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Epidemiology of insertional and midportion Achilles tendinopathy in runners:A prospective cohort study

Journal of Sport and Health Science 2024年第2期13卷 256-263页

作者： Wenbo Chen Kyra l.A.Cloosterman Sita M.A.Bierma-Zeinstra Marienke van Middelkoop Robert-jan de Vos Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Sports Medicine Erasmus MC University Medical CenterRotterdam 3015GDthe Netherlands Department of General Practice Erasmus MC University Medical CenterRotterdam 3015GDthe Netherlands Department of Sports Medicine Huashan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghai 200040China

Background:Achilles tendinopathy(AT)is a common problem among *** is only limited evidence for risk factors for AT,and most studies have not defined the AT *** study has compared the incidence and risk factors between insertional AT and midportion AT,though they are considered *** study aimed to assess incidence and risk factors of AT based on data from a large prospective *** secondary aim was to explore differences in risk factors between insertional and midportion ***:Participants were recruited from among registered runners at registration for running *** were completed at baseline,1 month before the event,1 week before the event,and 1 month after the *** concerning demographics,training load,registered events,and running-related injuries were collected at *** follow-up questionnaires collected information about new injuries.A pain map was used to diagnose midportion and insertional *** primary outcome was the incidence of *** logistic regression analysis was applied to identify risk factors for the ***:We included 3379 participants with a mean follow-up of 20.4 *** incidence of AT was 4.2%.The proportion of insertional AT was 27.7%and of midportion AT was 63.8%;the remaining proportion was a combined type of insertional and midportion *** had a significantly higher incidence(5%,95%confidence interval(95%CI):4.1%-6.0%)than women(2.8%,95%CI:2.0%-3.8%).AT in the past12 months was the most predominant risk factor for new-onset AT(odds ratio(OR)=6.47,95%CI:4.27-9.81).This was similar for both subcategories of AT(insertional:OR=5.45,95%CI:2.51-11.81;midportion:OR=6.96,95%CI:4.24-11.40).Participants registering for an event with a distance of 10/10.55 km were less likely to develop a new-onset AT(OR=0.59,95%CI:0.36-0.97)or midportion AT(OR=0.47,95%CI:0.23-0.93).Higher age had a significant negative association with insertional AT(OR=0.97,95%CI:0.9

关键词： Achilles tendon injury Incidence Risk factor Running-related injury

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Reliability Investigation of BiCGStab and IDR Solvers for the Advection-Diffusion-Reaction Equation

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Communications in Computational Physics 2022年第6期32卷 156-188页

作者： Chris Schoutrop jan ten Thije Boonkkamp jan van Dijk Department of Applied Physics Eindhoven University of TechnologyThe Netherlands Department of Mathematics and Computer Science Eindhoven University of TechnologyThe Netherlands

The reliability of BiCGStab and IDR solvers for the exponential scheme discretization of the advection-diffusion-reaction equation is *** resulting discretization matrices have real *** consider BiCGStab,IDR(S),BiCGStab(l)and various modifications of BiCGStab,where S denotes the dimension of the shadow space and l the degree of the polynomial used in the polynomial *** implementations of BiCGStab exist which are equivalent in exact arithmetic,however,not in finite precision *** modifications of BiCGStab we consider are;choosing a random shadow vector,a reliable updating scheme,and storing the best intermediate *** is shown that the local Minimal Residual algorithm,a method similar to the“minimize residual”step of BiCGStab,can be interpreted in terms of a time-dependent advection-diffusion-reaction equation with homogeneous Dirichlet boundary conditions for the residual,which plays a key role in the convergence *** to the real eigenvalues,the benefit of BiCGStab(l)compared to BiCGStab is shown to be modest in numerical ***-sparse(*** random)shadow residual turns out to be essential for the reliability of *** reliable updating scheme ensures the required tolerance is truly *** the best intermediate solution has no significant *** is to modify BiCGStab with a random shadow residual and the reliable updating scheme,especially in the regime of large P´eclet and small Damk¨ohler *** alternative option is IDR(S),which outperforms BiCGStab for problems with strong advection in terms of the number of matrix-vector *** MATlAB code used in the numerical experiments is available on Gitlab:https://***/ChrisSchoutrop/krylov-adr,a C++implementation of IDR(S)is available in the Eigen linear algebra library:http://***.

关键词： BiCGStab IDR shadow residual advection-diffusion-reaction equation

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Impact of black cherry on pedunculate oak vitality in mixed forests:Balancing benefits and concerns

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Forest Ecosystems 2023年第6期10卷 690-699页

作者： Ellen Desie Bart Muys jan den Ouden Bart Nyssen Rita Sousa-Silva leon van den Berg Arnold van den Burg Gert-jan van Duinen Koenraad van Meerbeek Maaike Weijters Karen vancampenhout Division Forest Nature and LandscapeKU Leuven Campus GeelKleinhoefstraat 4B-2240 GeelBelgium Division Forest Nature and LandscapeKU LeuvenCelestijnenlaan 200EBox 2411B-3001 LeuvenBelgium KU leuven Plant Institute B-3001 LeuvenBelgium Forest Ecology and Management Group Wageningen UniversityP.O.Box 47Wageningenthe Netherlands Bosgroep Zuid-Nederland Huisvenseweg 145591 VD Heezethe Netherlands Young Academy for Sustainability Research University of Freiburg79104 Freiburg im BreisgauGermany Aquatic Ecology&Environmental Biology Radboud University NijmegenHeyendaalseweg 1356525 AJ Nijmegenthe Netherlands Biosphere/Zoological Museum Netherlands Onderlangs 176731 BK Otterlothe Netherlands Stichting Bargerveen Toernooiveld 16525 ED Nijmegenthe Netherlands B-WARE Research Centre/Radboud University Nijmegen Toernooiveld 16525 ED Nijmegenthe Netherlands

The vitality of European forests continues to decline due to new pests and diseases,climate-change related disturbances and high loads of atmospheric nitrogen *** soil health is a major factor underpinning the low vitality of West-European *** tree species with soil ameliorative traits is proposed as an avenue to counteract soil acidification and improve overall forest *** we evaluate the impact of black cherry(Prunus serotina Ehrh.),a known rich litter species,on the vitality of neighboring pedunculate oak(Quercus robur l.)in ten mixed forests on sand in Germany,Belgium and the *** found that black cherry admixture increases foliar N and P to a surplus whereas it causes deficiencies in foliar Mg,thereby resulting in an overall negative effect on oak foliar nutrient ***,defoliation of oak leaves by herbivory decreases with the proximity of black *** structural equation modelling(SEM),we tested the hypothesized‘improved soil health’*** analyses showed that black cherry admixture leads to lower accumulation in the humus layer,resulting in higher soil base saturation which has a positive effect on foliar Ca yet a negative effect on total ***,the SEM illustrated that herbivory of oak leaves decreases when black cherry is admixed,both via dilution and improved soil *** effects of black cherry on oak vitality via“improved soil health”in our SEM are however small in comparison to direct ***,our study showed that the combined positive and negative impacts of black cherry on oak vitality are limited,which tempers the potential benefits of using the rich litter species to counteract oak decline via improved soil health–yet,the concern of black cherry as an invasive alien species negatively affecting the vitality of mature pedunculate oak trees may also be exaggerated.

关键词： Rich litter species Black cherry Nutrient cycling Insect herbivory Dilution effect Humus type Pedunculate oak Plant-soil interaction

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Intra-arterial thrombolytics during endovascular thrombectomy for acute ischaemic stroke in the MR ClEAN Registry

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Stroke & Vascular Neurology 2023年第1期8卷 17-25页

作者： Sabine l Collette Reinoud P H Bokkers Aryan Mazuri Geert J lycklamaàNijeholt Robert J van Oostenbrugge Natalie E leCouffe Faysal Benali Charles B l M Majoie jan Cees de Groot Gert jan R luijckx Maarten Uyttenboogaart 无 Department of Radiology Medical Imaging CentreUniversity Medical Centre GroningenUniversity of GroningenGroningenthe Netherlands Department of Radiology Haaglanden Medical CentreThe Haguethe Netherlands Department of Neurology Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht(CARIM)Maastricht University Medical CentreMaastrichtthe Netherlands Department of Neurology Amsterdam UMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdam NeuroscienceAmsterdamthe Netherlands Department of Radiology Maastricht University Medical CentreMaastrichtthe Netherlands Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Amsterdam UMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdam NeuroscienceAmsterdamthe Netherlands Department of Neurology University Medical Centre GroningenUniversity of GroningenGroningenthe Netherlands On behalf of the MR ClEAN Registry investigators

Introduction The efficacy and safety of local intra-arterial(IA)thrombolytics during endovascular thrombectomy(EVT)for large-vessel occlusions is *** analysed how often IA thrombolytics were administered in the Multicenter Randomized Clinical Trial of Endovascular Treatment for Acute Ischemic Stroke in the Netherlands(MR ClEAN)Registry,whether it was associated with improved functional outcome and assessed technical and safety outcomes compared with EVT without IA *** In this observational study,we included patients undergoing EVT for an acute ischaemic stroke in the anterior circulation from the MR ClEAN Registry(March 2014-November 2017).The primary endpoint was favourable functional outcome,defined as an modified Rankin Scale score≤2 at 90 *** endpoints were reperfusion status,early neurological recovery and symptomatic intracranial haemorrhage(sICH).Subgroup analyses for IA thrombolytics as primary versus adjuvant revascularisation attempt were *** Of the 2263 included patients,95(4.2%)received IA thrombolytics during *** IA thrombolytics administered were urokinase(median dose,250000 IU(IQR,193750-250000))or alteplase(median dose,20 mg(IQR,12-20)).No association was found between IA thrombolytics and favourable functional outcome(adjusted OR(aOR),1.16;95%CI 0.71 to 1.90).Successful reperfusion was less often observed in those patients treated with IA thrombolytics(aOR,0.57;95%CI 0.36 to 0.90).The odds of sICH(aOR,0.82;95%CI 0.32 to 2.10)and early neurological recovery were comparable between patients treated with and without IA *** primary and adjuvant revascularisation attempts,IA thrombolytics were more often administered for proximal than for distal *** outcomes were comparable for patients receiving IA thrombolytics as a primary versus adjuvant revascularisation *** local IA thrombolytics were rarely used in the MR ClEAN *** the relatively small st

关键词： arterial throm acute

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Management of extracranial carotid artery stenosis during endovascular treatment for acute ischaemic stroke:results from the MR ClEAN Registry

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Stroke & Vascular Neurology 2023年第3期8卷 229-237,I0074-I0085页

作者： Sabine l Collette Michael P Rodgers Marianne A A van Walderveen Kars C J Compagne Paul J Nederkoorn Jeannette Hofmeijer Jasper M Martens Gert J de Borst Gert jan R luijckx Charles B l M Majoie Aad van der lugt Reinoud P H Bokkers Maarten Uyttenboogaart University Medical Centre Groningen University of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands leiden University Medical Centre LeidenThe Netherlands Erasmus MC University Medical CentreRotterdamThe Netherlands Amsterdam University Medical Centres University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands Rijnstate Hospital ArnhemThe Netherlands University Medical Centre Utrecht University of UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands

Background The optimal management of ipsilateral extracranial internal carotid artery(ICA)stenosis during endovascular treatment(EVT)is *** compared the outcomes of two different strategies:EVT with vs without carotid artery stenting(CAS).Methods In this observational study,we included patients who had an acute ischaemic stroke undergoing EVT and a concomitant ipsilateral extracranial ICA stenosis of≥50%or occlusion of presumed atherosclerotic origin,from the Dutch Multicenter Randomized Clinical Trial of Endovascular Treatment for Acute Ischemic Stroke in the Netherlands(MR ClEAN)Registry(2014-2017).The primary endpoint was a good functional outcome at 90 days,defined as a modified Rankin Scale score≤*** endpoints were successful intracranial reperfusion,new clot in a different vascular territory,symptomatic intracranial haemorrhage,recurrent ischaemic stroke and any serious adverse *** Of the 433 included patients,169(39%)underwent EVT with *** 123/168(73%)patients,CAS was performed before intracranial *** 42/224(19%)patients who underwent EVT without CAS,a deferred carotid endarterectomy or CAS was *** with and without CAS were associated with similar proportions of good functional outcome(47%vs 42%,respectively;adjusted OR(aOR),0.90;95%CI,0.50 to 1.62).There were no major differences between the groups in any of the secondary endpoints,except for the increased odds of a new clot in a different vascular territory in the EVT with CAS group(aOR,2.96;95%CI,1.07 to 8.21).Conclusions Functional outcomes were comparable after EVT with and without *** during EVT might be a feasible option to treat the extracranial ICA stenosis but randomised studies are warranted to prove non-inferiority or superiority.

关键词： stenosis carotid treatment

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Therapeutic anticoagulation for splanchnic vein thrombosis in acute pancreatitis: A national survey and case-vignette study

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2023年第21期29卷 3328-3340页

作者： Noor J Sissingh Jesse V Groen Hester C Timmerhuis Marc G Besselink Bas Boekestijn Thomas l Bollen Bert A Bonsing Frederikus A Klok Hjalmar C van Santvoort Robert C Verdonk Casper H J van Eijck Jeanin E van Hooft jan Sven D Mieog Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Leiden University Medical CentreLeiden 2333 ZANetherlands Department of Research and Development St.Antonius HospitalNieuwegein 3420 EMNetherlands Department of Surgery Leiden University Medical CentreLeiden 2333 ZANetherlands Department of Surgery St.Antonius HospitalNieuwegein 3420 EMNetherlands Department of Surgery Amsterdam UMCLocation University of AmsterdamAmsterdam 1081 HZNetherlands Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism Amsterdam 1105 AZNetherlands Department of Radiology Leiden University Medical CentreLeiden 2333 ZANetherlands Department of Radiology St.Antonius HospitalNieuwegein 3420 EMNetherlands Department of Medicine-Thrombosis and Hemostasis Leiden University Medical CentreLeiden 2333 ZANetherlands Department of Surgery University Medical Centre UtrechtUtrechtUtrecht 3584 CXNetherlands Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology St.Antonius HospitalNieuwegein 3420 EMNetherlands Department of Surgery Erasmus Medical CentreRotterdam 3015 GDNetherlands

BACKGROUND Splanchnic vein thrombosis(SVT)is a major complication of moderate and severe acute *** is no consensus on whether therapeutic anticoagulation should be started in patients with acute pancreatitis and *** To gain insight into current opinions and clinical decision making of pancreatologists regarding SVT in acute *** A total of 139 pancreatologists of the Dutch Pancreatitis Study Group and Dutch Pancreatic Cancer Group were approached to complete an online survey and case vignette *** threshold to assume group agreement was set at 75%.RESUlTS The response rate was 67%(n=93).Seventy-one pancreatologists(77%)regularly prescribed therapeutic anticoagulation in case of SVT,and 12 pancreatologists(13%)for narrowing of splanchnic vein *** most common reason to treat SVT was to avoid complications(87%).Acute thrombosis was the most important factor to prescribe therapeutic anticoagulation(90%).Portal vein thrombosis was chosen as the most preferred location to initiate therapeutic anticoagulation(76%)and splenic vein thrombosis as the least preferred location(86%).The preferred initial agent was low molecular weight heparin(lMWH;87%).In the case vignettes,therapeutic anticoagulation was prescribed for acute portal vein thrombosis,with or without suspected infected necrosis(82%and 90%),and thrombus progression(88%).Agreement was lacking regarding the selection and duration of long-term anticoagulation,the indication for thrombophilia testing and upper endoscopy,and about whether risk of bleeding is a major barrier for therapeutic *** In this national survey,the pancreatologists seemed to agree on the use of therapeutic anticoagulation,using lMWH in the acute phase,for acute portal thrombosis and in the case of thrombus progression,irrespective of the presence of infected necrosis.

关键词： Acute pancreatitis Splanchnic vein thrombosis Therapeutic anticoagulation Bleeding Recanalization Outcomes

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Fluid-rock interaction in retrograde granulites of the Southern Marginal Zone,limpopo high grade terrain,South Africa

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Geoscience Frontiers 2014年第5期5卷 673-682页

作者： jan Marten Huizenga Dirk van Reenen Jacques l.R.Touret Unit of Environmental Sciences and Management North-West UniversityPrivate Bag X60012520South Africa Economic Geology Research Institute(EGRU) School of Earth and Environmental SciencesJames Cook UniversityTownsvilleQLD 4811Australia Department of Geology University of JohannesburgJohannesburgSouth Africa Institut de Mineralogie.de Physique des Materiaux et de Cosmochimie(IMPMC) Sorbonne Universites UPMC Univ Paris 06UMR CNRS 7590 Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle.IRD UMR 206.4 Place Jussieu.F-75005

Fluid infiltration into retrograde granulites of the Southern Marginal Zone （limpopo high grade terrain） is exemplified by hydration reactions, shear zone hosted metasomatism, and lode gold mineralisation. Hydration reactions include the breakdown of cordierite and orthopyroxene to gedrite ＋ kyanite, and anthophyllite, respectively. Metamorphic petrology, fluid inclusions, and field data indicate that a low H2O-activity carbon-saturated CO2-rich and a saline aqueous fluid infiltrated the Southern Marginal Zone during exhumation. The formation of anthophyllite after orthopyroxene established a regional retrograde anthophyllite-in isograd and occurred at P-Tconditions of -6 kbar and 610 ℃, which fixes the minimum mole fraction of H20 in the CO2-rich fluid phase at ~ 0.1. The maximum H20 mole fraction is fixed by the lower temperature limit （~800 ℃） for partial melting at -0.3. C-O-H fluid calculations show that the CO2-rich fluid had an oxygen fugacity that was 0.6 log10 units higher than that of the fayalite-magnetite- quartz buffer and that the CO2/（CO2＋CH4） mole ratio of this fluid was 1. The presence of dominantly relatively low density CO2-rich fluid inclusions in the hydrated granulites indicates that the fluid pressure was less than the lithostatic pressure. This can be explained by strike slip faulting and/or an increase of the rock permeability caused by hydration reactions.

关键词： GranuliteFluidlimpopoRetrogradeSouthern Marginal Zone

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Room-temperature vertical ferroelectricity in rhenium diselenide induced by interlayer sliding

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Frontiers of physics 2023年第5期18卷 143-151页

作者： Fang li Jun Fu Mingzhu Xue You li Hualing Zeng Erjun kan Ting Hu Yi Wan MIIT Key laboratory of Semiconductor Microstructure and Quantum Sensing and Department of Applied PhysicsNanjing University of Science and TechnologyNanjing 210094China International Center for Quantum Design of Functional Materials(ICQD) Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscaleand Department of PhysicsUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei 230026China State Key laboratory for Artificial Microstructure&Mesoscopic Physics School of PhysicsPeking UniversityBeijing 100871China

One variety of ferroelectricity that results from lateral relative movements between the adjacent atomic layers is referred to as sliding ferroelectricity,which generates an interfacial charge transfer and hence a polarization *** mechanism of sliding ferroelectricity existent in van der Waals crystals is quite distinct from the conventional ferroelectric switching mechanisms mediated by ion *** creates new possibilities for the design of two-dimensional(2D)ferroelectrics since it can be achieved even in non-polar *** 2D ferroelectrics can be widely employed for practical implementations,however,there is still significant work to be done on several fronts,such as exploring ferroelectricity possibly in more potential 2D ***,we report the experimental observation of room-temperature robust vertical ferroelectricity in layered semiconducting rhenium diselenide(ReSe_(2)),a representative member of the transition metal dichalcogenides material family,based on a combined research of nanoscale piezoresponse and second harmonic generation *** no such ferroelectric behavior was seen in 1l ReSe_(2),2l ReSe_(2)exhibits vertical ferroelectricity at ambient *** on density-functional theory calculations,we deduce that the microscopic origin of ferroelectricity for ReSe_(2)is uncompensated vertical charge transfer that is dependent on in-plane translation and switchable upon interlayer *** findings have important ramifications for the ongoing development of sliding ferroelectricity since the semiconducting properties and low switching barrier of ReSe2 open up the fascinating potential for functional nanoelectronics applications.

关键词： rhenium diselenide transition metal dichalcogenides vertical ferroelectricity sliding ferroelectricity

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Feeling Good and Functioning Well in Mathematics Education: Exploring Students' Conceptions of Mathematical Well-Being and Values

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ECNU Review of Education 2021年第2期4卷 349-375页

作者： Julia l.Hill Margaret l.Kern 佘伟忠 jan van Driel Melbourne Graduate School of Education The University of Melbourne

Purpose:The high incidenee of mathematics anxiety and disengagement in mathematics points to poor student well-being in many mathematics *** well-being may arise in part from poor alignment between student values and classroom ***,what student well-being is and how to support it within specific subjects is poorly understood,and intersection between students'values and well-being in mathematics education is *** article proposes a seven-dimensional framework of student well-being in mathematics education and examines alignment between well-being and ***/Approach/Methods:One hun dred n inetee n eighth-grade Australia n students responded to three opervended questions investigating their conceptions of mathematical wellbeing(MWB)and what they valued most when learning or doing *** were analyzed using a combined deductive/inductive thematic ***:Findings supported the MWB framework and con firmed an alig nment betwee n stude nts'values and well-being in mathematics ***/Value:Our study provides a framework for conceptualizing student well-being in mathematics education,points to areas that aim to improve student well-being,and highlights congruences and discordances between well-being and values.

关键词： Mathematical values mathematical well-being mathematics education student voice theoretical model valuing

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Distribution,Etiology,Molecular Genetics and Management Perspectives of Northern Corn leaf Blight of Maize(Zea mays l.)

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Phyton-International Journal of Experimental Botany 2022年第10期91卷 2111-2133页

作者： M.Ashraf Ahangar Shabir Hussain Wani Zahoor A.Dar jan Roohi Fayaz Mohiddin Monika Bansal Mukesh Choudhary Sumit K.Aggarwal S.A.Waza Khursheed Ahmad Dar Ayman El Sabagh Celaleddin Barutcular Omer Konuşkan Mohammad Anwar Hossain Mountain Research Centre for Field Crops Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of KashmirJammu&Kashmir192124India Dry land Agriculture Research Station Rangreth Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of KashmirJammu&Kashmir191132India School of Agricultural Biotechnology Punjab Agricultural UniversityLudhiana141001India Indian Institute of Maize Research PAU CampusLudhiana141001India College of Temperate Sericulture Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of KashmirJammu&Kashmir191132India Department of Agronomy Faculty of AgricultureKafrelsheikh UniversityKafr El-Sheikh33516Egypt Department of Field Crops Faculty of AgricultureSiirt UniversitySiirt56100Turkey Department of Field Crops Faculty of AgricultureUniversity ofÇukurovaAdana01330Turkey Department of Field Crops Faculty of AgricultureHatay Mustafa Kemal UniversityHatay31060Turkey Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding Bangladesh Agricultural UniversityMymensingh2202Bangladesh

Maize is cultivated extensively throughout the world and has the highest production among ***,Northern corn leaf blight(NClB)disease caused by Exherohilum turcicum,is the most devastating limiting factor of maize *** disease causes immense losses to corn yield if it develops prior or during the tasseling and silking stages of crop *** has a worldwide distribution and its development is favoured by cool to moderate temperatures with high relative *** prevalence of the disease has increased in recent years and new races of the pathogen have been reported *** fungus *** is highly variable in *** different management strategies have proved effective to reduce economic losses from NClB,the development of varieties with resistance to *** is the most efficient and inexpensive way for disease manage*** resistance for NClB governed by Ht genes is a race-specific resistance which leads to a higher level of ***,some Ht genes can easily become ineffective under the high pressure of virulent strains of the ***,it is imperative to understand and examine the consistency of the genomic locations of quantitative trait loci for resistance to NClB in diverse maize *** breeding approaches for pyramiding resistant genes against *** in maize can impart NClB resistance under high disease pressure ***,the genome editing approaches like CRISPR-cas9 and RNAi can also prove vital for developing NClB resistant maize *** such this review delivers emphasis on the importance and current status of the disease,racial spectrum of the pathogen,genetic nature and breeding approaches for resistance and management strategies of the disease in a sustainable manner.

关键词： Northern corn leaf blight etiology Exherohilum turcicum pathogenic variability disease resistance management strategies

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