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Is irritable bowel syndrome an infectious disease?

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2016年第4期22卷 1331-1334页

作者： john richard Thompson Department of Pharmacy Practice Lipscomb University College of PharmacyOne University Park DriveNashvilleTN 37204United States

Irritable bowel syndrome(IBS) is the most common of all gastroenterological diseases. While many mechanisms have been postulated to explain its etiology, no single mechanism entirely explains the heterogeneity of symptoms seen with the various phenotypes of the disease. Recent data from both basic and clinical sciences suggest that underlying infectious disease may provide a unifying hypothesis that better explains the overall symptomatology. The presence of small intestinal bowel overgrowth(SIBO) has been documented in patients with IBS and reductions in SIBO as determined by breath testing correlate with IBS symptom improvement in clinical trials. The incidence of new onset IBS symptoms following acute infectious gastroenteritis also suggests an infectious cause. Alterations in microbiota-host interactions may compromise epithelial barrier integrity, immune function, and the development and function of both central and enteric nervous systems explaining alterations in the brain-gut axis. Clinical evidence from treatment trials with both probiotics and antibiotics also support this etiology. Probiotics appear to restore the imbalance in the microflora and improve IBS-specific quality of life. Antibiotic trials with both neomycin and rifaximin show improvement in global IBS symptoms that correlates with breath test normalization in diarrhea-predominant patients. The treatment response to two weeks of rifaximin is sustained for up to ten weeks and comparable results are seen in symptom reduction with retreatment in patients who develop recurrent symptoms.

关键词： irritable bowel syndrome pathopohysiology etiology Probiotics antibiotics infectious disease

Primary carbohydrate metabolism genes participate in heat-stress memory at the shoot apical meristem of Arabidopsis thaliana

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Molecular Plant 2021年第9期14卷 1508-1524页

作者： Justyna Jadwiga Olas Federico Apelt Maria Grazia Annunziata Sheeba john Sarah Isabel richard Saurabh Gupta Friedrich Kragler Salma Balazadeh Bernd Mueller-Roeber University of Potsdam Institute of Biochemistry and BiologyKarl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25Haus 2014476 PotsdamGermany Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology Am Muehlenberg 114476 PotsdamGermany Present address:Leiden University PO Box 95002300 RA Leidenthe Netherlands

In plants, the shoot apical meristem (SAM) is essential for the growth of aboveground organs. However, little is known about its molecular responses to abiotic stresses. Here, we show that the SAM of Arabidopsis thaliana displays an autonomous heat-stress (HS) memory of a previous non-lethal HS, allowing the SAM to regain growth after exposure to an otherwise lethal HS several days later. Using RNA sequencing, we identified genes participating in establishing the SAM's HS transcriptional memory, including the stem cell (SC) regulators CLAVATA1 (CLV1) and CLV3, HEAT SHOCK PROTEIN 17.6A (HSP17.6A), and the primary carbohydrate metabolism gene FRUCTOSE-BISPHOSPHATE ALDOLASE 6 (FBA6). We demonstrate that sugar availability is essential for survival of plants at high temperature. HEAT SHOCK TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR A2 (HSFA2A) directly regulates the expression of HSP17.6A and FBA6 by binding to the heat-shock elements in their promoters, indicating that HSFA2 is required for transcriptional activation of SAM memory genes. Collectively, these findings indicate that plants have evolved a sophisticated protection mechanism to maintain SCs and, hence, their capacity to re-initiate shoot growth after stress release.

关键词： aldolase carbon metabolism heat stress shoot apical meristem thermomemory thermopriming

Diverse outcomes of species interactions in an invaded annual plant community

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Journal of Plant Ecology 2017年第6期10卷 918-926页

作者： Claire E.Wainwright john M.Dwyer richard J.Hobbs Margaret M.Mayfield The Ecology Centre School of Biological SciencesBuilding 8The University of QueenslandSt LuciaQueensland 4072Australia Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Land and WaterEcoSciences PrecinctDutton ParkQueensland 4001Australia School of Plant Biology The University of Western Australia35 Stirling HighwayCrawleyWestern Australia 6009Australia

Aims Despite acknowledgement that interactions among native and exotic species are important for determining the structure and diversity of novel communities,directed experiments using mul-tiple exotics from the same system are *** observational studies have highlighted distinct ways that exotic species interface with resident natives across invaded *** correlative nature of these studies,however,has provided few details about the mechanisms driving distinct interaction outcomes within the same *** aim was to determine how three exotic annual plant species with distinct relationships with local plant diversity impact the performance of a co-occurring native annual in the York gum-jam woodlands of Western *** We grew species in experimental communities in growth chambers at varying total planting densities to assess how interaction out-comes varied among natives and exotics across a gradient of com-petition *** measured a variety of performance responses,including survival,biomass and population-level and individual-level reproductive *** Findings Overall,the effects of interspecific versus intraspecific competi-tion on performance varied with the identity and density of exotic *** exploitative exotic grass Bromus madritensis was dominant in polyculture,whereas the diminutive grass Pentameris airoides conferred weak intraspecific competition and interspe-cific facilitation on native Waitzia *** exotic broadleaf forb,Hypochaeris glabra,suppressed growth and survival of ***,while *** had weakly negative,neutral or positive effects on all *** outcomes highlight the complexity of interac-tions impacting the diversity,stability and structure of novel plant *** few of these communities contain a single exotic species,understanding the competitive dynamics occurring in diverse novel communities is critical for their conservation and restoration.

关键词： annual plants biotic interactions competition invasion novel ecosystems

Promoting axon regeneration in the central nervous system by increasing PI3-kinase signaling

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Neural Regeneration Research 2022年第6期17卷 1172-1182页

作者： Bart Nieuwenhuis richard Eva john van Geest Center for Brain Repair Department of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK

Much research has focused on the PI3-kinase and PTEN signaling pathway with the aim to stimulate repair of the injured central nervous *** in the central nervous system fail to regenerate,meaning that injuries or diseases that cause loss of axonal connectivity have life-changing *** 2008,genetic deletion of PTEN was identified as a means of stimulating robust regeneration in the optic *** is a phosphatase that opposes the actions of PI3-kinase,a family of enzymes that function to generate the membrane phospholipid PIP_(3) from PIP_(2)(phosphatidylinositol(3,4,5)-trisphosphate from phosphatidylinositol(4,5)-bisphosphate).Deletion of PTEN therefore allows elevated signaling downstream of PI3-kinase,and was initially demonstrated to promote axon regeneration by signaling through *** recently,additional mechanisms have been identified that contribute to the neuron-intrinsic control of regenerative *** review describes neuronal signaling pathways downstream of PI3-kinase and PIP3,and considers them in relation to both developmental and regenerative axon *** briefly discuss the key neuron-intrinsic mechanisms that govern regenerative ability,and describe how these are affected by signaling through *** highlight the recent finding of a developmental decline in the generation of PIP_(3) as a key reason for regenerative failure,and summarize the studies that target an increase in signaling downstream of PI3-kinase to facilitate regeneration in the adult central nervous ***,we discuss obstacles that remain to be overcome in order to generate a robust strategy for repairing the injured central nervous system through manipulation of PI3-kinase signaling.

关键词： axon cytoskeleton axon regeneration axon transport cell signaling central nervous system growth cone neuroprotection PI3-kinase PI3K PTEN trafficking transcription translation

Physicochemical Properties of Combustion Ashes of Some Trees(Urban Pruning)Present in the Neotropical Region

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Journal of Renewable Materials 2023年第10期11卷 3769-3787页

作者： john Freddy Gelves-Díaz Ludovic Dorkis richard Monroy-Sepúlveda Sandra Rozo-Rincón Yebrail Alexis Romero-Arcos Competitiveness and Sustainability for Development Research Group Faculty of EngineeringUniversidad Libre-Cúcuta SectionalCúcutaColombia Catalysis and Nanomaterials Research Group Faculty of MinesUniversidad Nacional de Colombia-Medellín SectionalMedellínColombia

Secondary lignocellulosic biomass has proved to be useful as an energy source through its oxidation by means of combustion *** accordance with the above,in this paper,we wanted to study the ash from urban pruning residues that are generated in cities in the *** such as Licania tomentosa,Azadirachta indica,Ficus benjamina,Terminalia catappa,Leucaena leucocephala,Prosopis juliflora and Pithecellobium dulce were selected because they have been previously studied and showed potential for thermal energy *** materials were calcined in an oxidizing atmosphere and characterized by X-ray diffraction and fluorescence,scanning electron microscopy with microchemistry,BET surface area,thermal gravimetric analysis,and differential scanning *** pH and apparent density were also *** results show high basicity materials(average pH 10),a behavior associated with the presence of chemical elements such as calcium,potassium,magnesium,chlorine,phosphorus,and ***,these materials have a very significant amorphous fraction(between 49%and 74.5%),the dominant crystalline phases are calcite,arcanite,sylvite,and *** ashes have low surface area and do not exceed 13 m^(2)/*** characteristic morphological aspects were observed in these ashes:a morphology of rounded grains where silicon content is highlighted,and lamellar morphologies where the presence of chlorine is ***,these ashes show four significant mass loss events(400℃,430℃,680℃,and 920℃),causing mass losses that vary between 25%and 40%.Through this study,it was possible to establish that,from a chemical point of view,these ashes are less dangerous in comparison with those of a mineral coal that was used as a ***,they require additional treatments for their disposal due to their high *** of their composition,these ashes have the potential to be used in the ceramic and cement industries,and in the manuf

关键词： Bottom ash chemical composition characterization mineralogy plant biomass pruning residues urban flora

Risk of liver disease in methotrexate treated patients

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World Journal of Hepatology 2017年第26期9卷 1092-1100页

作者： richard Conway john J Carey Centre for Arthritis and Rheumatic Diseases St. Vincent’s University Hospital CARD Newman Research Fellow University College Dublin Department of Rheumatology Galway University Hospitals Clinical Sciences Institute National University of Ireland Galway

Methotrexate is the first line drug treatment for anumber of rheumatic and non-rheumatic diseases. It is effective in controlling disease activity and preventing disease-related damage, and significantly cheaper than many alternatives. Use in rheumatoid arthritis infers a significant morbidity and mortality benefit. Methotrexate is generally well tolerated but can cause symptomatic adverse events. Multiple serious adverse events have been attributed to methotrexate, based largely on older reports using high or daily doses, and subsequent case reports and circumstantial evidence. The risk with modern dosing regimens: Lower doses, weekly schedules, and concomitant folic acid is less clear. Clarification and dissemination of the actual risk is crucial so appropriate judgements can be made for patients who may benefit from this treatment. Methotrexate has been associated with a range of liver related adverse events ranging from asymptomatic transaminase elevations to fibrosis and fatal hepatic necrosis. Concern over potential liver toxicity has resulted in treatment avoidance, cessation, or recommendations for investigations which may be costly, invasive and unwarranted. Modern laboratory monitoring of liver blood tests may also influence the risk of more serious complications. The majority of present day studies report an approximate doubling of the relative risk of elevated transaminases in methotrexate treated patients but no increased risk of symptomatic or severe liver related adverse events. In this article we will review the evidence around methotrexate and liver related adverse events.

关键词： Liver disease Transaminases Fibrosis Cirrhosis Methotrexate Hepatic

Urban Plant Biomass Residues from the Neotropics and Their Potential for Thermal Energy Generation

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Journal of Renewable Materials 2023年第9期11卷 3547-3566页

作者： john Freddy Gelves Díaz Ludovic Dorkis richard Monroy-Sepúlveda Sandra Rozo-Rincón Gabriel de Jesús Camargo Vargas Competitiveness and Sustainability for Development Research Group Faculty of EngineeringUniversidad Libre-Cúcuta SectionalCúcutaColombia Catalysis and Nanomaterials Research Group Faculty of MinesUniversidad Nacional de Colombia-Medellín SectionalMedellínColombia Detecal Research Group Faculty of EngineeringUniversidad Libre-BogotáSectionalBogotáColombia

The material associated with tree pruning in a city in the Colombian neotropics was characterized in order to determine its energy *** species studied for their relevance in the territory were Prosopis juliflora,Licania tomentosa,Terminalia catappa,Azadirachta indica,Pithecellobium dulce,Ficus benjamina and Leucaena *** content,bulk density,hygroscopic response,elemental chemical analysis,proximal analysis,calorific value,ease of ignition and combustion,thermogravimetric and heat flow analysis,steam generation capacity,and qualitative analysis of gases(mass spectrometry)were *** results that were obtained show high initial moisture contents that vary between 37%and 67%and a variable density(when dry)between 0.21 and 0.41 g/***,it was shown that all residues have lower carbon and sulfur content compared to a reference mineral ***,the residues of some species have higher nitrogen contents compared to the same *** biomasses are characterized by their high content of volatile fractions and by having a lower content of inorganic matter compared to *** lower calorific values of these residues are between 14170 and 16928 kJ/kg,which are not negligible compared to other *** characteristic would be related to the high presence of hemicellulose in the *** gas monitoring revealed that there are different airflow needs in order to ensure complete *** generation tests showed that the calorific value should not be the most relevant criterion to establish the potential use of the waste,since leucaena leucocephala,despite having the highest calorific value,was the material with the lowest performance in steam generation.

关键词： Calorific value characterization combustion combustible material urban flora

Characteristics,management and response to alteplase in China versus non-China participants of the ENCHANTED trial

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Stroke & Vascular Neurology 2017年第2期2卷 53-58页

作者： Lily Song Xia Wang Thompson Robinson richard I Lindley Hisatomi Arima Pablo M Lavados Xiaoying Chen john Chalmers Craig S Anderson The George Institute for Global Health at Peking University Health Science Center BeijingChina Department of Neurology 85 Hospital of People’s Liberation ArmyShanghaiChina The George Institute for Global Health The University of New South WalesSydneyAustralia Department of Cardiovascular Sciences and NIHR Biomedical Research Unit for Cardiovascular Sciences University of LeicesterLeicesterUK Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health Faculty of MedicineFukuoka UniversityFukuokaJapan Clínica Alemana de Santiago Universidad del DesarrolloConcepciónChile Departamento de Ciencias Neurológicas Facultad de MedicinaUniversidad de ChileConcepciónChile Neurology Department Royal Prince Alfred HospitalSydneyAustralia

Background The characteristics of patients with acute ischaemic stroke(AIS)and their management vary across regions,which may influence *** examined for differential patterns of outcome between China and non-China participants of the ENhanced Control of Hypertension And Thrombolysis strokE stuDy(ENCHANTED),which tested different alteplase doses in *** ENCHANTED was an international,multicentre,open,blinded-endpoint trial of the effects of low-dose(0.6 mg/kg)versus standard-dose(0.9 mg/kg)intravenous alteplase on 90-day disability outcomes and symptomatic intracerebral haemorrhage(sICH)in 3310 patients with *** Participants(n=1419,48%)in China were younger,and more often male,hypertensive and with prior stroke and coronary artery disease,but less likely to have atrial fibrillation and use antihypertensive,antithrombotic and lipid-lowering agents,compared with non-China patients with *** China participants had more AIS due to large artery occlusion,were treated later and had differing ancillary management,there was no significant difference in 90-day modified Rankin scale scores 2–6(55.6% vs 47.8%;OR,adjusted for baseline and management factors 0.87(95%CI 0.71 to 1.07;p=0.20))and risk of sICH(Safe Implementation of Thrombolysis in Stroke-Monitoring Study criteria:1.4% vs 1.8%;p=0.12)compared with non-China *** was no heterogeneity in the treatment effects of low-dose versus standard-dose alteplase between China and non-China *** Patients with AIS recruited to the ENCHANTED trial in China had similar outcomes in response to thrombolysis treatment despite significantly differing demographic,clinical and management factors to patients with AIS in other regions.

关键词： hypertensive doses younger

Reverse-Time Migration from Rugged Topography to Image Ground-Penetrating Radar Data in Complex Environments

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Engineering 2018年第5期4卷 661-666页

作者： john H. Bradford Janna Privette David Wilkins richard Ford Department of Geosciences Boise State University Boise ID 83725-1535 USA Department of Geosciences Weber State University Ogden UT 84408-2507 USA

In ground-penetrating radar （GPR） imaging, it is common for the depth of investigation to be on the same order as the variability in surface topography, In such cases, migration fails when it is carried out from a datum after the application of elevation statics, We introduce a reverse-time migration （RTM） algorithm based on the second-order decoupled form of Maxwell＇s equations, which requires computation of only the electric field, The wavefield extrapolation is computed directly from the acquisition surface without the need for datuming, In a synthetic case study, the algorithm significantly improves image accuracy over a processing sequence in which migration is performed after elevation statics, In addition, we acquired a field dataset at the Coral Pink Sand Dunes （CPSD） in Utah, USA, The data were acquired over rugged topography and have the complex internal stratigraphy of multiply eroded, modern, and ancient eolian deposits, The RTM algorithm significantly improves radar depth images in this challenging environment,

关键词： Ground-penetrating radar Reverse-time migration Sand dune Amplitude analysis