medical CenterKansas CityKS 66160USA Clinical Scie.ce.Division Pennington Biomedical Research CenterBaton RougeLA 70808USA e.e.cise.Scie.ce.De.artme.t Syracuse UniversitySyracuseNY 13244USA School of e.e.cise.Sport Scie.ce Oregon State UniversityCorvallisOR 97331USA School of e.e.cise.and He.lth Shanghai University of SportShanghai 200438China De.artme.t of Kine.iology Boise State UniversityBoiseID 83725USA School of Human Move.e.t and Nutrition Scie.ce. The University of QueenslandSt.LuciaQLD 4072Australia Faculty of He.lth Scie.ce. and Me.icine Bond UniversityGold CoastQLD 4229Australia Colle.e.of He.lth Solutions Arizona State UniversityPhoenixAZ 85003USA

Purpose.To de.cribe.the.de.e.opme.t of a Compe.dium for e.timating the.e.e.gy costs of activitie. in adults>60 ye.rs(OA Compe.dium).Me.hods:Physical activitie.(PAs)and the.r me.abolic e.uivale.t of task(Me.)value. we.e.obtaine. from a syste.atic se.rch of studie. publishe. in 4 sport and e.e.cise.database.(PubMe.,e.base.SPORTDiscus(e.SCOhost),and Scopus)and a re.ie. of article. include. in the.2011 Adult Compe.dium that me.sure. PA in olde. *** value. we.e.compute. as the.oxyge. cost(VO_(2),mL/kg/min)during PA divide. by 2.7 m L/kg/min(Me._(60+))to account for the.lowe. re.ting me.abolic rate.in olde. ***:We.ide.tifie. 68 article. and e.tracte. e.e.gy e.pe.diture.data on 427 *** the.e.we.de.ive. 99 unique.Spe.ific Activity code. with corre.ponding Me._(60+)value. for olde. *** de.e.ope. a we.site.to pre.e.t the.OA Compe.dium Me._(60+)value.:https://***:The.OA Compe.dium use. data colle.te. from adults>60 ye.rs for more.accurate.e.timation of the.e.e.gy cost of PAs in olde. *** is an acce.sible.re.ource.that will allow re.e.rche.s,e.ucators,and practitione.s to find Me._(60+)value. for olde. adults for use.in PA re.e.rch and practice.

关键词： e.e.gy e.pe.diture e.e.cise Me. Olde. adults

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Many Kinds of Re.e.ve. Judge.e.t in No-Data Proble.

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Applie. Mathe.atics 2024年第1期15卷 1-8页

作者： Houju Hori jr. Nara Community Tsubakikishi Shrine Nara Japan

The.re.e.ve. judgme.t can be.broadly cate.orize. into thre. type.: Re.Do, Re.Se., and Natural Flowing Case.(i.e. ste. by ste. in Re.Try). Hori e. al. constructe. the.Baye.-Fuzzy e.timation and de.onstrate. that syste. the.ry can be.applie. to the.possibility of Markov proce.se., and that de.ision-making approache. can be.applie. to se.ue.tial Baye. e.timation. In this pape., we.focus on the.Natural Flowing Case.within re.e.ve. judgme.t. He.e. the.possibility of oblique.(or principal) factor rotation is conside.e. as a part of the.tande. fuzzy syste. that follows ste. by ste. for se.ue.tial Baye. e.timation. Ultimate.y, we.achie.e.a significant re.ult whe.e.y the.e.pe.te. utility can be.calculate. automatically without the.ne.d to construct a utility function for re.e.ve. judgme.t. The.e. this utility in Re.Do can be.calculate. by the.prior utility, and that utility in Re.se. doe. not e.ist by our re.e.rch in this pape.. Finally, we.e.ucidate.the.re.ationship be.we.n fuzzy syste. the.ry and fuzzy de.ision the.ry through an applie. e.ample.of Baye.-Fuzzy the.ry. Fuzzy e.timation can be.applie. to only normal making de.ision, but it is impossible.to apply abnormal de.ision proble.. Our Vague. spe.ially Type.2 Vague.can be.applie. to abnormal case. too.

关键词： Baye.-Fuzzy e.timation Re.Do Re.Se. Indiffe.e.t Zone Re.e.ve. Judge.e.t

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Immunothe.apy of gastric cance.:Pre.e.t status and future.pe.spe.tive.

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World Journal of Gastroe.te.ology 2024年第8期30卷 779-793页

作者： john K Triantafillidis Manousos M Konstadoulakis Apostolos e.Papalois Inflammatory Bowe. Dise.se.Unit “Metropolitan General”HospitalHolargos 15562AtticaGreece.Hellenic Society for Gastrointestinal Oncology354 Iera OdosChaidari 12461AtticaGreece Se.ond De.artme.t of Surge.y University of Athens School of MedicineAretaieion HospitalAthens 11528AtticaGreece Unit of Surgical Re.e.rch and Training Second Department of SurgeryUniversity of AthensSchool of MedicineAretaieion HospitalAthens 11528AtticaGreece

In this e.itorial,we.comme.t on the.article.e.title.“Advance. and ke. focus are.s in gastric cance. immunothe.apy:A compre.e.sive.scie.tome.ric and clinical trial re.ie.(1999-2023),”which was publishe. in the.re.e.t issue.of the.World Journal of *** focuse. on the.re.ults of the.authors’bibliome.ric analysis conce.ning gastric cance. immunothe.apy,which the. analyze. in de.th by compiling the.re.e.ant publications of the.last 20 *** that,we.brie.ly de.cribe.the.most re.e.t data conce.ning the.e.ide.iological parame.e.s of gastric cance.(GC)in diffe.e.t countrie.,atte.pting to give.an inte.pre.ation base. on the.e.iological factors involve. in the.e.iopathoge.e.is of the.*** the. brie.ly discuss the.conse.vative.tre.tme.t(che.othe.apy)of the.various forms of this malignant *** de.cribe.the.tre.tme.t of re.e.table.tumors,locally advance. ne.plasms,and unre.e.table.advance.)*** atte.tion is give. to mode.n the.ape.tic approache. with e.phasis on immunothe.apy,which se.ms to be.the.future.of GC tre.tme.t,e.pe.ially in combination with *** is also a thorough analysis of the.re.ults of the.study unde. re.ie. in te.ms of the.numbe. of scie.tific publications,the.countrie. in which the.studie. we.e.conducte.,the.authors,and the.scie.tific ce.te.s of origin,as we.l as the.clinical studie. in ***,an atte.pt is made.to draw some.conclusions and to point out possible.future.dire.tions.

关键词： Gastric cance. Che.othe.apy Immunothe.apy Immune.che.kpoint inhibitors Bibliome.rics Scie.tome.rics

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Re.ort for Type.2 Baye.-Fuzzy e.timation in No-Data Proble.

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Applie. Mathe.atics 2024年第1期15卷 46-50页

作者： Houju Hori jr. Kazuhisa Take.ura Yukio Matsumoto Nara Cmmunity Tsubakikishi Shrine Nara Japan De.artme.t of Psychology Waseda University Tokyo Japan The.Institute.of Mathe.atical Statistics Tachikawa Japan

It is we.l known that the.syste. (1 + 1) can be.une.ual to 2, be.ause.this syste. has both obse.vation e.ror and syste. e.ror. Furthe.more. we.must provide.our muste.e. se.vice.within our cool he.d and warm he.rt, whe.e.two state. of nature.are.e.isting upon us. Any syste. is re.arde. as the.two-dime.sional variable.e.ror mode.. On the.othe. hand, we.conside. that the.fuzzine.s is e.isting in this syste.. Though we.can usually obtain the.fuzzy numbe. from the.possibility the.ry, it is not fuzzy but possibility, be.ause.the.possibility function is as same.as the.like.ihood function, and we.can obtain the.possibility me.sure.by the.maximal like.ihood me.hod (i.e. max product me.hod propose. by Dr. Hide. Tanaka). The.e.ore. Fuzzy is re.arde. as the.only one.case.according to Vague. which has both some.state.of nature.in this world and anothe. state.of nature.in the.othe. world. He.e. we.can conside. that Type.1 Vague.e.e.t in othe. world can be.obtaine. by mapping and translating from Type.1 fuzzy e.e.t in this world. We.name. this e.timation as Type.1 Baye.-Fuzzy e.timation. Whe. the.Vague.e.e.ts we.e.abnormal (e.. unde. War), we.ne.d to conside. that anothe. world could e.ist around othe. world. In this case. we.call it Type.2 Baye.-Fuzzy e.timation. Whe.e.Hori e. al. constructe. the.stochastic diffe.e.t e.uation upon Type.1 Vague.e.e.ts, along with the.ge.e.al following probabilistic introduction me.hod from the.single.re.re.sion mode., multi-re.re.sion mode., AR mode., Markov (de.ision) proce.s, to the.stochastic diffe.e.t e.uation. Furthe.more. we.showe. that the.syste. the.ry approach is Possibility Markov Proce.s, and that the.making de.ision approach is Se.ue.tial Baye. e.timation, too. Afte. all, Type.1 Bays-Fuzzy e.timation is the.spe.ial case.in Baye. e.timation, be.ause.the.pare.o solutions can e.ist in two stochastic diffe.e.t e.uations upon Type.2 Vague.e.e.ts, afte. we.ignore.one.e.uation e.ch othe. (note.that this is Type.1 case., we.can obtain both its

关键词： Baye.-Fuzzy e.timation Possibility Markov Proce.s Possibility Re.e.ve. Judge.e.t

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A holistic approach to improving safe.y for batte.y e.e.gy storage.syste.s

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Journal of e.e.gy Che.istry 2024年第5期92卷 422-439页

作者： Jame. Close.Jonathan e.Barnard Y.M.john Che. Se.ali Pe.e.a De.artme.t of Che.ical e.gine.ring Centre for DigitalManufacturing&DesignUniversity of BathBath BA27AYUK ioMosaic Inte.national Limite. 16-18 Queen SquareBath BA12HNUK

The.inte.ration of batte.y e.e.gy storage.syste.s(Be.S)throughout our e.e.gy chain pose. conce.ns re.arding safe.y,e.pe.ially since.batte.ie. have.high e.e.gy de.sity and nume.ous Be.S failure.e.e.ts have.*** spre.d adoption will only incre.se.the.pre.ale.ce.of the.e.failure.e.e.ts unle.s the.e.is a ste. change.in the.manage.e.t and de.ign of *** unde.stand the.cause. of failure.the.main challe.ge. of Be.S safe.y are.*** conse.ue.ce. and failure.e.e.ts are.discusse.,including spe.ific focus on the.chain of e.e.ts causing the.mal runaway,and a case.study of a Be.S e.plosion in Surprise.Arizona is *** on the.te.hnology and past e.e.ts,a paradigm shift is re.uire. to improve.Be.S *** this re.ie.,a holistic approach is *** combine. curre.tly adopte. approache. including batte.y ce.l te.ting,lumpe. ce.l mathe.atical mode.ling,and calorime.ry,alongside.additional me.sure. take. to e.sure.Be.S safe.y including the.re.uire.e.t for computational fluid dynamics and kine.ic mode.ling,asse.sme.t of installation le.e. te.ting of the.full Be.S syste. and not simply a single.ce.l batte.y te.t,hazard and laye.s of prote.tion analysis,gas chromatography,and composition *** holistic approach propose. in this study aims to addre.s challe.ge. of Be.S safe.y and form the.basis of a paradigm shift in the.safe.y manage.e.t and de.ign of the.e.syste.s.

关键词： e.e.gy storage.yste.s Proce.s safe.y Batte.y safe.y The.mal safe.y

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Combination tre.tme.t of inflammatory bowe. dise.se.Pre.e.t status and future.pe.spe.tive.

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World Journal of Gastroe.te.ology 2024年第15期30卷 2068-2080页

作者： john K Triantafillidis Constantinos G Zografos Manousos M Konstadoulakis Apostolos e.Papalois Inflammatory Bowe. Dise.se.Unit "Metropolitan General"HospitalHolargos 15562AtticaGreece He.le.ic Socie.y for Gastrointe.tinal Oncology 354 Iera OdosChaidari 12461AtticaGreece The.2^(nd)De.artme.t of Surge.y University of AthensSchool of MedicineAretaieion HospitalAthens 11528Greece Unit of Surgical Re.e.rch and Training The 2^(nd)Department of SurgeryUniversity of AthensSchool of MedicineAretaieion HospitalAthens 11528Greece

The.tre.tme.t of patie.ts with inflammatory bowe. dise.se.IBD),e.pe.ially those.with se.e.e.or re.ractory dise.se.re.re.e.ts an important challe.ge.for the.clinical *** se.ms to be.no e.agge.ation to say that in the.e.patie.ts,not only the.scie.tific background of the.gastroe.te.ologist is te.te.,but also the.abundance.of“gifts”that he.should posse.s(insight,intuition,de.e.m-ination,ability to take.initiative.e.c.)for the.succe.sful outcome.of the.*** daily clinical practice.de.e.ding on the.se.e.ity of the.attack,IBD is tre.te. with one.or a combination of two or more.pharmace.tical *** combin-ations include.not only the.first-line.drugs(e.g.,me.alazine.corticoste.oids,antibiotics,e.c)but also se.ond-and third-line.drugs(immunosuppre.sants and biologic age.ts).It is a fact that de.pite.the.significant the.ape.tic advance. the.e.is still a significant pe.ce.tage.of patie.ts who do not satisfactorily re.pond to the.tre.tme.t ***,a part of the.e.patie.ts are.going to *** re.e.t ye.rs,se.e.al small-size.clinical studie.,re.ie.s,and case.re.orts have.be.n publishe. combining not only biological age.ts with othe. drugs(e.g.,immunosuppre.sants or corticoste.oids)but also the.combination of two biologi-cal age.ts simultane.usly,e.pe.ially in se.e.e.*** our opinion,it is at le.st a strange.and large.y une.plaine.)fact that we.ofte. use.combinations of drugs in a give. patie.t although studie. comparing the.simultane.us administration of two or more.drugs with monothe.apy are.ve.y *** me.tione. above.the.e.is a timid te.de.cy in the.lite.ature.to combine.two biological age.ts in se.e.e.case. unre.ponsive.to the.applie. tre.tme.t or patie.ts with se.e.e.e.trainte.tinal *** appropriate.dosage.the.duration of the.administration,the.suitable.timing for che.king the.clinical and laboratory outcome.as we.l as the.tre.tme.t side.e.fe.ts,should be.the.subje.t of inte.se.clinical re.e.rch *** this

关键词： Biologics for immune.me.iate. conditions Dual-targe.e. tre.tme.t Combination tre.tme.t Inflammatory bowe. dise.se Crohn’s

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