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Marx＇s Concept of.Alienation： With a Brief.Assessment

Journal of.Philosophy Study 2015年第1期5卷 1-15页

作者： james f. pontuso Hampden-Sydney College

Since the collapse of.Euro-Communism in 1989, the ideas of.Marx have largely been discarded as little more than historical relics. There is a good reason f.r the neglect. The governments that Marxism spawns are among the most brutal in history. Equally condemnable f.r a philosopher who bases his theory on a science of.historical development, most of.Marx＇s key predictions turn out to be incorrect. What then is lef. of.Marx＇s principles？ This paper argues that Marx is best understood as a critic of.the injustice of.industrial societies. Marx＇s essential critical concept is alienation. The paper presents the f.rst complete analysis of.Marx＇s treatment of.alienation and of.ers a brief.assessment of.how this concept applies to our time.

关键词： Marx alienation postmodemor not to Marx

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Why Hollywood Hates Business： Immanuel Kant＇s Role in Avatar.＂ Movie Reviewed by Adam Smith

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Journal of.Philosophy Study 2013年第6期3卷 470-480页

作者： james f. pontuso Hampden-Sydney College

One of.cinematic science f.ction＇s most popular plot lines is to imagine an invasion of.earth by an advanced alien species. james Cameron＇s Avatar turns the tables on that premise. Humans attack a peacef.l, less technologically sophisticated race in order to exploit their natural resources. Driving the assault is a mining company hell-bent on improving its bottom line. The villain of.Avatar is not a person, but those people who seek prof.t. To put it starkly, business is evil. But why has the entertainment business cast business as a heavy？ Hollywood has now made Immanuel Kant as the director of.moral sentiment. Not, of.course, directly, but rather the ghostwriter of.Hollywood＇s ideas about morality. The works of.Kant are not discussed or debated in the public arena, but their principles have inf.uenced the way people think about what is just and good. The ideas of.Kant have f.ltered into the contemporary discourse and are one of.the key ingredients in the national dialogue over what it means to be moral. The categorical imperative holds that an action is moral only if.it is f.ee f.om calculation of.reward or gain. To be truly, moral people must abandon all practical considerations of.need or desire; they must be directed by pure good will alone. Business people can never measure up to Kant＇s standard. They always make choices based on cost and benef.t. Their businesses would quickly go bankrupt, if.they made decisions on good will rather than interest. Kant＇s principles have raised the moral standard so high that even the common inclination to seek one＇s own benef.t is looked on with some mistrust. In Kantian-inf.uenced movies, business people have come to play the evil antagonist; they seek gain instead of.the good. How would Adam Smith, the f.ther of.economic rationality, respond to popularized Kantian morality？

关键词： Smith Kant Hollywood

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