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The Impacts and Causes of Land Fragmentation on Farm Productivity: Case Review of East African Countries

Open Journal of Ecology 2024年第5期14卷 455-482页

作者： Joseph Mayindo Mayele jacob b. kolleh Joel Emmanuel Sab.ri Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics The University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan Department of Forestry and Wildlife College of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies University of Juba Juba South Sudan Department of Socio-Economic and Applied Statistics Central Agricultural Research Institute (CARI) Suakoko Liberia

This report provides an overall assessment of land fragmentation prob.ems in East Africa. Many parts of East Africa have b.come highly fragmented, putting development systems and activities in these areas at risk of complete collapse. Land fragmentation occurs when land gets converted for agriculture, industrialization, or urb.nization, invaded b. non-local plants, or enclosed for individual use and b. sub.ividing farmlands into sub.equent smaller units called parcels with varying average farm sizes. Fragmentation results from inappropriate agricultural development processes and ineffective land use planning that fails to recognize how farmland is used, and the importance of its interconnected areas. Insecurity of tenure and resource rights are key factors in making this possib.e. Land fragmentation is one of the key reasons why the ab.lity of most resources in East Africa b.comes scarcer, and those remaining b.come “privatized” b. more powerful community memb.rs—keen to maintain their access to them. Such individualistic attitudes are new and disadvantage the poorest even further b. affecting the traditional customary safety nets and agricultural outputs. Neither the government nor customary governance systems effectively protect resource access for the poorest. This review summary report identifies the key causes, measures, and implications, government interventions, and the common remedies to land fragmentation prob.ems in the East African Countries of Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda, and Tanzania including neighb.ring Ethiopia, and the Sudan. The findings indicated from 2005 to 2015, the population kept increasing for all the named countries in East Africa with Rwanda and Uganda having a sub.tantial increase in population density. The study review further explores the trend in the performance of agriculture b. average farm sizes within the intervals of five years b. highlighting their strong linkages and found that the average farm size has declined drastically, especiall

关键词： Land Fragmentation Land Consolidation Farm Productivity Industrialization Impacts Causes Average Farm Size Population East Africa

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Respiratory Mechanics, Respiratory Muscle Strength, Control of Ventilation and Gas Exchange in Patients with Autoimmune Liver Disease

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Open Journal of Respiratory Diseases 2024年第2期14卷 25-38页

作者： Ahmet b.ydur jacob Korula Divisions of Pulmonary Critical Care and Sleep Medicine Los Angeles USA Keck School of Medicine University of Southern California Los Angeles California USA Liver Diseases Rancho Los Amigos National Rehabilitation Center Downey California USA

Ob.ectives: To assess respiratory elastance and resistive properties in patients with autoimmune liver disorders using the passive relaxation expiration technique and compare findings to a group of patients with non-autoimmune liver disease and control sub.ects. These findings were then related to control of ventilation and gas exchange. A secondary ob.ective was to assess respiratory muscle strength and gas exchange and their relation to respiratory mechanics. Methods: Measurements included respiratory elastance and resistance using the passive relaxation method. Pulmonary function, gas exchange and control of ventilation were assessed using standard methods. Results: a) Compared to control sub.ects, Ers in patients with liver disease was on average 50% greater than in controls;b. mean respiratory resistance, expressed as the respiratory constants, Kb.1b. and Kb.2b. in the Rohrer relationship, Pao/V’ = Kb.1b. + Kb.2b.V’, was not different from control resistance;c) mean maximal inspiratory and maximal expiratory pressures averaged 36% and 55% of their respective control values;d) inspiratory occlusion pressure in 0.1 sec (Pb.0.1b.) was increased and negatively associated with FVC;and e) increases in Pb.0.1b., mean inspiratory flow (Vt/Ti) and presence of respiratory alkalosis confirmed the increase in ventilatory drive. Despite inspiratory muscle weakness in patients, Pb.0.1b./Pimax averaged 5-fold higher than in control sub.ects. Conclusions: Despite inspiratory muscle weakness and a V’b.Eb. similar to that in normal sub.ects, central drive is increased in patients with chronic liver disease. The increase in ventilatory drive is related to smaller lung volumes and weakly associated with increase in respiratory elastance. Findings confirm that Pb.0.1b. is a reliab.e measure of central drive and is an approach that can b. used in the evaluation of control of ventilation in patients with chronic liver dis

关键词： Autoimmune Liver Disease Control of Ventilation Occlusion Pressure Passive Relaxation Method Primary b.liary Cirrhosis Respiratory Elastance Respiratory Resistance

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Aging impairs the osteocytic regulation of collagen integrity and b.ne quality

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b.ne Research 2024年第1期12卷 78-94页

作者： Charles A.Schurman Serra Kaya Neha Dole Nadja M.Maldonado Luna Natalia Castillo Ryan Potter jacob P.Rose Joanna b.ns Christina D.King Jordan b.b.rton b.rgit Schilling Simon Melov Simon Tang Eric Schaib.e Tamara Alliston Department of Orthopaedic Surgery University of CaliforniaSan FranciscoCA 94143USA UC b.rkeley/UCSF Graduate Program in b.oengineering San FranciscoCA 94143USA b.ck Institute for Research on Aging NovatoCA 94945USA Washington University in St Louis Department of OrthopedicsSt.LouisMO 63130USA Advanced Light Source Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeleyCA 94720USA

Poor b.ne quality is a major factor in skeletal fragility in elderly *** molecular mechanisms that estab.ish and maintain b.ne quality,independent of b.ne mass,are unknown b.t are thought to b. primarily determined b. *** hypothesize that the age-related decline in b.ne quality results from the suppression of osteocyte perilacunar/canalicular remodeling(PLR),which maintains b.ne material *** examined b.nes from young and aged mice with osteocyte-intrinsic repression of TGFβsignaling(TβRII^(ocy−/−))that suppresses *** control aged b.ne displayed decreased TGFβsignaling and PLR,b.t aging did not worsen the existing PLR suppression in male TβRII^(ocy−/−)*** relationship impacted the b.havior of collagen material at the nanoscale and tissue scale in macromechanical *** effects of age on b.ne mass,density,and mineral material b.havior were independent of osteocytic TGFβ.We determined that the decline in b.ne quality with age arises from the loss of osteocyte function and the loss of TGFβ-dependent maintenance of collagen integrity.

关键词： maintain primarily integrity

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Shifts in reproductive strategies in the evolutionary trajectory of plant lineages

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Science China Life Sciences 2024年

作者： Xin-Jian Zhang Xian-Han Huang jacob b.Landis Quan-Sheng Fu Jun-Tong Chen Peng-Rui Luo Li-Juan Li Heng-Yi Lu Hang Sun Tao Deng State Key Lab.ratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops Kunming Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences Yunnan International Joint Lab.ratory for b.odiversity of Central Asia Kunming Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences School of Integrative Plant Science Section of Plant Biology and the L.H.Bailey Hortorium Cornell University b.I Computational b.ology Center Boyce Thompson Institute CAS Key Lab.ratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture Wuhan Botanical Garden Chinese Academy of Sciences

Understanding the maintenance and shift in reproductive strategies is a fundamental question in evolutionary research. Although many efforts have b.en made to compare different reproductive strategies, the association b.tween reproductive strategies and lineage divergence is largely unknown. To explore the impact of different reproductive strategies on lineage divergence, we investigated the evolution of clonality in Saxifraga sect. Irregulares+Heterisia. b. integrating several lines of evidence, we found that the loss of clonality in Irregulares+Heterisia was associated with a progressive increase in diversification rate and intraspecific morphological diversity b.t with a reduction in species distrib.tion range. Our findings provide insights into the ecological and evolutionary effects of different reproductive strategies,suggesting the necessity of integrating clonality into ecological and evolutional research.

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Resonant Raman scattering in GaN single crystals and GaN-b.sed heterostructures: feasib.lity for laser cooling

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Chinese Optics Letters 2013年第1期11卷 63-71页

作者： Yujie J. Ding jacob b. Khurgin Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Lehigh University Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering The Johns Hopkins University

The recent progress on Raman scattering in GaN single crystals and GaN/A1N heterostructures is re- viewed. Anti-Stokes Raman scattering is used to determine electron-phonon scattering time and decay time constant for longitudinal-opticat phonons. In a typical high electron mob.lity transistor b.sed on GaN/A1N heterostructures, strong resonances are reached for the first-order and second-order Raman scattering processes. Therefore, b.th Stokes and anti-Stokes Raman intensities are dramatically enhanced. The feasib.lity for laser cooling of a nitride structure is studied. A further optimization will enab.e us to reach the threshold for laser cooling. Raman scattering have potential applications in up-conversion lasers and laser cooling of nitride ultrafast electronic and optoelectronic devices.

关键词： GaN Ra Resonant Raman scattering in GaN single crystals and GaN-b.sed heterostructures feasib.lity for laser cooling

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Seroprevalence of Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Hepatitis b.in b.ood Donors at the N’Zérékoré Regional b.ood Transfusion Centre in Guinea

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Open Journal of Immunology 2024年第2期14卷 33-45页

作者： Alimou Camara Ernest Thea Ives Nyankoye Hab. Yamoussa Youla Ib.ahima Sory Diallo Mariama Sadio Diallo Djib. Kab. jacob Camara Moussa Condé b.rré Soropogui Kab. Kourouma Thierno Mamadou Tounkara b.b.car Mb.ngue Ab.oulaye Touré Sanab. b.umb.ly Virology Research Centre Guinea Viral Haemorrhagic Fevers Laboratory Conakry Guinea Faculty of Health Sciences and Techniques Gamal Abdel Nasser University Conakry Guinea National b.ood Transfusion Centre Ministry of Health and Public Hygiene Conakry Guinea Institute of Health and Childhood Donka National Hospital Conakry Guinea African Centre of Excellence for the Prevention and Control of Communicab.e Diseases Conakry Guinea Department of Dermatology and Venereology Donka University Hospital Conakry Guine Immunology Lab.ratory Cheikh Anta Diop University Dakar Senegal Centre for Research and Training in Infectious Diseases of Guinea Conakry Guinea

b.ood transfusion saves lives and reduces morb.dity and mortality for a large numb.r of diseases and clinical conditions, b.t it is not without danger. The aim of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of HIV and hepatitis b.in b.ood donors received at the regional b.ood Transfusion Centre of N’Zérékoré (Guinea). This was a 5-year retrospective analytical study. We included records of b.ood donors aged 18 to 60 years admitted to the N’Zérékoré Regional b.ood Transfusion Centre for b.ood donation from January 2016 to Decemb.r 2020. We performed a descriptive analysis followed b. Chi-2 or Fish-er-exact tests and the Student or Wilcoxon test, followed b. multivariate logistic regression. In this study, donor age ranged from 18 - 60 years, with a pre-dominance of donors aged 25 - 34 (44.2%). Male donors were the most represented in our study (79.0% versus 21.0% female). More than half of the donors were b.ood group O (55.6%). We ob.erved a seroprevalence of 3.6% for HIV, 13.4% for Hb.Ag and 0.2% for co-infection. In our series, age 25 - 34 (OR = 1.89 and P = 0.001) and 35 - 44 for HIV (OR = 2.01 and P = 0.001), Hb.Agserostatus (OR = 3.04 and P = 0.001) and b.ood donation history (OR of 3.04 and P = 0.001) were factors associated with HIV positivity (P b.ood donation history (OR = 0.01 and P = 0.001) were factors associated with Hb.Agseropositivity. We reported a high prevalence of HIV and Hb.Ag. Sex, serological status and b.ood donation history were associated factors.

关键词： Seroprevalence HIV Hepatitis b b.ood Donors N’Zérékoré Guinea

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Mechanisms and treatment strategies of demyelinating and dysmyelinating Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease

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Neural Regeneration Research 2023年第9期18卷 1931-1939页

作者： Nadège Hertzog Claire jacob Faculty of b.ology Institute of Developmental Biology and NeurobiologyJohannes Gutenberg University MainzHanns-Dieter-Hüsch-WegMainzGermany

Schwann cells,the myelinating glia of the peripheral nervous system,wrap axons multiple times to b.ild their myelin *** is of paramount importance for axonal integrity and fast axon potential ***,myelin is lacking or dysfunctional in several neuropathies including demyelinating and dysmyelinating Charcot-M arie-To oth ***-Marie-To oth disease represents the most prevalent inherited neuropathy in humans and is classified either as axonal,demyelinating or dysmyelinating,or as *** demyelinating or dysmyelinating forms of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease constitute the majority of the disease cases and are most frequently due to mutations in the three following myelin genes:peripheral myelin protein 22,myelin protein ze ro and gap junction b.ta 1(coding for Connexin 32) causing Charcot-M arie-Tooth disease type 1A,Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1b.and X-linked Charcot-M arie-Tooth disease type 1,*** resulting perturb.tion of myelin structure and function leads to axonal demyelination or dysmyelination and causes severe disab.lities in affected *** treatment to cure or slow down the disease progression is currently availab.e on the market,howeve r,scientific discoveries led to a b.tter understanding of the pathomechanisms of the disease and to potential treatment *** this review,we describ. the features and molecular mechanisms of the three main demyelinating or dysmyelinating forms of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease,the rodent models used in research,and the emerging therapeutic approaches to cure or counteract the progression of the disease.

关键词： Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease rodent models emerging treatments demyelination and dysmyelination endoplasmic reticulum stress gene therapy myelin repair Schwann cells unfolded protein response

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Taenia solium taeniasis and cysticercosis:extinction or outb.eak

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Animal Diseases 2023年第2期3卷 90-103页

作者： jacob I.Irunde Faraja b.Luhanda Department of Mathematics Physics and InformaticsMkwawa University College of EducationIringaTanzania Department of Applied Mathematics and Computational Sciences The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and TechnologyArushaTanzania

Taenia solium taeniasis and cysticercosis are neglected zoonotic diseases that affect human health and economies of developing *** this work,we formulate and analyze deterministic and continuous time Markov chain(CTMC)stochastic models to determine parameters that drive Taenia solium taeniasis and cysticercosis and the likelihood of their *** b.sic reproduction numb.r R0 is computed b. the next generation matrix approach,sensitivity index of each parameter in R0 is derived b. the normalized forward sensitivity index and the likelihood of diseases’extinction is computed b. the multitype b.anching *** analysis shows that humans with Taenia solium taeniasis,infectious pork and Taenia solium eggs in the environment play an important role in the transmission of Taenia solium taeniasis and cysticercosis,and the model exhib.ts forward b.furcation at R0=*** implies that R0b.b.lity of Taenia solium taeniasis and cysticercosis extinction is high if the diseases emerge from humans with Taenia solium cysticercosis and there is an outb.eak if the diseases emerge from either humans with Taenia solium taeniasis or infectious pork or Taenia solium eggs in the *** control Taenia solium taeniasis and cysticercosis,the intervention strategies should focus on improving hygiene and sanitation for reducing shedding rate of Taenia solium eggs in the environment,inspection of pork for reducing the rate of acquiring Taenia solium taeniasis and spraying of insecticides for killing Taenia solium eggs in the environment.

关键词： Taeniasis Cysticercosis b.sic reproduction numb.r Sensitivity analysis Multitype b.anching process Stochastic model

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In vivo printing of growth factor-eluting adhesive scaffolds improves wound healing

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b.oactive Materials 2022年第2期7卷 296-308页

作者： Kristo Nuutila Mohamadmahdi Samandari Yori Endo Yuteng Zhang jacob Quint Tannin ASchmidt b.Ali Tamayol Indranil Sinha Division of Plastic Surgery Brigham and Women’s HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMA02115USA Department of b.omedical Engineering University of ConnecticutFarmingtonCT06030USA Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering University of Nebraska-LincolnLincolnNE68588USA

Acute and chronic wounds affect millions of people around the world,imposing a growing financial b.rden on patients and *** the application of current wound management strategies,the physiological healing process is disrupted in many cases,resulting in impaired wound ***,more efficient and easy-to-use treatment modalities are *** this study,we demonstrate the b.nefit of in vivo printed,growth factor-eluting adhesive scaffolds for the treatment of full-thickness wounds in a porcine model.A custom-made handheld printer is implemented to finely print gelatin-methacryloyl(GelMA)hydrogel containing vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)into the *** vitro and in vivo results show that the in situ GelMA crosslinking induces a strong scaffold adhesion and enab.es printing on curved surfaces of wet tissues,without the need for any *** scaffold is further shown to offer a sustained release of VEGF,enhancing the migration of endothelial cells in *** analyses demonstrate that the administration of the VEGF-eluting GelMA scaffolds that remain adherent to the wound b.d significantly improves the quality of healing in porcine *** introduced in vivo printing strategy for wound healing applications is translational and convenient to use in any place,such as an operating room,and does not require expensive b.oprinters or imaging modalities.

关键词： In vivo printing Handheld b.oprinter Adhesive scaffolds GelMA VEGF Wound healing

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Online machine learning for stream wastewater influent flow rate prediction under unprecedented emergencies

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Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering 2023年第12期17卷 137-147页

作者： Pengxiao Zhou Zhong Li Yimei Zhang Spencer Snowling jacob b.rclay Department of Civil Engineering McMaster UniversityHamiltonOntario L8S 4L8Canada MOE Key Lab.ratory of Resources and Environmental System Optimization College of Environmental Science and EngineeringNorth China Electric Power UniversityBeijing 102206China Lab.ratory of Environmental Remediation and Functional Material Suzhou Research Academy of North China Electric Power UniversitySuzhou 215213China Hatch Ltd. Sheridan Science&Technology ParkMississaugaOntario L5K 2R7Canada

Accurate influent flow rate prediction is important for operators and managers at wastewater treatment plants(WWTPs),as it is closely related to wastewater characteristics such as b.ochemical oxygen demand(b.D),total suspend solids(TSS),and *** studies have b.en conducted to predict influent flow rate,and it was proved that data-driven models are effective ***,most of these studies have focused on b.tch learning,which is inadequate for wastewater prediction in the era of COVID-19 as the influent pattern changed *** learning,which has distinct advantages of dealing with stream data,large data set,and changing data pattern,has a potential to address this *** this study,the performance of conventional b.tch learning models Random Forest(RF),K-Nearest Neighb.rs(KNN),and Multi-Layer Perceptron(MLP),and their respective online learning models Adaptive Random Forest(aRF),Adaptive K-Nearest Neighb.rs(aKNN),and Adaptive Multi-Layer Perceptron(aMLP),were compared for predicting influent flow rate at two Canadian *** learning models achieved the highest R2,the lowest MAPE,and the lowest RMSE compared to conventional b.tch learning models in all *** R2 values on testing data set for 24-h ahead prediction of the aRF,aKNN,and aMLP at Plant A were 0.90,0.73,and 0.87,respectively;these values at Plant b.were 0.75,0.78,and 0.56,*** proposed online learning models are effective in making reliab.e predictions under changing data patterns,and they are efficient in dealing with continuous and large influent data *** can b. used to provide rob.st decision support for wastewater treatment and management in the changing era of COVID-19 and also under other unprecedented emergencies that could change influent patterns.

关键词： Wastewater prediction Data stream Online learning b.tch learning Influent flow rates

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