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Antipredatory call behavior of lapwing species in an Afrotropical environment

Avian Research 2023年第4期14卷 630-639页

作者： Fatima R.james Chioma I.Okafor Samuel t.Osinubi Shiiwua A.Manu Samuel Ivande taiwo C.Omotoriogun A.p.leventis ornithological research institute university of josp.o.box 13404josplateau statenigeria eden creation care initiative rennajj fish farm p.o.box 7173josplateau statenigeria fitzpatrick institute of african ornithology university of cape towncape townsouth africa department of zoology university of josjosplateau statenigeria biotechnology unit department of biological scienceselizade universityp.m.2.002ilara-mokinondo statenigeria natural history museum university of oslop.o.box 1172 blindern0318 oslonorway

Predation is an important source of natural selection on prey species and has resulted in adaptations such as antipredator vocal signals,which can alert others to the presence of predators and solicit cooperative *** vocal alarm signals of birds have been well studied,they are poorly known in tropical African *** address this lack of information,the antipredatory signals and responses of two lapwings(Wattled Lapwing Vanellus senegallus and Spur-winged Lapwing Vanellus spinosus)to potential predators were investigated using data collected from focal observation,distance measurements,focal recordings,and playback *** lapwing calls elicited to predators were classified as alarm or mobbing calls based on whether the calls elicited alert behavior or attack from other *** linear analysis(DLA)was used to compare the time and frequency parameters of the call types measured in Raven ***,lapwings’responses to intruders,alert and start distance,time of day,and latency,as well as the effects of flock size and distance to cover were *** 48%of all calls was correctly classified by *** best predictors of call type for the lapwings were maximum frequency and high *** alarm and mobbing calls were elicited by African Wattled Lapwings to dogs and *** calls were elicited to intruders by the Spur-winged *** distance was positively associated with start distance,and differed between morning and evening in both *** scarce information from tropical Africa,this study put in perspective vocal and antipredator behavior of lapwing species in Africa.

关键词： Acoustic Alarm calls Lapwings Mobbing calls Vocal signals

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Recent developments on the role of Clostridium difficile in inflammatory bowel disease

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2008年第18期14卷 2794-2796页

作者： Hugh james Freeman Department of Medicine (Gastroenterology) University of British Columbia Vancouver V6T 1W5Canada

Clostridium difficile (CD), specifically its toxins, have been implicated as a risk factor for exacerbation of the inflammatory process in up to 5% of patients with ulcerative colitis or Crohn’s disease. typical evidence of colonic changes with CD infection, including pseudomembranous exudate, are often not present; however, a severe clinical course may result, including precipitation of toxic colitis and toxic megacolon. Recently, hypervirulent CD strains have been reported raising concern for a more severe disease process in patients with underlying inflammatory bowel ***, small bowel involvement or CD enteritis has been increasingly described, usually in those with a history of a prior colectomy or total proctocolectomy for prior severe and extensive inflammatory bowel disease. Finally, refractory or treatment-resistant pouchitis may occur with CD infection.

关键词： Crohn's disease Ulcerative colitis Antibiotic-associated colitis Cytotoxin Enterotoxin Pseudomembranous colitis Clostridium difficile colitis

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Long-term natural history of Crohn’s disease

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2009年第11期15卷 1315-1318页

作者： Hugh james Freeman Department of Medicine (Gastroen-terology) University of British Columbia Vancouver V6T 1W5 Canada

Crohn’s disease is a chronic inflammatory granulomatous process that usually involves different sites in the intestinal tract. Genetic and environmental factors are thought to play a role in its etiology and pathogenesis. the disorder has a heterogeneous clinical expression and data from tertiary care settings have documented its female predominance, occasional familial nature, and high rate of stricture formation and penetrating disease. It may appear from early childhood to late adulthood, although over 80% are currently diagnosed before age 40 years, usually with terminal ileal and colonic involvement. Several studies have now shown differences in phenotypic clinical expression depending on the initial age at diagnosis, with pediatric-onset disease being more severe and more extensive with more involvement of the upper gastrointestinal tract compared to adult-onset disease. In addition, long- term studies from these tertiary care settings have documented that the disorder may evolve with time into a more complex disease with stricture formation and penetrating disease complications (i.e. fistula and abscess). Although prolonged remission with no evidence of inflammatory disease may occur, discrete periods of symptomatic and active granulomatous inflammatory disease may re-appear over many decades. Long-term studies on the natural history have also suggested that discrete events (or agents) may precipitate this granulomatous inflammatory process.

关键词： Natural history Crohn's disease Age-dependent phenotypes Clinical behavior Granulomatous inflammation

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Crypt region localization of intestinal stem cells in adults

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2008年第47期14卷 7160-7162页

作者： Hugh james Freeman Department of Medicine(Gastroen-terology) University of British ColumbiaVancouver V6T 1W5Canada

the intestinal epithelial lining plays a central role in the digestion and absorption of nutrients,but exists in a harsh luminal environment that necessitates continual *** renewal process involves epithelial cell proliferation in the crypt base and later cell migration from the crypt base to the luminal *** process is dependent on multi-potent progenitor cells,or stem cells,located in each *** are about 4 to 6 stem cells per crypt,and these stem cells are believed to generate distinct end-differentiated epithelial cell types,including absorptive cells,goblet cells,enteroendocrine cells and Paneth cells,while also maintaining their own progenitor cell *** studies suggested that intestinal stem cells were located either in the crypt base interspersed between the Paneth cells [*** base columnar(CBC) cell model] or at an average position of 4 cells from the crypt base [***-retaining cells(LRC +4) model].Recent studies have employed biomarkers in the in vivo mammalian state to more precisely evaluate the location of these progenitor cells in the intestinal *** notable of these novel markers are Lgr5,a gene that encodes a G-protein-coupled receptor with expression restricted to CBC cells,and Bmi 1,which encodes a chromatin remodeling protein expressed by *** studies raise the possibility that there may be separate stem cell lines or different states of stem cell activation involved in the renewal of normal mammalian intestinal tract.

关键词： Crypt base columnar cells Intestinal epithelial cell renewal Lgr5 gene Polycomb bmil protein Progenitor cells Stem cells +4 stem cellmodel

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Complications of collagenous colitis

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2008年第11期14卷 1643-1645页

作者： Hugh james Freeman Department of Medicine(Gastroen-terology) University of British ColumbiaVancouver V6T 1W5Canada

Microscopic forms of colitis have been described, including collagenous colitis. this disorder generally has an apparently benign clinical course. However, a number of gastric and intestinal complications, possibly coincidental, may develop with collagenous colitis. Distinctive inflammatory disorders of the gastric mucosa have been described, including lymphocytic gastritis and collagenous gastritis. Celiac disease and collagenous sprue （or collagenous enteritis） may occur. Colonic ulceration has been associated with use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, while other forms of inflammatory bowel disease, including ulcerative colitis and Crohn＇s disease, may evolve from coUagenous colitis. Submucosal ＂dissection＂, colonic fractures or mucosal tears and perforation from air insufflation during colonoscopy may occur and has been hypothesized to be due to compromise of the colonic wall from submucosal collagen deposition. Similar changes may result from increased intraluminal pressure during barium enema contrast studies. Finally, malignant disorders have also been reported, including carcinoma and lymphoproliferative disease.

关键词： Colonic fractures Colonic perforation Celiac disease Collagenous gastritis Collagenous sprue Cat scratch colon Colon cancer Microscopic colitis

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Segmental colitis associated with diverticulosis syndrome

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2008年第42期14卷 6442-6443页

作者： Hugh james Freeman Department of Medicine (Gastroen-terology) University of British Columbia Vancouver V6T 1W5Canada

An inflammatory process that involves the sigmoid colonic segment associated with diverticular disease(SCAD) appears to be a distinct clinical and pathological *** has been described in older adults,often presenting with rectal *** of the patients seem to respond to treatment only with a 5-aminosalicylate,but some spontaneously resolve with no *** evaluation usually shows a non-specific inflammatory process localized in the sigmoid colon alone that may resolve completely with histologically normal colonic *** symptomatic events with discrete episodes of segmental colitis may occur,but most patients have an entirely benign clinical *** of the underlying molecular events that occur with SCAD may be critically important in understanding the critical elements present in a colonic inflammatory process that can completely resolve without pharmacological or biological treatment.

关键词： Segmental colitis Diverticulosis Crohn'sdisease Natural history Ulcerative colitis Colon cancer

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Malignancy in adult celiac disease

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2009年第13期15卷 1581-1583页

作者： Hugh james Freeman Department of Medicine (Gastroen-terology) University of British Columbia Hospital

Prior studies have suggested that the incidence of some neoplastic disorders,particularly malignant lymphoma and small intestinal adenocarcinoma,are increased in celiac *** studies from the United Kingdom have also suggested a link between celiac disease and esophageal carcinoma,although this has not been confi rmed in North *** risk of other gastrointestinal cancers seems to be *** cancer does not appear to be detected more frequently,although direct endoscopic visualization of the upper gastrointestinal tract is now very common in patients with celiac *** cancer also appears to be limited in celiac disease,even in patients first diagnosed with celiac disease late in *** has led to the hypothesis that untreated celiac disease may be protective,possibly owing to impaired absorption of fat or fat-soluble agents,including hydrocarbons and putative co-carcinogens implicated in the pathogenesis of colon cancer,which may be poorly absorbed and rapidly excreted.

关键词： Adult Celiac disease Adenocarcinoma Lymphoma t cell enteropathy

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Proton pump inhibitors and an emerging epidemic of gastric fundic gland polyposis

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2008年第9期14卷 1318-1320页

作者： Hugh james Freeman Department of Medicine (Gastroenterology) University of British ColumbiaVancouver V6T 1W5Canada

Fundic gland polyps are now commonly recognized during endoscopy. these polyps are benign, often multiple and usually detected in the gastric body and fundus. In the past, these polyps were sometimes associated with familial adenomatous polyposis. In recent years, it has become evident that increasing numbers of these polyps are being detected during endoscopic studies, particularly in patients treated with proton pump inhibitors for prolonged periods. In some, dysplastic changes in these polyps have also been reported. Recent studies have suggested that there may be no increase in risk of colon cancer with long-term proton pump inhibitor therapy. While temporarily reassuring, ongoing vigilance, particularly in those genetically predisposed to colon cancer, is still warranted.

关键词： Gastric polyps Fundic gland polyposis Gastric dysplasia Gastric cancer Colon polyps Familial polyposis coli Adenomatous polyposis coli gene mutation

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tropheryma whipplei infection

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2009年第17期15卷 2078-2080页

作者： Hugh james Freeman Department of Medicine (Gastroen-terology) University of British Columbia Vancouver V6T 1W5 Canada

Whipple's disease was initially described in 1907. Over the next century, the clinical and pathological features of this disorder have been better appreciated. Most often, weight loss, diarrhea, abdominal and joint pain occur. Occasionally, other sites of involvement have been documented, including isolated neurological disease, changes in the eyes and culture-negative endocarditis. In the past decade, the responsible organism tropheryma whipplei has been cultivated, its genome sequenced and its antibiotic susceptibility defined. Although rare, it is a systemic infection that may mimic a wide spectrum of clinical disorders and may have a fatal outcome. If recognized, prolonged antibiotic therapy may be a very successful form of treatment.

关键词： tropheryma whipplei Small intestinalmalabsorption Abdominal lymphadenopathy Periodicacid-Schiff staining Whipple's disease

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Use of the Crohn's disease activity index in clinical trials of biological agents

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2008年第26期14卷 4127-4130页

作者： Hugh james Freeman Department of Medicine(Gastroen-terology) University of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish Columbia V6T 1W5Canada

the Crohn＇s disease activity index （CDAI） has been commonly used to assess the effects of treatment with different agents in Crohn＇s disease （CD）. However, these studies may be compromised, if the results compared to a placebo or standard therapy group （in the absence of a placebo） substantially differ from the expected response. In addition, significant concerns have been raised regarding the reliability and validity of the CDAI. Reproducibility of the CDAI may be limited as significant inter-observer error has been recorded, even if measurements are done by experienced clinicians with expertise in the diagnosis and treatment of CD. Finally, many CDAI endpoints are open to subjective interpretation and have the potential for manipulation. this is worrisome as there is the potential for significant financial gain, if the results of a clinical trial appear to provide a positive result. Physicians caring for patients should be concerned about the positive results in clinical trials that are sponsored by industry, even if the trials involve respected centers and the results appear in highly ranked medical journals.

关键词： Crohn's disease Crohn's disease activity index Clinical trials Infliximab Adalimumab Corticosteroids Azathioprine

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