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Exploring the deep South China Sea: Retrospects and prospects

Science China Earth Sciences 2019年第10期62卷 1473-1488页

作者： Pinxian WANG zhimin jian State Key Laboratory of Marine Geology Tongji University

Rapid developments of deep-sea researches in China over the past 20 years have promoted the South China Sea(SCS) into the international deep-sea frontiers. The 'three deep technologies', namely scientific drilling, long-term seafloor observation and deep submersible vehicles implemented successively in SCS studies helped to achieve a number of scientific breakthroughs. Over the 20 years, five international ocean drilling expeditions to the SCS recovered nearly 10 km of sediment cores from sites at 3–4 km water depths, and drilling into the magmatic basement at 6 sites shed light on the genesis of the SCS basin. Coupled with other deep-sea short core sediments from the SCS, these records demonstrate evidence that water and carbon cycling in the low latitude regions can directly respond to the orbital forcing, and subsequently nurture a new concept of lowlatitude forcing of climate changes, which challenges the classical wisdom of the overwhelming role played by the Arctic icesheet in climate changes. The exploration in the continent-ocean transition zone also reveals a number of specific features that characterize the SCS as a marginal basin formed at the subduction zone in the Western Pacific. The features include active magmatism and rapid rupture of lithosphere through the basin formation process, and imply that 'the SCS is not a mini-Atlantic'as they can be distinguished as 'plate-edge rifting' and 'inner-plate rifting' respectively, thus challenging the universality of the Atlantic model for passive margins. Many more discoveries can be assembled from long-term mooring observations and deep diving cruises in the deep SCS, such as the cyclonic nature of the deep-water circulation, deep-water sediment transport by contour currents and turbidites, manganese nodules, extinct hydrothermal vents, and cold-water coral forests. In addition,prominent progress achieved in microbiology and biogeochemistry includes the microbial carbon pump and the coupling of carbon and ni

关键词： Deep sea Marginal sea Ocean drilling Climate change Seafloor observation South China Sea

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Pulleniatina Minimum Event during the last deglaciation in the southern South China Sea

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Chinese Science Bulletin 2009年第23期54卷 4514-4519页

作者： AN Yang jian zhimin State Key Laboratory of Marine Geology Tongji University Shanghai 200092 China

The planktonic foraminiferal faunal census of core MD 05-2894 (7°2.25′N, 111°33.11′E, water depth 1982 m), retrieved from the southern South China Sea (SCS) during the "Marco Polo" cruise in 2005, was performed to investigate the abundance changes of a subsurface dweller, Pulleniatina obliquiloculata. The results display that the abundance of P. obliquiloculata nearly declines to zero during 16.0―14.9 ka, corresponding to the Heinrich 1 (H1) cold interval. The unexpected decrease of P. obliquiloculata occurs in the adjacent cores, roughly between 17 and 14.8 ka based on the previous studies. Accordingly, the Pulleniatina Minimum Event in the last deglaciation can serve as a good stratigraphical indicator, at least in the southern SCS. To further explore the changes of sea surface temperature (SST) and subsurface seawater temperature (SSST), we made parallel Mg/Ca measurements on surface dweller Globigerinoides ruber and subsurface dweller P. obliquiloculata tests. Since the last deglaciation, the SSTs show a continuous increasing trend towards the late Holocene, while the warming of the subsurface water is punctuated by a 2℃-cooling interval across the deglacial Pulleniatina Minimum Event. Both increased δ18O differences between G. ruber and P. obliquiloculata, and increased temperature differences between surface and subsurface water suggest a shoaling of the mixed layer during the deglacial Pulleniatina Minimum Event. Therefore, we consider that the significant changes in the upper ocean structure are responsible for the Pulleniatina Minimum Event during the last deglaciation in the southern SCS.

关键词：末次冰消期 Sea 南美洲事件中国

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Stratigraphic gaps at northern South China Sea margin reflect changes in Pacific deepwater inflow at glacial Termination Ⅱ

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Science China Earth Sciences 2013年第10期56卷 1748-1758页

作者： Michael SARNTHEIN Henrik SADATZKI jian zhimin Institute for Geosciences University of Kiel State Key Laboratory of Marine Geology Tongji University

To constrain short-term changes of climate and oceanography in the northern South China Sea （SCS） over interglacial marine isotope stage （MIS） 5.5, we studied planktic and benthic δ18O records of seven marine sediment cores with a time resolution of 70-700 yr. Using 6-8 tie points the planktic records were tuned to the U/Th chronology of speleothem δ180 records in China and Europe. The last occurrence of pink Globigerinoides ruber marks the top of Heinrich stadial 11 （HS-11） near 128.4 ka. HS-11 matches a 2300-yr long positive δ180 excursion by 1.5/0.8‰ both in planktic and benthic δ18O records. Hence half of the planktic δ180 signal was linked to increased upwelling of δ18O- and 12C-enriched deep waters in the southwestern SCS. The increase was possibly linked to a strengthened inflow of Pacific deep waters through the Bashi Strait, that form a boundary current along the northern slope of the SCS, building a major sediment drift. At its lower margin near 2300-2400 m water depth （w.d.） Parasound records reveal a belt of modern erosion. At the end of glacial termination 2, stratigraphic gaps deleted HS-11 in core MD05-2904 and subsequent peak MIS 5.5 at ODP Site 1144. Likewise hiatuses probably earmarked all preced- ing glacial terminations at Site 1144 back to 650 ka. Accordingly, boundary current erosion then shifted -300 m upslope to ~2040-2060 m w.d. These vertical shifts imply a rise in boundary current buoyancy, that in turn may be linked to transient events of North Pacific deepwater formation similar to that traced in SCS and North Pacific paleoceanographic records over glacial termination 1.

关键词： stratigraphic hiatus glacial termination oxygen isotope South China Sea Pacific deepwater inflow

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Changing structure of benthic foraminiferal communities due to declining pH:Results from laboratory culture experiments

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Science China Earth Sciences 2019年第7期62卷 1151-1166页

作者： Shuaishuai DONG Yanli LEI Tiegang LI zhimin jian Laboratory of Marine Organism Taxonomy and Phylogeny Institute of OceanologyChinese Academy of SciencesQingdao 266071China Key Laboratory of Marine Sedimentology and Environmental Geology First Institute of OceanographyMNR.Qingdao 266061China State Key Laboratory of Marine Geology Tongji UniversityShanghai 200092China Laboratoiy for Marine Biology and Biotechnology Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology(Qingdao)Qingdao 266061China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China Center for Ocean Mega-Science Chinese Academy of SciencesQingdao 266071China

The ocean absorbs large amounts of CO_2 emitted from human activities, which results in a decrease in seawater p *** calcifying organisms such as foraminifera, are most likely to be affected by this declining pH. In this study, we collected sediments from five stations of different depths(34–73 m) in a continental shelf of the Yellow Sea. The entire benthic foraminiferal communities together with sea sediments were cultured under three constant pHs(8.3, 7.8, and 7.3) for 6 and 12 weeks in the laboratory to study their responses to pH or incubation time. The microcosm's experimental results obtained showed that most of the foraminiferal community parameters(abundance, species richness, Margalef index, and Shannon-Wiener diversity) decreased significantly(p<0.05) with the decline in pH in all the tested stations. The responses of foraminifera to the decline in p H were species-specific, for instance, Protelphidium tuberculatum and Cribroelphidiumfrigidum were highly sensitive to declining pH and were finally eliminated at low pH, while some species(e.g., Lagenammina atlantica, Verneuilinulla advena, V. propinqua, Haplophragmoides applanata, and H. canariensis) could tolerate low pH and acted as pH-tolerant species. In addition, the proportion of hyaline taxa showed a significant(p<0.05) positive correlation with pH, while agglutinated type showed a negative response. Furthermore, different incubation times(6 and 12 weeks) showed significant effects on the nearshore communities other than the offshore treatments, which were, however, entirely declined after 6 weeks' incubation under low p H manipulation. Our results indicated that nearshore foraminiferal communities showed rather a resilience to the declining p H and the offshore foraminifera, especially those in the central area of the Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass were found to be more sensitive to the decline in pH in the continental shelf sediments of the Yellow Sea.

关键词： Benthic foraminifera Community pH Laboratory culture experiment Yellow Sea

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Responses of benthic foraminifera to changes of temperature and salinity:Results from a laboratory culture experiment

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Science China Earth Sciences 2019年第2期62卷 459-472页

作者： Shuaishuai DONG Yanli LEI Tiegang LI zhimin jian Department of Marine Organism Taxonomy & Phylogeny Institute of Oceanology Chinese Academy of Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Ocean Mega-Science Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Marine Sedimentology and Environmental Geology First Institute of Oceanography SOA Laboratory for Marine Geology Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology State Key Laboratory of Marine Geology Tongji University

The effects of temperature and salinity on intertidal foraminiferal community under laboratory conditions are poorly understood. We designed a two-factor crossed experiment in which foraminiferal communities were cultured at different temperatures (6, 12, and 18℃) and salinities (15, 20, 25, and 30 psu) for 10 weeks. In total, 2616 living (stained) specimens were obtained and analyzed. Foraminiferal abundance ranged from 9 to 202 individuals/10 g wet weight of sediment. The highest abundance was obtained at 12℃, 25 psu and the lowest at 6℃, 15 psu. Statistical results demonstrated that temperature affected foraminiferal community more significantly than salinity. Most foraminiferal community parameters (abundance, species richness, Margalef index, and Shannon-Wiener diversity) were significantly positively correlated to temperature, but not to salinity, whereas Pielou's evenness was significantly negatively correlated to both temperature and salinity. The interactive effect of temperature and salinity on foraminiferal abundance was significant. In addition, with increasing temperature, the species composition shifted from hyaline Rotaliida to porcellaneous Miliolida. The abundance of dominant species (e.g., Ammonia aomoriensis, A. beccarii, and Quinqueloculina seminula) showed significant positive correlations to temperature. Our study indicated that the intertidal foraminiferal community responds sensitively and rapidly to the changes of salinity and, especially,temperature by shifting foraminiferal species composition and altering the community parameters.

关键词： Benthic foraminifera Community parameter Temperature Salinity Culture experiment Intertidal zone

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The South China Sea is not a mini-Atlantic: plate-edge rifting vs intra-plate rifting

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National Science Review 2019年第5期6卷 902-913页

作者： Pinxian Wang Chi-Yue Huang jian Lin zhimin jian Zhen Sun Minghui Zhao State Key Laboratory of Marine Geology Tongji University Department of Earth Sciences Cheng Kung University Department of Geology and Geophysics Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Key Laboratory of Ocean and Marginal Sea Geology South China Sea Institute of Oceanology Chinese Academy of Sciences

The South China Sea, as ‘a non-volcanic passive margin basin’ in the Pacific, has often been considered as a small-scale analogue of the *** recent ocean drilling in the northern South China Sea margin found, however, that the Iberian model of non-volcanic rifted margin from the Atlantic does not apply to the South China *** this paper, we review a variety of rifted basins and propose to discriminate two types of rifting basins: plate-edge type such as the South China Sea and intra-plate type like the *** not only differ from each other in structure, formation process, lifespan and geographic size, but also occur at different stages of the Wilson *** intra-plate rifting occurred in the Mesozoic and gave rise to large oceans, whereas the plate-edge rifting took place mainly in the mid-Cenozoic, with three-quarters of the basins concentrated in the Western *** a member of the Western Pacific system of marginal seas, the South China Sea should be studied not in isolation on its origin and evolution, but in a systematic context to include also its neighboring counterparts.

关键词： rifting marginal basin passive margin South China Sea Western Pacific subduction

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Paleoproductivity records for the past 30 ka in the southern Nansha area, the South China Sea

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Chinese Science Bulletin 2000年第13期45卷 1227-1230页

作者： Dianyong Fang zhimin jian Pinxian Wang Tongji Univ Lab Marine Geol Shanghai 200092 Peoples R China

This note presents productivity variations for the past 30 ka in the southern Nansha area, the South China Sea, from the gravity core 17962 (7°11 ′N, 112°5′E, core length: 8 m, water depth: 1 968 m). Estimated surface productivity demonstrates that at the last glacial maximum the productivity was about 1.6 times as much as that in the Holocene, and the change may be ascribed to an increase of terrestrial nutrients as sea level lowered in the glacial time.

关键词： surface productivity organic carbon flux high resolution Nansha area.

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Benthic foraminiferal fauna turnover at 2.1 Ma in the northern South China Sea

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Chinese Science Bulletin 2007年第6期52卷 839-843页

作者： HUANG BaoQi jian zhimin WANG PinXian School of Earth and Space Sciences Peking University Beijing 100871 China Laboratory of Marine Geology Tongji University Shanghai 200092 China

Quantitative analysis of benthic foraminifera from ODP Site 1146 in the northern South China Sea (SCS) shows that abundance of Bulimina alazanensis, sometimes up to about 90%, decreased gradually since 3.2 Ma, especially at 2.1 Ma. Abundance of other benthic foraminiferal species, Globobulimina sub-globosa and Cibicidoides wuellerstorfi, increased after 2.1 Ma. Comparison with changes in oxygen and carbon isotopes of planktonic and benthic foraminifera shows that high abundance values of B. alazanensis corresponded with lower values of oxygen isotope, but for carbon isotope, high values of the species were consistent with heavier carbon isotope of benthic foraminifera and lighter carbon isotope of planktonic foraminifera, respectively, and vice versa. Considering factors such as uplift of Bashi Strait, expansion of the North Hemisphere Glaciation, strengthening of East Asian winter mon-soon and variations in oxygen and carbon isotope of foraminifera, changes of B. alazanensis in ODP Site 1146 suggest that the source of deep water masses of the northern South China Sea changed from the warm Pacific deep water with high oxygen content to Pacific Intermediate water with low oxygen content at 2.1 Ma. In addition, the strengthened East Asian winter monsoon resulted in increased pri-mary productivity, high nutrient and suboxic bottom water. Variations in species of B. alazanensis seemed to be unable to tolerate environmental stress induced by deep water masses and productivity changes.

关键词：南海北部深海海底有孔虫区系晚上新世古海洋学

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Radiation synthesis and characterization of 3-（trimethoxysilyl） propyl methacrylate silanized silica-graft-vinyl imidazole for Hg（Ⅱ） adsorption

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Nuclear Science and Techniques 2013年第B12期24卷 43-47页

作者： SUN jian CHEN zhimin GE Mengyi XU Ling Beijing Key Laboratory for Solid Waste Utilization and Management Department of Energy and Resources Engineering College of Engineering Peking University Beijing 100871 China

Silica-based adsorbent was prepared by radiation induced grafting of vinyl imidazole (VIM) onto the silanized silica, which was silanized by 3-(trimethoxysilyl) propyl methacrylate. The effects of monomer composition and absorbed dose on the grafting yield were investigated to optimize the reaction conditions. The results showed that a VIM concentration of 2.5 mol·dm-3 and an absorbed dose of 50 kGy were the optimal reaction conditions. FT IR and XPS spectra manifested that VIM was successfully grafted onto the silica surface. The SS-g-VIM adsorbent had excellent selectivity for Hg(II) adsorption in mixture divalent cationic metal solution and a maximum adsorption capacity of ca. 78 mg/g to Hg(II) at pH 5. The adsorption isotherm was investigated and the adsorption of Hg(II) fitted well with Langmuir mode. These results suggested that SS-g-VIM adsorbent has potential application for the removal of Hg(II) from wastewater. © 2013, Science Press. All rights reserved.

关键词：甲基丙烯酸酯二氧化硅三甲氧基吸附剂接枝率硅烷化乙烯基除汞

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Early Pleistocene formation of the asymmetric east-west pattern of upper water structure in the equatorial Pacific Ocean

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Chinese Science Bulletin 2011年第21期56卷 2251-2257页

作者： JIN HaiYan jian zhimin CHENG XinRong GUO jianQing State Key Laboratory of Marine Geology Tongji UniversityShanghai 200092China

Surface-and subsurface-dwelling planktonic foraminifera from the upper 43 m of Hole A at the Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Site 807,which was recovered from the western Pacific warm pool during ODP Leg 130,were analyzed for stable oxygen and carbon *** comparing these results with data from ODP Site 851 in the eastern equatorial Pacific,this study has reconstructed the paleoceanographic changes in upper ocean waters in the equatorial Pacific since 2.5 *** the period from 1.6-1.4 Ma,the oxygen isotopes of surface and subsurface waters were found to markedly change in the western and eastern equatorial Pacific,further confirming the final formation of the well-defined asymmetric east-west (E-W) pattern at that *** feature was similar to the zonal temperature gradient (sea surface temperature is higher in the west and lower in the east) and the asymmetric upper water structure (thermocline depth is deeper in the west and shallower in the east) in the modern equatorial *** zonal gradient change of subsurface water δ18O was greater than that of surface water δ18O,indicating that the formation of the asymmetric E-W pattern in the equatorial Pacific should be much more related to the shoaled thermocline and markedly decreased subsurface water temperature in the eastern equatorial ***,since ～1.6 Ma,the carbon isotopic differences between surface and subsurface waters clearly decreased in the equatorial Pacific,and their long-term eccentricity periods changed from 400 ka to ～500 ka,reflecting the reorganization of the ocean carbon *** probably resulted from the deep water reorganization in the Southern Ocean at that time and its enhanced influence on the tropical Pacific (especially subsurface water).Our study demonstrates that the tropical ocean plays an important role in global climate change.

关键词：赤道太平洋非对称早更新世结构模式上层水体碳同位素分析大洋钻探计划

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