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Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and mitochondrial dysfunction

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2008年第2期14卷 193-199页

作者： Yongzhong Wei R scott Rector john P Thyfault Jamal A Ibdah Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Harry S. Truman VA MedicalCenter Columbia MO 65212 United States Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department of Nutritional Sciences University of Missouri-Columbia Harry S. Truman VA Medical Center Columbia MO65212 United States

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) includes hepatic steatosis, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), fibrosis, and cirrhosis. NAFLD is the most common liver disorder in the United States and worldwide. Due to the rapid rise of the metabolic syndrome, the prevalence of NAFLD has recently dramatically increased and will continue to increase. NAFLD has also the potential to progress to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) or liver failure. NAFLD is strongly linked to caloric overconsumption, physical inactivity, insulin resistance and genetic factors. Although significant progress in understanding the pathogenesis of NAFLD has been achieved in years, the primary metabolic abnormalities leading to lipid accumulation within hepatocytes has remained poorly understood. Mitochondria are critical metabolic organelles serving as "cellular power plants". Accumulating evidence indicate that hepatic mitochondrial dysfunction is crucial to the pathogenesis of NAFLD. This review is focused on the significant role of mitochondria in the development of NAFLD.

关键词： Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease Mitochondria Fatty acid oxidation Liver

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and the metabolic syndrome:An update

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2008年第2期14卷 185-192页

作者： R scott Rector john P Thyfault Yongzhong Wei Jamal A Ibdah Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology University of Missouri Columbia MO 65212 United States Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Medical Center andDepartments of Nutritional Sciences University of MissouriColumbia MO 65212 United States Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Medical Center Universityof Missouri Columbia MO 65212 United States Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Medical Center andDepartments of Medical Pharmacology and PhysiologyUniversity of Missouri Columbia MO 65212 United States

Sedentary lifestyle and poor dietary choices are leading to a weight gain epidemic in westernized countries, subsequently increasing the risk for developing the metabolic syndrome and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). NAFLD is estimated to affect approximate 30% of the general US population and is considered the hepatic manifestation of the metabolic syndrome. Recent findings linking the components of the metabolic syndrome with NAFLD and the progression to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) will be reviewed; in particular, the role of visceral adipose tissue, insulin resistance, and adipocytokines in the exacerbation of these conditions. While no therapy has been proven effective for treating NAFLD/NASH, common recommendations will be discussed.

关键词： Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease Metabolic syndrome Insulin resistance Cytokines Inflammation

Self-referent phenotype matching and its role in female mate choice in arthropods

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Current Zoology 2013年第2期59卷 239-248页

作者： Carie B. WEDDLE john HUNT scott K. SAKALUK Behavior Ecology Evolution & Systematics Section School of Biological Sciences Illinois State University Normal IL USA Center for Ecology & Conservation School of Biosciences University of Exeter Tremough Penryn UK.

A growing body of empirical evidence shows that females of many animal species gain benefits by mating polyan- drously, and often prefer to mate with novel males over previous mates. Although a female preference for novel males has been ,demonstrated for multiple animal taxa, the mechanisms used by females to discriminate between novel and previous mates remain largely unknown. However, recent studies suggest that in decorated crickets Gryllodes sigillatus, females actually imbue males with their own chemical cues, known as cuticular hydrocarbons （CHCs） during mating, and utilize chemosensory self-referencing 1：o recognize recent mates. Here we review evidence that self-referent phenotype matching is a widespread mechanism of recogni- tion in arthropods, and explore how CHCs are used to facilitate mate-choice decisions. There is substantial evidence that CHCs are used as recognition cues to discriminate between species, kin, sexes, mates, individuals, and self and non-self, and are used to facilitate mate-choice decisions in a wide range of arthropod taxa. There is also evidence that CHCs are often transferred between individuals during direct physical contact, including copulation. Chemosensory self-referencing via cuticular hydrocarbons could provide a simple, but reliable mechanism for identifying individuals from previous mating encounters. This mechanism does not require any specialized cognitive abilities because an individual＇s phenotype is always available for reference. Given the ubiqui- tous use of CHCs among arthropods, chemosensory self-referencing may be a widespread mechanism used by female arthropods to facilitate ibmale mate-choice decisions and to enhance opportunities for polyandry [Current Zoology 59 （2）： 239-248, 2013].

关键词： Polyandry Chemical signals Cuticular hydrocarbons Sexual selection

Temperature Responses to Infrared-Loading and Water Table Manipulations in Peatland Mesocosms

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Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 2008年第11期50卷 1484-1496页

作者： Jiquan Chen scott Bridgham Jason Keller john Pastor Asko Noormets Jake F.Weltzin Department of Environmental Sciences University of Toledo Center for Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Oregon Smithsonian Environmental Research Center Department of Biological Sciences University of Minnesota National Phenology Network

We initiated a multi-factor global change experiment to explore the effects of infrared heat loading （HT） and water table level （WL） treatment on soil temperature （T） in bog and fen peatland mesocosms. We found that the temperature varied highly by year, month, peatland type, soil depth, HT and WL manipulations. The highest effect of HT on the temperature at 25 cm depth was found in June for the bog mesocosms （3.34-4.27 ℃） but in May for the fen mesocosms （2.32-4.33 ℃） over the 2-year study period. The effects of WL in the bog mesocosms were only found between August and January, with the wet mesocosms warmer than the dry mesocosms by 0.48-2.03 ℃ over the 2-year study period. In contrast, wetter fen mesocosms were generally cooler by 0.16-3.87℃. Seasonal changes of temperatures elevated by the HT also varied by depth and ecosystem type, with temperature differences at 5 cm and 10 cm depth showing smaller seasonal fluctuations than those at 25 cm and 40 cm in the bog mesocosms. However, increased HT did not always lead to warmer soil, especially in the fen mesocosms. Both HT and WL manipulations have also changed the length of the non-frozen season.

关键词： global change infrared mesocosm peatlands warming experiment water table.

Hepatitis B and C infection and liver disease trends among human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2011年第14期17卷 1807-1816页

作者： Susan E Buskin Elizabeth A Barash john D scott David M Aboulafia Robert W Wood Public Health-Seattle and King County WA 98104United States University of Washington SeattleWA 98195United States Harborview Medical Center SeattleWA 98104United States Virginia Mason Medical Center SeattleWA 98101United States

AIM:To examine trends in and correlates of liver disease and viral hepatitis in an human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected cohort. METHODS:The multi-site adult/adolescent spectrum of HIV-related diseases (ASD) followed 29 490 HIVinfected individuals receiving medical care in 11 U.S. metropolitan areas for an average of 2.4 years,and a total of 69 487 person-years,between 1998 and 2004. ASD collected data on the presentation,treatment,and outcomes of HIV,including liver disease,hepatitis screening,and hepatitis diagnoses. RESULTS:Incident liver disease,chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV),and hepatitis C virus (HCV) were diagnosed in 0.9,1.8,and 4.7 per 100 person-years. HBV and HCV screening increased from fewer than 20% to over 60% during this period of observation (P < 0.001). Deaths occurred in 57% of those diagnosed with liver disease relative to 15% overall (P < 0.001). Overall 10% of deaths occurred among individuals with a diagnosis of liver disease. Despite care guidelines promoting screening and vaccination for HBV and screening for HCV,screening and vaccination were not universally conducted or,if conducted,not documented. CONCLUSION:Due to high rates of incident liver disease,viral hepatitis screening,vaccination,and treatment among HIV-infected individuals should be a priority.

关键词： Human immunodeficiency virus Hepatitis B Hepatitis C Liver disease

Storylines of family medicine Ⅱ:foundational building blocks—context,community and health

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Family Medicine and Community Health 2024年第S3期12卷 12-22页

作者： William B Ventres Leslie A Stone Rupal Shah Tamala Carter Geoffrey M Gusoff Winston Liaw Bich-May Nguyen Joanna V Rachelson Mary Alice scott Teresa L Schiff-Elfalan Seiji Yamada Robert C Like Kathleen Zoppi A Peter Catinella Richard M Frankel Shailendra Prasad Family and Preventive Medicine University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences College of MedicineLittle RockArkansasUSA Bridge Lane Group Practice LondonUK Penn Center for Community Health Workers University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA National Clinician Scholars Program UCLA David Geffen School of MedicineLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA Health Systems and Population Health Sciences University of Houston Tilman J Fertitta Family College of MedicineHoustonTexasUSA Southern New Mexico Family Medicine Residency Program Las CrucesNew MexicoUSA New Mexico Primary Care Training Program Silver CityNew MexicoUSA Anthropology New Mexico State UniversityLas CrucesNew MexicoUSA Family Medicine and Community Health University of Hawai'i at Manoa John A Burns School of MedicineHonoluluHawaiiUSA Family Medicine and Community Health Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical SchoolNew BrunswickNew JerseyUSA Family Medicine Indiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA Family Medicine–Transmountain Texas Tech University Health Sciences CenterEl PasoTexasUSA Medicine Indiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA Family Medicine and Community Health University of Minnesota Medical School-Twin Cities CampusMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA

Storylines of Family Medicine is a 12-part series of thematically linked mini-essays with accompanying illustrations that explore the many dimensions of family medicine,as interpreted by individual family physicians and medical educators in the USA and elsewhere around the ***‘Ⅱ:foundational building blocks—context,community and health’,authors address the following themes:‘Context—grounding family medicine in time,place and being’,‘Recentring community’,‘Community-oriented primary care’,‘Embeddedness in practice’,‘The meaning of health’,‘Disease,illness and sickness—core concepts’,‘The biopsychosocial model’,‘The biopsychosocial approach’and‘Family medicine as social medicine.’May readers grasp new implications for medical education and practice in these essays.

关键词： thematic illustration dimensions

Bravo (wireless) ambulatory esophageal pH monitoring: How do day 1 and day 2 results compare?

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2007年第30期13卷 4091-4095页

作者： Matthew L Bechtold Jason-scott L Holly Klaus Thaler john B Marshall Division of Gastroenterology University of Missouri Hospital and Clinics Columbia MO 65212 United States General Surgery University of Missouri Hospital and Clinics Columbia MO 65212 United States

AIM： To investigate if differences exist for patients＇ gastroesophageal reflux as measured by the Bravo ambulatory esophageal pH system between d 1 and d 2.METHODS： A retrospective study of 27 consecutive adult patients who underwent Bravo esophageal pH monitoring was performed. Patients underwent EGD under Ⅳ conscious sedation prior to Bravo placement. Acid reflux variables and symptom scores for d 1 were compared to d 2.RESULTS： The mean doses of fentanyl and midazolam were 90.4 μg and 7.2 mg, respectively. D 1 results were significantly more elevated than d 2 with respect to total time pH 〈 4, upright position reflux, and mean number of long refluxes. No statistical difference was noted between the two days for supine position reflux, number of refluxes, duration of longest reflux, episodes of heartburn, and symptom score.CONCLUSION： Patients undergoing Bravo esophageal pH monitoring in association with EGD and moderate conscious sedation experience significantly more acid reflux on d i compared to d 2. The Ⅳ sedation may be responsible for the increased reflux on d 1. Performed this way, 48-h Bravo results may not be entirely representative of the patients＇ true GE reflux profile.

关键词： Esophageal pH monitoring Bravo Gastroeso- phageal reflux disease Reflux pH testing

Sublethal effects of malathion on boll weevil （Coleoptera： Curculionidae） fecundity when maintained on cotton squares or artificial diet

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Insect Science 2006年第4期13卷 287-292页

作者： john scott ARMSTRONG ALLAN T. SHOWLER MAMOUDOU SETAMOU SHOIL GREENBERG Beneficial Insects Unit Integrated Farming and Natural Resources Research Unit Kika de la Garza Subtropical Agricultural Research Center USDA-ARS Texas A&M University Citrus Center Welascao Texas USA

Mated 3-day-old female boll weevils, Anthonomus grandis grandis Boheman, reared from field-infested cotton （Gossypium hirsutum L.） squares were topically treated with an estimated LD50 of malathion （2μg） to assess its effects on fecundity, oviposition, and body fat condition. Two different food sources, cotton squares and artificial diet, were assessed in malathion-treated and nontreated （control） weevils. The LD50 caused ≈ 50% mortality in the square-fed malathion treatment, but the artificial diet-fed malathion-treated weevils were less susceptible. LD50 survivors fed on the squares produced ≥ 9 times more chorionated eggs in the ovaries and oviposited ≥ 19-fold more than survivors fed artificial diet, regardless of the malathion treatment. Boll weevils that survived a 2μg LD50 malathion and also fed squares were ≈4.5-fold leaner than diet-fed weevils. Our findings demonstrate that non-resistant boll weevils surviving a sublethal dose of malathion will reproduce without any delay or significant loss in fecundity, and the food source for which boll weevils are maintained when conducting these assays will directly affect the results. The significance of these findings and how they are related to the final stages of eradicating the boll weevil from the US are discussed.

关键词： Anthonomus grandis grandis boll weevil fecundity malathion sublethal

Active surveillance monitoring： the role of nove biomarkers and imaging

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Asian Journal of Andrology 2015年第6期17卷 882-884,I0006页

作者： john F Ward scott E Eggener Department of Urology The University of TexasMD Anderson Cancer Center Houston TX USA Department of Urology University of ChicagoChicago IL USA.

＂CANCER＂ is a disease state that leads to progressive illness that is uniformly fatal without treatment. Hippocrates invoked the Greek word karkinos, or ＂crab＂ to describe tumors he observed. For centuries, ＂CANCER＂ remained a disease that was recognized primarily in its locally advanced or metastatic stage, when it was almost uniformly fatal.

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