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Female and male visually based mate preferences are consistent with reproductive isolation between populations of the Lake Malawi endemic Labeotropheus fuelleborni

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Current Zoology 2010年第1期56卷 65-72页

作者： Michael J.PAUERs Timothy J.EHLINGER jeffrey s.McKINNON Department of Biological sciences The University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Division of Natural and Health sciences Carroll University Department of Biology East Carolina University

sexual selection via female mate choice is thought to have played a key role in the speciation ofhaplochromine cichlids, but a dominant role for visual signals in such processes has lately been called into question. In addition, the possible role of male mating preferences in haplochromine speciation has been little studied. We studied patterns of both female and male mate choice, based exclusively on visual signals, in order to evaluate potential reproductive isolation between two populations of the Lake Malawi haplochromine Labeotropheus fuelleborni. In the first experiment, females were allowed to choose between two males, one from the same population and the other allopatric with respect to the female. Females in this experiment responded more frequently to males from their own population. similarly, the males in these trials displayed more frequently when presented with females of their own population. In the second experiment, a female was allowed to choose between two males, either both from her own population or both allopatric. In these trials, both males and females from the Katale population interacted significantly more frequently in settings in which all three individuals were from the same population （＂same-population trios＂）, and those from the Chipoka population showed a similar trend. Thus, patterns in both male and female courtship behavior suggest that visual signals contribute to at least incipient reproductive isolation between populations of L. fuelleborni [Current Zoology 56 （ 1 ）： 65-72 2010].

关键词： Cichlid Mate choice Reproductive isolation sexual selection speciation

Evaluating the Ryman-Laikre effect for marine stock enhancement and aquaculture

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Current Zoology 2016年第6期62卷 617-627页

作者： Robin s. WAPLEs Kjetil HINDAR sten KARLssON jeffrey J. HARD National Marine Fisheries service Northwest Fisheries Science Center 2725 Montlake Boulevard East Seattle WA 98112 USA Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA) Trondheim 7485 Norway

The Ryman-Laikre （R-L） effect is an increase in inbreeding and a reduction in total effective population size （NET） in a combined captive-wild system, which arises when a few captive parents produce large numbers of offspring. To facilitate evaluation of the R-L effect for scenarios that are relevant to marine stock enhancement and aquaculture, we extended the original R-L formula to explicitly account for several key factors that determine NeT, including the numbers of captive and wild adults, the ratio of captive to wild Ne/N （β）, productivity of captive and wild breeders, and removal of individuals from the wild for captive breeding. We show how to provide quantitative answers to questions such as： What scenarios lead to no loss of effective size？ What is the maximum effective size that can be achieved？ and What scenarios insure that NeTWill be no smaller than a specified value？ Important results include the following：（1） For large marine populations, the value of β becomes increasingly important as the captive contribution increases. Captive propagation will sharply reduce NeT unless the captive contribution is very small or β is very large （～10^3 or higher）. （2） Very large values of β are only possible if wild Ne/N is tiny. Therefore, large wild populations undergoing captive enhancement at even modest levels will suffer major reductions in effective size unless wild Ne is a tiny fraction of the census size （about 10 4 or lower）.

关键词： captive breeding effective population size inbreeding genetic drift.

Building momentum for sustainable behaviors in developing regions using Locally Managed Decentralized Circular Economy principles

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Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering 2019年第7期27卷 1566-1571页

作者： Chandni Joshi jeffrey seay Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering University of Kentucky

Despite the current threat from climate change,plastic collecting in the world's oceans,and the steady loss of biodiversity,the world continually fails to take action with regard to our rapidly changing ***,waiting on governments to act is no longer a viable *** change is needed and the pace of diplomacy is simply too *** governments are reactionary and taking action to solve future problems is not a priority,even as the threat of potential ecological catastrophe draws ever *** is in the hands of individuals,and it is our decisions and behaviors that will influence the future of our planet and our ability to inhabit ***,building momentum for sustainable behavior must begin with *** neoliberal approach to environmental protection posits that individuals are motivated by rational self-interest,and that economic incentives are necessary to achieve environmental ***,recent research suggests that monetary gain alone actually negatively impacts behavior,and often neglects the rural *** a result,models for projects designed to benefit the environment need more than just a monetary incentive,they must incorporate all three pillars of sustainability:environment,economy and *** approach for building momentum for sustainable behavior with regard to municipal solid waste management,particularly in the developing world,is by implementing Locally Managed Decentralized Circular Economy(LMDCE)*** contribution will describe the role behavioral economics plays in the choices made by producers and *** results of a case study on applying LMDCE principles in Uganda to manage waste plastic accumulation by conversion to fuel oil will be presented.

关键词： Pyrolysis Fuel Pollution Appropriate technology Behavioral economics Municipal solid waste

Today’s protected areas:supporting a more sustainable future for humanity

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Integrative Zoology 2020年第6期15卷 603-616页

作者： jeffrey A.MCNEELY society for Conservation Biology Asia section Cha-AmPetchburiThailand

Nature provides significant benefits to people,especially those living in and around protected *** services from protected areas include producing wild food,supporting biodiversity and water cycles,regulating climate,and providing cultural services like better health,tourism,and legacy for future *** economic terms,the flows of ecosystem services provided by protected areas are worth hundreds of billions of dollars each year,well justifying the costs of managing these sites,but protected areas are suffering from environmental problems such as impacts from human population growth,rural poverty,growing demands for natural resources,land use change that degrades ecosystem productivity,invasive non-native species that harm natural ecosystems,and climate change that is affecting all *** these linked challenges will require mobilizing all parts of the economy,including the protected area *** example,protected areas can take a leadership role in rural development,expand the conservation estate to half of the planet through connectivity and improved management of more of the non-agricultural land,enhance the prominent role of protected areas in contributing to climate change mitigation and adaptation,encourage productive research on applying modern technology to protected areas management,seek broader private sector participation in conserving biodiversity and ecosystem services,and include protected areas as relevant parties in relevant trade and other international *** protected area managers embrace this broader role,they will find enthusiastic public support for this contribution to a sustainable human society.

关键词： Aichi target climate change economic benefit ecosystem service landscape conservation protected area

Minimally invasive procedures on the lumbar spine

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World Journal of Clinical Cases 2015年第1期3卷 1-9页

作者： Branko skovrlj jeffrey Gilligan Holt s Cutler sheeraz A Qureshi Department of Neurosurgery Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York NY 10029 United States Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University Bronx NY 10461 United States Department of Orthopaedics Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York NY 10029 United States

Degenerative disease of the lumbar spine is a common and increasingly prevalent condition that is often implicated as the primary reason for chronic low back pain and the leading cause of disability in the western world. surgical management of lumbar degenerative disease has historically been approached by way of open surgical procedures aimed at decompressing and/or stabilizing the lumbar spine. Advances in technology andsurgical instrumentation have led to minimally invasive surgical techniques being developed and increasingly used in the treatment of lumbar degenerative disease. Compared to the traditional open spine surgery, minimally invasive techniques require smaller incisions and decrease approach-related morbidity by avoiding muscle crush injury by self-retaining retractors, preventing the disruption of tendon attachment sites of important muscles at the spinous processes, using known anatomic neurovascular and muscle planes, and minimizing collateral soft-tissue injury by limiting the width of the surgical corridor. The theoretical benefits of minimally invasive surgery over traditional open surgery include reduced blood loss, decreased postoperative pain and narcotics use, shorter hospital length of stay, faster recover and quicker return to work and normal activity. This paper describes the different minimally invasive techniques that are currently available for the treatment of degenerative disease of the lumbar spine.

关键词： Minimally invasive surgery spine surgery Lumbar spine Degenerative disease Interbody fusion Posterolateral fusion Decompression Indirect decompression techniques

Disease modification and Neuroprotection in neurodegenerative disorders

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Translational Neurodegeneration 2017年第1期6卷 232-238页

作者： jeffrey Cummings Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health 888 W Bonneville AveLas VegasNV 89106USA

Background:Disease modifying therapies(DMTs)are urgently needed for neurodegenerative diseases(NDD)such as Alzheimer’s disease(AD)and many other disorders characterized by protein aggregation and *** advances in understanding the neurobiology of NDD,there are no approved ***:Defining disease-modification is critical to drug-development programs.A DMT is an intervention that produces an enduring change in the trajectory of clinical decline of an NDD by impacting the disease processes leading to nerve cell death.A DMT is neuroprotective,and neuroprotection will result in disease *** modification can be demonstrated in clinical trials by a drug-placebo difference in clinical outcomes supported by a drug-placebo difference on biomarkers reflective of the fundamental pathophysiology of the ***,disease modification can be supported by findings on a staggered start or delayed withdrawal clinical trial *** multiple biomarkers is necessary to support a comprehensive view of disease ***:Disease modification is established by demonstrating an enduring change in the clinical trajectory of an NDD based on intervention in the fundamental pathophysiology of the disease leading to nerve cell *** data are collected in clinical *** defining a DMT will assist in NDD drug development programs.

关键词： Alzheimer’s disease Frontotemporal dementia Progressive supranuclear palsy Corticobasal degeneration Amyotropic lateral sclerosis Multiple system atrophy Disease modification Disease modifying therapy

Hot-dip galvanizing of cold-formed steel hollow sections: a state-of-the-art review

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Frontiers of structural and Civil Engineering 2019年第1期13卷 49-65页

作者： Min sUN jeffrey A.PACKER Department of Civil Engineering University of VictoriaVictoriaBritish Columbia V8 W 2Y2Canada Department of Civil Engineering University of TorontoTorontoOntario M5S 1.44Canada

A good understanding of the effects of galvanizing on the short-and long-term behaviours of steel components is essential for structural *** review paper is motivated by a series of recent reports on cracking in galvanized cold-formed tubular steel structures and the limitations of current steel product standards and steel design specifications in this *** steel-related and galvanizing-related factors,different pre-galvanizing countermeasures for brittle cracking and the available technical documents are *** extensive bibliography is provided as a basis for future research and development in this field.

关键词： cold-formed steel hollow structural sections hot-dip galvanizing embrittlement heat-treatment residual stress cracking

Bounding species distribution models

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Current Zoology 2011年第5期57卷 642-647页

作者： Thomas J. sTOHLGREN Catherine s. JARNEVICH Wayne E. EsAIAs jeffrey T. MORIsETTE Fort Collins science Center U.S. Geological Survey 2150 Centre Avenue Fort Collins CO 80526USA Code 614.5. NAsA/Goddard space Flight Center. Greenbelt MD 20771 USA

species distribution models are increasing in popularity for mapping suitable habitat for species of management con- cern. Many investigators now recognize that extrapolations of these models with geographic information systems （GIs） might be sensitive to the environmental bounds of the data used in their development, yet there is no recommended best practice for ＂clamping＂ model extrapolations. We relied on two commonly used modeling approaches： classification and regression tree （CART） and maximum entropy （Maxent） models, and we tested a simple alteration of the model extrapolations, bounding ex- trapolations to the maximum and minimum values of primary environmental predictors, to provide a more realistic map of suit-able habitat of hybridized Africanized honey bees in the southwestern United states. Findings suggest that multiple models of bounding, and the most conservative bounding of species distribution models, like those presented here, should probably replace the unbounded or loosely bounded techniques currently used [Current Zoology 57 （5）： 642-647,2011].

关键词： Niche models Geographic information systems Extrapolation Clamping

Effects of gender-affirming hormone therapy on insulin resistance and body composition in transgender individuals: A systematic review

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World Journal of Diabetes 2020年第3期11卷 66-77页

作者： Cassandra spanos Ingrid Bretherton jeffrey D Zajac Ada s Cheung Trans Medical Research Group Department of Medicine (Austin Health) University of Melbourne

BACKGROUND Transgender individuals receiving masculinising or feminising gender-affirming hormone therapy with testosterone or estradiol respectively,are at increased risk of adverse cardiovascular outcomes,including myocardial infarction and *** may be related to the effects of testosterone or estradiol therapy on body composition,fat distribution,and insulin resistance but the effect of genderaffirming hormone therapy on these cardiovascular risk factors has not been extensively *** To evaluate the impact of gender-affirming hormone therapy on body composition and insulin resistance in transgender individuals,to guide clinicians in minimising cardiovascular *** We performed a review of the literature based on PRIsMA ***,Embase and PsycINFO databases were searched for studies examining body composition,insulin resistance or body fat distribution in transgender individuals aged over 18 years on established gender-affirming hormone *** were selected for full-text analysis if they investigated transgender individuals on any type of gender-affirming hormone therapy and reported effects on lean mass,fat mass or insulin *** The search strategy identified 221 *** exclusion of studies that did not meet inclusion criteria,26 were included(2 cross-sectional,21 prospectiveuncontrolled and 3 prospective-controlled).Evidence in transgender men suggests that testosterone therapy increases lean mass,decreases fat mass and has no impact on insulin *** in transgender women suggests that feminising hormone therapy(estradiol,with or without anti-androgen agents)decreases lean mass,increases fat mass,and may worsen insulin *** to body composition were consistent across almost all studies:Transgender men on testosterone gained lean mass and lost fat mass,and transgender women on oestrogen experienced the *** study directly contradicted these trends,though several small st

关键词： Transgender persons Insulin resistance Body composition Gender dysphoria Metabolic syndrome