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Geomorphic Processes, Rock Quality and Solid Waste Management—Examples from the Mt. Everest Region of Nepal

Journal of Water Resource and Protection 2015年第16期7卷 1921-1308页

作者： Eva Posch Rainer Bell johannes thomas weidinger thomas Glade Department of Geography and Geology University of Salzburg University of Salzburg Salzburg Austria Department of Geography University of Vienna Vienna Austria ERKUDOK Institute K-Hof Museums Gmunden Austria

Sagarmatha National Park and Buffer Zone (SNPBZ) in the Everest region in Nepal is among the most popular destinations for trekking tourism in Nepal. The dramatic growth of the tourism industry has increased pressures on the environment and the National Park is heavily affected by the rapidly growing waste issue. Besides, major mass movements play an important role in the Himalaya and have been observed in SNPBZ. Also, seasonal monsoon floods, debris flows, rock falls, landslides and the creation of glacial lake outburst floods are frequently occurring in the region. This paper explores the reciprocal interactions between the geo-environment and solid waste management in Everest’s SNPBZ. Therefore, geological characteristics and geomorphological processes, especially the two large rockslides in Lukla and Khumjung, as well as their consequences for rock quality, climatic and hydrologic conditions, are analyzed and simultaneously connected to the rapidly growing tourism-induced waste issue. Rockslide material shows high porosity and permeability. Thus, we argue that rockslide facies are particularly vulnerable to contamination by waste water and washed out agricultural fertilizers, which pose threats to the population especially in Namche Bazaar but probably also in Lukla. Also, the landfill sites are often affected by geomorphological processes and may consequently contaminate surface and ground water. Results highlight that regional infrastructure planning of landfill sites often collides with the natural features of the geo-environment and often causes harm to human health and the environment. The implications of the results can be applied to similar areas (such as Marsyandi Valley, Kali Gandaki Valley) with special geological characteristics and rapidly growing waste issues.

关键词： Sagarmatha National Park and Buffer Zone Rock Slide Facies Hydrogeology Landfills Tourism-Impact

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Geomorphologic and Hydrogeologic Characteristics of Populated Rockslide Deposits (Sagarmatha National Park, Khumbu Himal, Nepal)

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Journal of Water Resource and Protection 2015年第13期7卷 1038-1048页

作者： Joachim Gö tz johannes thomas weidinger Stefan Kraxberger Anne-Lise Hennecke johannes Buckel Basanta Raj Adhikari Department of Geography and Geology University of Salzburg Salzburg Austria Erkudok-Institute K-Hof-Museums of Gmunden Gmunden Austria Department of Civil Engineering Tribhuvan University Kathmandu Nepal

Surface morphology and internal composition of large rockslide deposits have been frequently studied, but their hydrogeologic conditions and consequences for (drinking) water quality and quantity on such deposits are largely unknown. In this study we provide first information on this critical relationship for two large rockslide deposits in the Khumbu Himal (Nepal), which are at the same time the main settlement areas in the region. In the first step, we investigated the Lukla and the Namche-Khumjung rockslides with respect to their dimensions and internal composition based on orthophotos and digital elevation models, geomorphologic field mapping, and the analysis of rockslide outcrops. Secondly, we studied their hydrogeologic characteristics by means of spring water mapping, sampling and analyses. As a consequence of the fragmented and highly shattered rockslide material, both deposits are characterized by 1) effective infiltration, 2) short residence times of percolating water and 3) by only small amounts of available spring water and surface runoff at all. Human activity on the studied rockslide deposits can therefore be described as an ambivalent relationship: On the one hand, the rockslide deposits provide a gentle topography and the only available areas for extensive settlements and agriculture in the steep upper DudhKosi catchment;On the other hand, their internal composition accounts for water scarcity—a critical issue for the local population demanding for adaptation strategies, especially in the light of the ever—increasing trekking and expedition tourism in the region.

关键词： Khumbu Himal Geomorphologic and Hydrogeologic Mapping Rockslide Morphology Rockslide Hydrology Water Scarcity

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