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Structural and functional reorganization of propriospinal connections promotes functional recovery after spinal cord injury

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Neural Regeneration Research 2015年第4期10卷 509-513页

作者： Linard Filli martin e.Schwab Laboratory for Sensorimotor Function Department of NeurologyUniversity Hospital Zurich Brain Research Institute University of Zurich and Department of Health Sciences and Technology

Axonal regeneration and ifber regrowth is limited in the adult central nervous system, but re-search over the last decades has revealed a high intrinsic capacity of brain and spinal cord circuits to adapt and reorganize after smaller injuries or denervation. Short-distance ifber growth and synaptic rewiring was found in cortex, brain stem and spinal cord and could be associated with restoration of sensorimotor functions that were impaired by the injury. Such processes of struc-tural plasticity were initially observed in the corticospinal system following spinal cord injury or stroke, but recent studies showed an equally high potential for structural and functional reorganization in reticulospinal, rubrospinal or propriospinal projections. Here we review the lesion-induced plastic changes in the propriospinal pathways, and we argue that they represent a key mechanism triggering sensorimotor recovery upon incomplete spinal cord injury. The for-mation or strengthening of spinal detour pathways bypassing supraspinal commands around the lesion site to the denervated spinal cord were identiifed as prominent neural substrate inducing substantial motor recovery in different species from mice to primates. Indications for the exis-tence of propriospinal bypasses were also found in humans after cortical stroke. It is mandatory for current research to dissect the biological mechanisms underlying spinal circuit remodeling and to investigate how these processes can be stimulated in an optimal way by therapeutic inter-ventions （e.g., ifber-growth enhancing interventions, rehabilitation）. This knowledge will clear the way for the development of novel strategies targeting the remarkable plastic potential of pro-priospinal circuits to maximize functional recovery after spinal cord injury.

关键词： spinal cord injury propriospinal system neural plasticity fiber sprouting neural repair compensation regeneration propriospinal detours

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Mitochondrial dysfunction in Parkinson＇s disease： a possible target for neuroprotection

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Frontiers in Biology 2014年第6期9卷 489-503页

作者： Jacqueline A. GLeAVe Peter D. PeRRI joanne e. NASH Centre for Neurobiology of Stress Department of Biological Sciences University of Toronto Scarborough Toronto Ontario M1C1A4Canada

Mitochondria are dynamic organelles which are required for maintaining cellular homeostasis. Thus, it is not surprising that irregularities in mitochondrial function result in cellular damage and are linked with neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson＇s disease. evidence that mitochondrial dysfunction is key to the pathogenesis of Parkinson＇s disease is founded in studies in post-mortem tissue from patients with Parkinson＇s disease, and also from genetic studies stemming from patients with familial Parkinson＇s disease. Whether triggered by environmental or genetic factors, mitochondrial dysfunction occurs early in the pathogenic process, and is central to Parkinson＇s disease pathology. As such, targeting the mitochondria to slow or halt disease progression is an attractive strategy for disease-modifying agents in Parkinson＇s disease. Indeed, several therapies which target the mitochondria have been investigated as neuroproteetive treatments for Parkinson＇s disease. This review will discuss the evidence supporting mitochondrial dysfunction in Parkinson＇s disease pathology as well as treatment strategies that target the mitochondria.

关键词： Parkinson's disease mitochondria oxidative stress lysosome UPS

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Predator-prey distance and latency to flee from an immobile predator： functional relationship and importance

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Current Zoology 2016年第2期62卷 117-122页

作者： William e. COOPeR JR Jose.martin Department of Biology Indiana University Purdue University Fort Wayne Fort Wayne IN 46805 USA Departamento de ecologia evolutiva Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales CSIC Madrid Spain

When an immobile prey has detected an immobile predator nearby, predation risk is greater when the predator is closer. Consequently, prey flee with shorter latency as standing distance （predator-prey distance when both are still） decreases. Since it was first reported in 2009, this relationship has been confirmed in the few species studied. However, little is known about the functional relationship between standing distance and latency to flee （LF）. We hypothesized that LF increases as standing distance increases at short distances, but reaches a plateau at longer distances where prey can escape reliably if attacked. We simulated immobile predators by moving slowly into positions near striped plateau lizards Sceloporus virgatus, stopping and then remaining immobile, and recording LF from the stopping time. LF increased from shorter to longer standing distances in a decelerating manner. The relationship was concave downward, and LF was indistinguishable among the longer standing distance groups. Latency to flee appears to reach a plateau or approach an asymptotic value as stand- ing distance increases. The effect size of standing distance was large, indicating that S. virgatus sensi- tively adjusts LF to the level of risk associated with standing distance. Relationships between risk assessment and theoretical zones associated with risk, its assessment by prey, and escape decisions are discussed. effect sizes of standing distance were substantial to large in all studies to date, indicating that standing distance is an important predation risk factor when both predator and prey are immobile.

关键词： antipredatory behavior escape behavior latency to flee squamata standing distance.

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Spreading and Wetting Behaviour of Trisiloxanes

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Journal of Bionic engineering 2009年第4期6卷 341-349页

作者： Jovana Radulovic Khellil Sefiane.martin e.R.Shanahan Institute for Materials and Processes School of EngineeringThe University of EdinburghEH9 3JLUK Universite Bordeaux I Laboratoire de Mecanique PhysiqueF-33405 Talence CedexFrance

Wetting and spreading processes which involve surfactant solutions are widely used in numerous industrial and practical applications *** performance of different non-ionic surfactants may vary significantly and so far superspreader solutions show the most promising spreading *** addition of trisiloxane surfactants to water was proven to enhance wetting,even on hydrophobic surfaces,on which conventional surfactants seem to have little or no *** these extraordinary surfactants have been extensively studied over recent years,complete understanding of their underlying mechanisms and a suitable mathematical model are still *** we present a possible explanation for the impressive performance of trisiloxane,which is compared to wetting enhancement of a conventional ***,we will explain why the hydrophobicity of the surface is a crucial factor for the spreading *** will be also shed on the effect of the pH of the solution to which surfactants are ***,we will investigate long-term effects of the water environment on trisiloxane wetting ability and discuss if ageing may significantly affect their performance.

关键词： hydrophobicity superspreading surfactants wetting

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火山来了,蛇颈龙快跑!

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小哥白尼（趣味科学） 2007年第4期 15-18页

作者：昱川 James e.martin

7000万年前的海洋,温暖、清澈、暗藏杀机;7000万年后的南极,一条完整的小蛇颈龙从冰封大地中醒来。听,故事从2亿年前开始。

关键词：蛇颈龙尼莫暗藏杀机身手敏捷鳍脚沧龙低亮度声地讲义气陆路运输

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The pelvic pop:an extremely rare case of internal penile fracture presenting with scrotal hematoma and review of the literature

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Asian Journal of Andrology 2021年第1期23卷 116-117页

作者： Michael e Rezaee.martin S Gross Section of Urology Department of SurgeryDartmouth-Hitchcock Medical CenterOne Medical Center DriveLebanonNH 03756USA

Dear editor,Penile fracture is an infrequent urologic emergency with a nationwide incidence of 1 in 100000 men in the United States.1 Blunt trauma during sexual intercourse(penile-perineal impact)is the primary cause of penile fracture,but a variety of alternative mechanisms of injury have been reported in the literature.2 The vast majority of penile fractures occur in the external corpus cavernosum and manifest with the classic“eggplant deformity.”The location of these fractures makes them amenable to repair through a circumcising,degloving incision.

关键词： fracture nationwide rare

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effects of absolute fasting on reproduction and survival of the invasive apple snail Pomacea canaliculata in its native range

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Current Zoology 2016年第4期62卷 369-375页

作者： Nicolas e. TAMBURI Pablo R. martin INBIOSUR (UNS-CONICeT) Universidad Nacional del Sur Departamento de Biologla Bioquimica y Farmacia San Juan 670 8000 Bahia Blanca Argentina

A South American freshwater gastropod, the apple snail Pomacea canaliculata, has become a driver of ecosystemic changes in wetlands and an important rice pest after its introduction to various parts of the world, mainly Asia. The objective of this study was to study the effect of an abrupt interruption in food availability in the short term （up to 4 weeks） and long term （up to 8 months） on survival and re- productive activity. The main results indicate that short-term fasting mainly affects the survival of males, but only when they are raised together with females, probably due to a greater mate-searching activity that increases mortality in the individuals with lower reserves. The number of copulating snails or egg-laying females shows an abrupt drop when fasting and a rapid recovery after the food supply is restored. The strategy of discontinuing reproductive activity prioritizes energy conservation for the survival of the females. Interpopulation variation in resistance to starvation was observed in adults, which can be explained to some extent by the food availability that they experienced in their natural environment. No interpopulational differences in survival were seen in hatchlings. The mean maximum values of survival under starvation were 52.6 days in hatchlings and the 3.3% of adults survive over than 200 days, which may be a relevant trait in dispersal and establishment in new habitats.

关键词： absolute fasting reproduction invasive apple

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讲故事与授课艺术

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外语教学理论与实践 1995年第3期 23-25,49页

作者： e.martin Pedersen 王树刚上海市理想中学

讲故事是一种原始的授课方法。但如今仍有一些团体在那里运用讲故事这一种授课方式。尽管人们作出过许多努力,譬如运用电视形式来摸拟或更新这种授课方法,但是生动的讲故事的方式永远不会过时。这种简单的讲故事形式永远是授课艺术的基... 详细信息

讲故事是一种原始的授课方法。但如今仍有一些团体在那里运用讲故事这一种授课方式。尽管人们作出过许多努力,譬如运用电视形式来摸拟或更新这种授课方法,但是生动的讲故事的方式永远不会过时。这种简单的讲故事形式永远是授课艺术的基础。学生在听故事中获得了一种强烈的,真实的,人与人之间交流语言的体验。

关键词：讲故事民间故事授课艺术授课方法语言人与人学生授课方式选择词汇

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Stabilization of mixed-halide lead perovskites under light by photothermal effects

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Journal of energy Chemistry 2021年第12期30卷 8-11,I0001页

作者： Juvinch R.Vicente.martin e.Kordesch Jixin Chen Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Ohio UniversityAthensOH 45701United States Nanoscale and Quantum Phenomena Institute Ohio UniversityAthensOH 45701United States Department of Chemistry University of the Philippines VisayasMiagaoIloilo 5023Philippines Department of Physics and Astronomy Ohio UniversityAthensOH 45701United States

Mixed-halide lead perovskites(MHLPs) are semiconductor materials with bandgaps that are tunable across the visible spectrum and have seen promising applications in photovoltaics and ***, their segregation into phases with enriched halide components, under resonant light illumination and/or electric field, have hindered their practical applications. Herein, we demonstrate the stabilization of the MHLP photoluminescence(PL) peak as a function of their excitation *** effect is associated with the phase segregation of MHLPs and their subsequent remixing by photothermal heating. We conclude that the balance between these opposing processes dictates the equilibrium PL peak of the MHLPs. The findings in this work could serve as a potential approach to obtain MHLP with stable emission peaks under operating conditions.

关键词： Perovskites Phase segregation Photothermal Solar cells LeDs

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Characterization of particle deposition during crossflow filtration as influenced by permeate flux and crossflow velocity using a microfluidic filtration system

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Frontiers of Chemical Science and engineering 2021年第3期15卷 552-561页

作者： Hongzhan Di Gregory J.O.martin Dave e.Dunstan Department of Chemical and Biomolecular engineering University of MelbourneParkvilleVictoria 3010Australia

Particle deposition during crossflow filtration is significantly influenced by the operating conditions,in particular the permeate flux and crossflow ***,there is a lack of detailed knowledge about how deposit layer structures and distributions depend on operating *** study uses a microfluidic visualisation filtration system to examine the influence of operating conditions on the deposition process during crossflow ultrafiltration from a microscopic *** the permeate flux caused an increasing amount of deposition and a thicker deposit *** crossflow velocities reduced the extent of *** degree of deposition varied over a range of operating conditions due to the altered hydrodynamic forces exerted on the particles,which can be examined by the deposition probability according to an existing *** on this,an empirical correlation between the deposition probability and volume of deposition as a function of filtration time was developed,which gave good agreement with experimental *** effect of solution conditions was also involved in this correlation as a interaction *** could be useful for predicting the dynamic deposition process during crossflow filtration over a range of operating and solution conditions.

关键词： particle deposition crossflow filtration microfluidics confocal microscopy

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