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Improving estimates of waning immunity rates in stochastic SIRS models with a hierarchical framework

Infectious Disease modelling 2023年第4期8卷 1127-1137页

作者： Punya Alahakoon james m.mcCaw Peter GTaylor School of mathematics and Statistics The University of MelbourneMelbourneAustralia Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics Melbourne School of Population and Global HealthThe University of MelbourneMelbourneAustralia School of Population Health University of New South WalesSydneyAustralia Kirby Institute University of New South WalesSydneyAustralia

As most disease causing pathogens require transmission from an infectious individual to a susceptible individual,continued persistence of the pathogen within the population requires the replenishment of susceptibles through births,immigration,or waning *** the introduction of an unknown infectious disease into a fully susceptible population where it is not known how long immunity is conferred once an individual recovers from ***,initially,the prevalence of disease increases(that is,the infection takes off),the number of infectives will usually decrease to a low level after the first major *** this post-outbreak period,the disease dynamics may be influenced by stochastic effects and there is a non-zero probability that the epidemic will die *** out in this period following the first major outbreak is known as an epidemic *** the disease does not die out,the susceptible population may be replenished by the waning of immunity,and a second wave may *** this study,we investigate if the rate of waning immunity(and other epidemiological parameters)can be reliably estimated from multiple outbreak data,in which some outbreaks display epidemic fade-out and others do *** generated synthetic outbreak data from independent simulations of stochastic SIRS models in multiple *** outbreaks faded-out and some did *** conducted Bayesian parameter estimation under two alternative approaches:independently on each outbreak and under a hierarchical *** conducting independent estimation,the waning immunity rate was poorly estimated and biased towards zero when an epidemic fade-out was ***,under a hierarchical approach,we obtained more accurate and precise posterior estimates for the rate of waning immunity and other epidemiological *** greatest improvement in estimates was obtained for those communities in which epidemic fade-out was observed.

关键词： estimates stochastic estimation

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Acute worsening of microvascular complications of diabetes mellitus during rapid glycemic control:The pathobiology and therapeutic implications

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World Journal of Diabetes 2024年第3期15卷 311-317页

作者： Dania Blaibel Cornelius james Fernandez Joseph m Pappachan Department of Endocrinology and metabolism Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS TrustPreston PR29HTUnited Kingdom Department of Endocrinology and metabolism Pilgrim HospitalUnited Lincolnshire Hospitals NHS TrustBoston PE219QSUnited Kingdom Faculty of Science Manchester Metropolitan UniversityManchester M156BHUnited Kingdom Faculty of Biology Medicine and HealthThe University of ManchesterManchester M139PLUnited Kingdom

While chronic hyperglycaemia resulting from poorly controlled diabetes mellitus(Dm)is a well-known precursor to complications such as diabetic retinopathy,neuropathy(including autonomic neuropathy),and nephropathy,a paradoxical intensification of these complications can rarely occur with aggressive glycemic management resulting in a rapid reduction of glycated ***,acute onset or worsening of retinopathy and treatment induced neuropathy of diabetes are more common among these complications,rarely other problems such as albuminuria,diabetic kidney disease,Charcot’s neuroarthropathy,gastroparesis,and urinary bladder dysfunction are also *** World Journal of Diabetes recently published a rare case of all these complications,occurring in a young type 1 diabetic female intensely managed during pregnancy,as a case report by Huret et *** is essential to have a comprehensive understanding of the pathobiology,prevalence,predisposing factors,and management strategies for acute onset,or worsening of microvascular complications when rapid glycemic control is achieved,which serves to alleviate patient morbidity,enhance disease management compliance,and possibly to avoid medico-legal issues around this rare clinical *** editorial delves into the dynamics surrounding the acute exacerbation of microvascular complications in poorly controlled Dm during rapid glycaemic control.

关键词： Diabetes mellitus microvascular complications Diabetic retinopathy Treatment induced neuropathy of diabetes Diabetic nephropathy Charcot’s neuropathy

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Combustion analysis of a hydrogen-diesel fuel operated DI diesel engine with exhaust gas recirculation

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Frontiers in Energy 2017年第4期11卷 568-574页

作者： m. LOGANATHAN A. VELmURUGAN TOm PAGE E. james GUNASEKARAN P. TAmILARASAN Department of mechanical Engineering Annamalai University Anna- malainagar 608002 India Product Design and manufacturing Loughborough University Lough- borough LE11 3TU United Kingdom

The rapid depletion of fossil fuel and growing demand necessitates researchers to find alternative fuels which are clean and sustainable. The need for finding renewable, low cost and environmentally friendly fuel resources can never be understated. An efficient method of generation and storage of hydrogen will enable automotive manufacturers to introduce hydrogen fuelled engine in the market. In this paper, a conventional DI diesel engine was modified to operate as gas engine. The intake manifold of the engine was supplied with hydrogen along with recirculated exhaust gas and air. The injection rates of hydrogen were maintained at three levels with 2 L/min, 4 L/min, 6 L/min and 8 L/min and 10 L/min with an injection pressure of 2 bar. many of the combustion parameters like heat release rate （HRR）, ignition delay, combustion duration, rate of pressure rise （ROPR）, cumulative heat release rate （CHR）, and cyclic pressure fluctuations were measured. The HRR peak pressure decreased with the increase in EGR rate, while combustion duration increased with the EGR rate. The cyclic pressure variation also increased with the increase in EGR rate.

关键词： hydrogen exhaust gas recirculation (EGR),diesel combustion heat release rate (HRR) combustionduration

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Diabetic cardiomyopathy:Emerging therapeutic options

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World Journal of Diabetes 2024年第8期15卷 1677-1682页

作者： Cornelius james Fernandez Sahana Shetty Joseph m Pappachan Department of Endocrinology&metabolism Pilgrim HospitalUnited Lincolnshire Hospitals NHS TrustBoston PE219QSUnited Kingdom Department of Endocrinology Kasturba Medical CollegeManipal Academy of Higher EducationManipal 576104KarnatakaIndia Department of Endocrinology and metabolism Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS TrustPreston PR29HTUnited Kingdom Faculty of Science Manchester Metropolitan UniversityManchester M156BHUnited Kingdom Faculty of Biology Medicine and HealthThe University of ManchesterManchester M139PLUnited Kingdom

Diabetic cardiomyopathy(DbCm)is a common but underrecognized complication of patients with diabetes mellitus(Dm).Although the pathobiology of other cardiac complications of diabetes such as ischemic heart disease and cardiac autonomic neuropathy are mostly known with reasonable therapeutic options,the mechanisms and management options for DbCm are still not fully *** its early stages,DbCm presents with diastolic dysfunction followed by heart failure(HF)with preserved ejection fraction that can progress to systolic dysfunction and HF with reduced ejection fraction in its advanced stages unless appropriately *** from prompt control of Dm with lifestyle changes and antidiabetic medications,disease-modifying therapy for DbCm includes prompt control of hypertension and dyslipidemia inherent to patients with Dm as in other forms of heart diseases and the use of treatments with proven efficacy in HF.A basic study by Zhang et al,in a recent issue of the World Journal of Diabetes elaborates the potential pathophysiological alterations and the therapeutic role of teneligliptin in diabetic mouse models with *** this preliminary basic study might help to improve our understanding of DbCm and offer a potential new management option for patients with the disease,the positive results from such animal models might not always translate to clinical practice as the pathobiology of DbCm in humans could be ***,such experimental studies can encourage more scientific efforts to find a better solution to treat patients with this enigmatic disease.

关键词： Diabetic cardiomyopathy Diabetic cardiomyopathy Heart failure Pathobiology Teneligliptin

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Non-pharmacological interventions for diabetic peripheral neuropathy:Are we winning the battle?

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World Journal of Diabetes 2024年第4期15卷 579-585页

作者： Dania Blaibel Cornelius james Fernandez Joseph m Pappachan Department of Endocrinology and metabolism Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS TrustPreston PR29HTUnited Kingdom Department of Endocrinology&metabolism Pilgrim HospitalUnited Lincolnshire Hospitals NHS TrustBoston PE219QSUnited Kingdom Faculty of Science Manchester Metropolitan UniversityManchester M156BHUnited Kingdom Faculty of Biology Medicine&HealthThe University of ManchesterManchester M139PLUnited Kingdom

Despite the advent of relatively reliable modalities of diagnosing diabetic peripheral neuropathy(DPN),such as nerve conduction studies,there is still a knowledge gap about the pathophysiology,and thus limited available in-terventions for symptom control and curtailing disease *** pharma-cologic aspect of management is mainly centred on pain control,however,there are several important aspects of DPN such as loss of vibration sense,pressure sense,and proprioception which are associated with risks to lower limb health,which pharmacotherapy does not ***,published evidence suggests non-pharmacologic interventions such as glycaemic control through dietary modification and exercise need to be combined with other measures such as psychotherapy,to reach a desired,however modest *** is emerging as an important treatment modality for several chronic medical conditions including neuropathic and other pain *** their study published in the World Journal of Diabetes on the potential of acupuncture to reduce DPN symptoms and enhance nerve conduction parameters,Hoerder et al have been able to demonstrate that acupuncture improves sensory function and that this effect is likely sustained two months after treatment *** previous studies also support these findings,larger multi-center randomized control trials including a sham-controlled arm accounting for a placebo effect are ***,given the satisfactory safety profile and the positive results found in these studies,it is likely that acupuncture may become an important aspect of the repertoire of effective DPN management.

关键词： Diabetic peripheral neuropathy Diabetes mellitus Pharmacotherapy Acupuncture Neuropathic pain Nonpharmacological intervention

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Diabetes and tuberculosis:An emerging dual threat to healthcare

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World Journal of Diabetes 2024年第7期15卷 1409-1416页

作者： Sahana Shetty Joseph m Pappachan Cornelius james Fernandez Department of Endocrinology Kasturba Medical CollegeManipalManipal Academy of Higher EducationManipal 576104KarnatakaIndia Department of Endocrinology and metabolism Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS TrustPreston PR29HTUnited Kingdom Faculty of Science Manchester Metropolitan UniversityManchester M156BHUnited Kingdom Faculty of Biology Medicine and HealthThe University of ManchesterManchester M139PLUnited Kingdom Department of Endocrinology&metabolism Pilgrim HospitalUnited Lincolnshire Hospitals NHS TrustBoston PE219QSUnited Kingdom

Tuberculosis(TB)remains a huge global healthcare challenge even in the 21^(st) century though the prevalence has dropped in developed countries in recent *** mellitus(Dm)is an important risk factor for the development and perpetuation of TB owing to the immune dysfunction in patients with *** coexistence of both diseases in the same individual also aggravates disease severity,complications,and chance of treatment failure because of gross immune alterations posed by Dm as well as *** complex cellular and humoral immunological factors are involved in the dangerous interaction between TB and Dm,some of which remain unknown even *** is highly important to identify the risk factors for TB in patients with Dm,and vice versa,to ensure early diagnosis and management to prevent complications from this ominous *** their research study published in the recent issue of the World Journal of Diabetes,Shi et al elaborate on the factors associated with the development of TB in a large cohort of Dm patients from *** such research output from different regions of the world is expected to improve our knowledge to fight the health devastation posed by TB in patients with diabetes.

关键词： Tuberculosis Diabetes mellitus Immune dysfunction Treatment failure multi-drug resistant tuberculosis

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The development of a high-performance Ni-superalloy additively manufactured heat pipe

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Advances in manufacturing 2022年第4期10卷 610-624页

作者： Sheng Li Khamis Essa james Carr States Chiwanga Andrew Norton moataz m.Attallah School of Electromechanical Engineering Guangdong University of TechnologyGuangzhou 510006People’s Republic of China School of Engineering University of BirminghamEdgbastonBirmingham B152TTUK Henry moseley X-ray Imaging Facility Henry Royce Institute for Advanced MaterialsDepartment of MaterialsUniversity of ManchesterManchester M139PLUK European Thermodynamics Ltd 8 Priory Business ParkWistow RoadKibworthLeicestershire LE80RXUK Rolls-Royce plc P.O.Box 31Derby DE248BJUK School of metallurgy and materials University of BirminghamEdgbastonBirmingham B152TTUK

Additively manufacturing(Am)has been used to manufacture fine structures with structured/engineered porosity in heat management *** this study,laser powder bed fusion(LPBF)was used to manufacture a high-performance Ni-superalloy heat pipe,through tailoring LPBF process parameters to fabricate thin wall and *** using novel laser scanning strategies,wick structure heat pipes with maximised surface-area-to-volume ratio,fine features size around 100µm,and controlled porosity were successfully *** and X-ray microtomography(micro-CT)were used to investigate the 3D structure of the void space within the *** test results showed that most of the heat pipes made by LPBF had better performance than the conventionally manufactured *** study also investigated the influences of the process parameters on the porosity volume fraction and the feature *** results showed that LPBF process could fabricate thin structure due to the change of melt pool contact *** relationship between process parameters and bead size reported in this study could help design and manufacture heat pipe with complex fine structure.

关键词： Laser powder bed fusion(LPBF) Heat pipe melt pool microtomography(micro-CT)

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Ductility demands on buckling-restrained braced frames under earthquake loading

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Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration 2003年第2期2卷 255-268页

作者： Larry A.Fahnestock Richard Sause james m.Ricles Le-Wu Lu Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering ATLSS CenterLehigh UniversityBethlehemPennsylvaniaUSA Graduate Research Assistant Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering ATLSS CenterLehigh UniversityBethlehemPennsylvaniaUSA Professor

Accurate estimates of ductility demands on buckling-restrained braced frames(BRBFs)are crucial to performance-based design of *** analytical study on the seismic behavior of BRBFs has been conducted at the ATLSS Center,Lehigh University to prepare for an upcoming experimental *** analysis program DRAIN-2DX was used to model a one-bay,four-story prototype BRBF including material and geometric *** buckling- restrained brace(BRB)model incorporates both isotropic and kinematic *** static pushover and time- history analyses were performed on the prototype *** objectives for the BRBs were defined and used to evaluate the time-history analysis *** emphasis was placed on global ductility demands and ductility demands on the *** demands were compared with anticipated ductility *** analysis results,along with results from similar previous studies,are used to evaluate the BRBF design provisions that have been recommended for codification in the United *** results show that BRB maximum ductility demands can be as high as 20 to *** demands significantly exceed those anticipated by the BRBF recommended *** from the static pushover and time- history analyses are used to demonstrate why the ductility demands exceed those anticipated by the recommended provisions. The BRB qualification testing protocol contained in the BRBF recommended provisions is shown to be inadequate because it requires only a maximum ductility demand of at most *** to the testing protocol are recommended.

关键词： buildings buckling-restrained braced frames buckling-restrained braces structural response seismic response ductility demand seismic codes and standards

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A possible anorthositic continent of early mars and the role of planetary size for the inception of Earth-like life

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Geoscience Frontiers 2018年第4期9卷 1085-1098页

作者： james m.Dohm Shigenori maruyama motoyuki Kido Victor R.Baker The University museum The University of Tokyo Earth-Life Science Institute Tokyo Institute of Technology International Research Institute of Disaster Science Tohoku University Lunar and Planetary Laboratory The University of Arizona

The moon has an anorthositic primordial continental crust. Recently anorthosite has also been discovered on the martian surface. Although the occurrence of anorthosite is observed to be very limited in Earth＇s extant geological record,both lunar and martian surface geology suggest that anorthosite may have comprised a primordial continent on the early Earth during the first 600 million years after its formation. We hypothesized that differences in the presence of an anorthositic continent on an Earthlike planet are due to planetary size. Earth likely lost its primordial anorthositic continent by tectonic erosion through subduction associated with a kind of proto-plate tectonics（PPT）. In contrast, mars and the moon, as much smaller planetary bodies, did not lose much of their anorthositic continental crust because mantle convection had weakened and/or largely stopped, and with time, they had appropriately cooled down. Applying this same reasoning to a super-Earth exoplanet suggests that, while a primordial anorthositic continent may briefly form on its surface, such a continent will be likely transported into the deep mantle due to intense mantle convection immediately following its formation. The presence of a primordial continent on an Earth-like planet seems to be essential to whether the planet will be habitable to Earth-like life. The key role of the primordial continent is to provide the necessary and sufficient nutrients for the emergence and evolution of life. With the appearance of a ＂trinity＂ consisting of（1） an atmosphere,（2） an ocean, and（3） the primordial continental landmass, material circulation can be maintained to enable a ＂Habitable Trinity＂ environment that will permit the emergence of Earth-like life. Thus, with little likelihood of a persistent primordial continent, a super-Earth affords very little chance for Earth-like life to emerge.

关键词： Anorthosite on mars moon Habitable trinity Super-Earth Plate tectonics Origin of life

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Effects of oral premedication on cognitive status of elderly patients undergoing cardiac catheterization

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Journal of Geriatric Cardiology 2015年第3期12卷 257-262页

作者： Javed m Ashraf marc Schweigel Neelima Vallurupalli Sandra Bellantonio james R Cook Department of Cardiology Truman Medical Center UMKC School of Medicine Kansas City MO USA Departments of Cardiology Baystate Medical Center Tufts University School of Medicine MA USA Department of Internal medicine and Geriatrics Baystate Medical Center Tufts University School of Medicine Springfield MA USA

Background Sedatives and analgesics are often administered to achieve conscious sedation for diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. Appropriate concerns have been raised regarding post procedure delirium related to peri-procedural medication in the elderly. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of premedication on new onset delirium and procedural care in elderly patients. methods Patients 〉 70 years old and scheduled for elective cardiac catheterization were randomly assigned to receive either oral diphenhydramine and diaze- pam （25 rag/5 mg） or no premedication. All patients underwent a mini mental state exam and delirium assessment using confusion assess- ment method prior to the procedure and repeated at 4 h after the procedure and prior to discharge. Patients＇ cooperation during the procedure and ease of post-procedure were measured using Visual Analog Scale （VAS）. The degree of alertness was assessed immediately on arrival to the floor, and twice hourly afterwards using Observer＇s Assessment of Alermess/Sedation Scale （OAA/S）. Results A total of 93 patients were enrolled. The mean age was 77 years, and 47 patients received premedication prior to the procedure. None of the patients in either group developed delirium. Patients＇ cooperation and the ease of procedure was greater and pain medication requirement less both during and after the procedure in the pre-medicated group （P 〈 0.05 for both）. Nurses reported an improvement with patient management in the pre-medicated group （P = 0.08）. Conclusions In conclusion, prcmedication did not cause delirium in elderly patients undergoing cardiac catheterization. The reduced pain medication requirement, perceived procedural ease and post procedure management favors premedication in elderly patients undergoing cardiac catheterization.

关键词： Cardiac catheterization Diphenhydramine Diazepam Delirium The elderly

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