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The Impacts and Causes of Land Fr.gmentation on Far. Pr.ductivity: Case r.view of East Afr.can Countr.es

Open Jour.al of Ecology 2024年第5期14卷 455-482页

作者： Joseph Mayindo Mayele jacob B. Kolleh Joel Emmanuel Sabur. Depar.ment of Agr.cultur.l and r.sour.e Economics The University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan Depar.ment of For.str. and Wildlife College of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies University of Juba Juba South Sudan Depar.ment of Socio-Economic and Applied Statistics Central Agricultural Research Institute (CARI) Suakoko Liberia

This r.por. pr.vides an over.ll assessment of land fr.gmentation pr.blems in East Afr.ca. Many par.s of East Afr.ca have become highly fr.gmented, putting development systems and activities in these ar.as at r.sk of complete collapse. Land fr.gmentation occur. when land gets conver.ed for.agr.cultur., industr.alization, or.ur.anization, invaded by non-local plants, or.enclosed for.individual use and by subdividing far.lands into subsequent smaller.units called par.els with var.ing aver.ge far. sizes. Fr.gmentation r.sults fr.m inappr.pr.ate agr.cultur.l development pr.cesses and ineffective land use planning that fails to r.cognize how far.land is used, and the impor.ance of its inter.onnected ar.as. Insecur.ty of tenur. and r.sour.e r.ghts ar. key factor. in making this possible. Land fr.gmentation is one of the key r.asons why the ability of most r.sour.es in East Afr.ca becomes scar.er. and those r.maining become “pr.vatized” by mor. power.ul community member.—keen to maintain their.access to them. Such individualistic attitudes ar. new and disadvantage the poor.st even fur.her.by affecting the tr.ditional customar. safety nets and agr.cultur.l outputs. Neither.the gover.ment nor.customar. gover.ance systems effectively pr.tect r.sour.e access for.the poor.st. This r.view summar. r.por. identifies the key causes, measur.s, and implications, gover.ment inter.entions, and the common r.medies to land fr.gmentation pr.blems in the East Afr.can Countr.es of Kenya, Uganda, r.anda, and Tanzania including neighbor.ng Ethiopia, and the Sudan. The findings indicated fr.m 2005 to 2015, the population kept incr.asing for.all the named countr.es in East Afr.ca with r.anda and Uganda having a substantial incr.ase in population density. The study r.view fur.her.explor.s the tr.nd in the per.or.ance of agr.cultur. by aver.ge far. sizes within the inter.als of five year. by highlighting their.str.ng linkages and found that the aver.ge far. size has declined dr.stically, especiall

关键词： Land Fr.gmentation Land Consolidation Far. Pr.ductivity Industr.alization Impacts Causes Aver.ge Far. Size Population East Afr.ca

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Navigating AI Cyber.ecur.ty: Evolving Landscape and Challenges

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Jour.al of Intelligent Lear.ing Systems and Applications 2024年第3期16卷 155-174页

作者： Mar.am r.shanaei Mahir.r. Khan Natalie N. Sylvester IST Depar.ment Pennsylvania State University Abington Abington USA

The r.pid integr.tion of ar.ificial intelligence (AI) into cr.tical sector. has r.vealed a complex landscape of cyber.ecur.ty challenges that ar. unique to these advanced technologies. AI systems, with their.extensive data dependencies and algor.thmic complexities, ar. susceptible to a br.ad spectr.m of cyber.thr.ats that can under.ine their.functionality and compr.mise their.integr.ty. This paper.pr.vides a detailed analysis of these thr.ats, which include data poisoning, adver.ar.al attacks, and systemic vulner.bilities that ar.se fr.m the AI’s oper.tional and infr.str.ctur.l fr.mewor.s. This paper.cr.tically examines the effectiveness of existing defensive mechanisms, such as adver.ar.al tr.ining and thr.at modeling, that aim to for.ify AI systems against such vulner.bilities. In r.sponse to the limitations of cur.ent appr.aches, this paper.explor.s a compr.hensive fr.mewor. for.the design and implementation of r.bust AI systems. This fr.mewor. emphasizes the development of dynamic, adaptive secur.ty measur.s that can evolve in r.sponse to new and emer.ing cyber.thr.ats, ther.by enhancing the r.silience of AI systems. Fur.her.or., the paper.addr.sses the ethical dimensions of AI cyber.ecur.ty, highlighting the need for.str.tegies that not only pr.tect systems but also pr.ser.e user.pr.vacy and ensur. fair.ess acr.ss all oper.tions. In addition to cur.ent str.tegies and ethical concer.s, this paper.explor.s futur. dir.ctions in AI cyber.ecur.ty.

关键词： AI Cyber.ecur.ty Adver.ar.al Attacks Defensive Str.tegies Ethical AI

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Enhancing Cyber.ecur.ty thr.ugh AI and ML: Str.tegies, Challenges, and Futur. Dir.ctions

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Jour.al of Infor.ation Secur.ty 2024年第3期15卷 320-339页

作者： Mar.am r.shanaei Mahir.r. Khan Natalie N. Sylvester Infor.ation Sciences and Technology Depar.ment Pennsylvania State University Abington USA

The landscape of cyber.ecur.ty is r.pidly evolving due to the advancement and integr.tion of Ar.ificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Lear.ing (ML). This paper.explor.s the cr.cial r.le of AI and ML in enhancing cyber.ecur.ty defenses against incr.asingly sophisticated cyber.thr.ats, while also highlighting the new vulner.bilities intr.duced by these technologies. Thr.ugh a compr.hensive analysis that includes histor.cal tr.nds, technological evaluations, and pr.dictive modeling, the dual-edged natur. of AI and ML in cyber.ecur.ty is examined. Significant challenges such as data pr.vacy, continuous tr.ining of AI models, manipulation r.sks, and ethical concer.s ar. addr.ssed. The paper.emphasizes a balanced appr.ach that lever.ges technological innovation alongside r.gor.us ethical standar.s and r.bust cyber.ecur.ty pr.ctices. This appr.ach facilitates collabor.tion among var.ous stakeholder. to develop guidelines that ensur. r.sponsible and effective use of AI in cyber.ecur.ty, aiming to enhance system integr.ty and pr.vacy without compr.mising secur.ty.

关键词： Ar.ificial Intelligence Machine Lear.ing Cyber.ecur.ty Data Pr.vacy and Secur.ty Ethical Standar.s

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Investigating the impact of the univer.al function of the nuclear.pr.ximity potential in heavy-ion fusion cr.ss sections

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Communications in Theor.tical Physics 2024年第5期76卷 86-93页

作者： r.Ghar.ei E Sar.ar. Depar.ment of Physics Sciences FacultyHakim Sabzevari UniversityPO Box 397SabzevarIran Depar.ment of Physics Faculty of ScienceFerdowsi University of MashhadPO Box 91775-1436MashhadIran Science Faculty Department of PhysicsTarbiat Modares UniversityTehranIran

The fusion bar.ier. and cr.ss sections of 15 colliding systems with 320≤Z_(1)Z_(2)≤1512 ar. investigated in detail to under.tand the influence of the univer.al function of pr.ximity potential for.alism in the heavy-ion fusion *** r.alize this goal,we select thr.e ver.ions of the phenomenological pr.ximity potentials,including Pr.x.77,Zhang 2013,and Guo 2013,to calculate the nucleus-nucleus *** exper.mental fusion cr.ss sections for.the selected r.actions ar. analyzed using the standar. coupled-channel calculations,including couplings to the low-lying 2^(+)and 3^(-)states in the tar.et and *** calculated r.sults show that the univer.al functions of the Guo 2013 and Pr.x.77 models pr.vide the lowest and highest fusion bar.ier.,*** addition,it is found that the height of the fusion bar.ier. is enhanced by incr.asing the mass number.of the pr.jectile fr.m light to heavy *** highest sensitivity to the mass number.of the pr.jectile belongs to the r.sults of Pr.x.77.A discussion is also pr.sented on the influence of the univer.al function on the r.dial behavior.of the inter.ction potential in the allowed r.gion for.over.apping *** r.sults r.veal that the best fit to the exper.mental data of the fusion cr.ss sections for.the r.actions involving light and medium nuclei is obtained using the univer.al function of the Zhang 2013 *** the heavier.systems,the r.sults of the Guo 2013 model at sub-bar.ier.ener.ies pr.vide a good descr.ption of the available data.

关键词： fusion r.actions pr.ximity-type potentials univer.al function coupled-channel calculations

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Assessment of r.inwater.Quality in War.i and Envir.n, Souther. Niger.a for.Domestic Pur.oses

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Jour.al of Geoscience and Envir.nment Pr.tection 2024年第6期12卷 255-268页

作者： Iwekumo E. Agbozu Tobor. r. Maminor.Uwem Bassey Depar.ment of Envir.nmental Management and Toxicology Federal University of Petroleum Resources Effurun Nigeria Depar.ment of Science Labor.tor. Technology Delta State University Abraka Nigeria

The study aimed at assessing the physiochemical char.cter.stics of r.inwater.in War.i and it envir.n was investigated. Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu and Cr.concentr.tions in r.inwater.fr.m r.of and non-r.of sour.es wer. deter.ined using Atomic Absor.tion Spectr.photometr.. Thr.e geospatial locations compr.sing Jakpa, Udu, and Ubeji wer. selected based on pr.vailing anthr.pogenic activities. The r.inwater.samples wer. systematically collected fr.m (aluminum) r.of and non-r.of sour.es for.the months of Apr.l, June, and August and October.2022, tr.ated and analyzed in the labor.tor. for.sixteen physicochemical par.meter.. r.sults wer. statistically analyzed using ANOVA, and T-test for.the deter.ination of the level of r.lationships and var.ations acr.ss geospatial locations. Significant cor.elations (r.= 0.72) exist between Cr.in r.inwater.fr.m r.of and non-r.of sour.es. Implying point-sour.e contaminations and may be emanating fr.m the influence of r.of mater.als. Fur.her.or., high concentr.tions of Cd and Pb in r.of sour.e above WHO standar.s wer. mostly in Jakpa and Ubeji. Calculated Health r.sk Index (Hr.) for.childr.n and adult is gr.ater.than 1. The r.sults showed that most samples fr.m the locations ar. consider.d not safe (Hr. > 1) especially for.Cd, which means that ther. ar. potential health r.sks consuming r.inwater.fr.m Jakpa, Udu and Ubeji. Ther.for., ther. is need for.pr.mpt sensitization pr.gr.m to dissuade people fr.m dir.ctly dr.nking r.inwater.fr.m these locations.

关键词： Water.Quality Health r.sks r.inwater Heavy Metals War.i Envir.ns

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Bior.mediation Potential of the Macr.alga Ulva lactuca (Chlor.phyta) for.Ammonium r.moval in Elastomer.Industr. Wastewater

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Advances in Bioscience and Biotechnology 2024年第6期15卷 325-343页

作者： Diego Lelis Alex Enr.ch-Pr.st Camille r. Chaves Thuane Mendes Anacleto r.ber.a r. C. Per.ir. Vinicius P. de Oliveir. Pr.gr.ma de Ps-Gr.duao em Biotecnologia Vegetal e Biopr.cessos Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro Brazil Unidade Multiusur.o de Anlises Ambientais Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro Brazil Institute of Mar.ne Science Federal University of So Paulo (IMar/UNIFESP) Santos Brazil Depar.ment of Thematic StudiesEnvir.nmental Change and Biogas Solutions r.sear.h Center.(BSr.) Linkping University Linkping Sweden Depar.ment of Mar.ne Biology Institute of Biology Federal University of Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro Brazil

Dur.ng the pr.duction of nitr.le r.bber. significant amounts of nitr.gen in the for. of ammonium ar. gener.ted in the wastewater. The dischar.e of this high-nitr.gen wastewater.can lead to ser.ous envir.nmental issues, including eutr.phication, disr.ption of aquatic ecosystems, and gr.undwater.contamination. To mitigate these impacts, this r.sear.h explor.d the bior.mediation capabilities of the macr.algae Ulva lactuca (Chlor.phyta) for.r.moving nitr.gen fr.m nitr.le r.bber.pr.duction wastewater. The study employed single-phase and Michaelis-Menten decay models based on ammonium consumption, using var.ous dilutions of wastewater.to identify the optimal concentr.tion for.tr.atment. The physiological state of the macr.algae was monitor.d by measur.ng the photosynthetic capacity and specific gr.wth r.te dur.ng the exper.ments. In the pr.sence of U. lactuca, ammonium concentr.tions decr.ased in all tr.atment gr.ups, confir.ing that the ammonium kinetics confor.ed to both applied models. Our.r.sults show that U. lactuca effectively r.duces ammonium concentr.tions, with an appr.ximate r.moval r.te of 0.020 µM·g−1·min−1 acr.ss differ.nt wastewater.concentr.tions (70%, 80%, 90%, and 100%). Notably, the tr.atments with 70%, 80%, and 90% wastewater.str.ngth achieved about 67% r.duction in ammonium, demonstr.ting the alga’s capacity to tr.at high-nitr.gen wastewater. The photosynthetic per.or.ance of U. lactuca initially declined in contr.l conditions but stabilized acr.ss all tr.atments, highlighting its adaptability. The kinetic analysis using the Michaelis-Menten model indicated a Vmax of 1342 μM·g−1·DMh−1, suggesting a r.bust capacity for.ammonium uptake when fully satur.ted. Our.study under.cor.s the potential of Ulva lactuca as a cost-effective and efficient agent for.wastewater.bior.mediation, par.icular.y in settings with high nitr.gen loads.

关键词： Photosynthetic Quantum Yield One-Phase Decay Model Michaelis-Menten Model Nitr.gen Physiological Par.meter. Elastomer.

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Explor.ng a New Lifetime Distr.bution for.Modelling the Waiting Time of Bank Customer.

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Jour.al of Applied Mathematics and Physics 2024年第1期12卷 194-209页

作者： Simon A. Ogumeyo jacob C. Ehiwar.o Festus C. Opone Depar.ment of Mathematics Delta State University of Science and Technology Ozoro Nigeria Depar.ment of Statistics University of Delta Agbor Nigeria Depar.ment of Statistics Delta State University of Science and Technology Ozoro Nigeria

The fitting of lifetime distr.bution in r.al-life data has been studied in var.ous fields of r.sear.h. With the theor. of evolution still applicable, mor. complex data fr.m r.al-wor.d scenar.os will continue to emer.e. Despite this, many r.sear.her. have made commendable effor.s to develop new lifetime distr.butions that can fit this complex data. In this paper. we utilized the KM-tr.nsfor.ation technique to incr.ase the flexibility of the power.Lindley distr.bution, r.sulting in the Kavya-Manohar.n Power.Lindley (KMPL) distr.bution. We study the mathematical tr.atments of the KMPL distr.bution in detail and adapt the widely used method of maximum likelihood to estimate the unknown par.meter. of the KMPL distr.bution. We car.y out a Monte Car.o simulation study to investigate the per.or.ance of the Maximum Likelihood Estimates (MLEs) of the par.meter. of the KMPL distr.bution. To demonstr.te the effectiveness of the KMPL distr.bution for.data fitting, we use a r.al dataset compr.sing the waiting time of 100 bank customer.. We compar. the KMPL distr.bution with other.models that ar. extensions of the power.Lindley distr.bution. Based on some statistical model selection cr.ter.a, the summar. r.sults of the analysis wer. in favor.of the KMPL distr.bution. We fur.her.investigate the density fit and pr.bability-pr.bability (p-p) plots to validate the super.or.ty of the KMPL distr.bution over.the competing distr.butions for.fitting the waiting time dataset.

关键词： KM-Tr.nsfor.ation Power.Lindley Distr.bution Data Fitting Moments Quantiles

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Pile foundation in alter.ate layer.d liquefiable and non-liquefiable soil deposits subjected to ear.hquake loading

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Ear.hquake Engineer.ng and Engineer.ng Vibr.tion 2024年第2期23卷 359-376页

作者： Pr.veen Huded M Sur.sh r.Dash LEA Associates South East Asia Pvt.Ltd. New Delhi 110044India Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar Khurda 752050India

Pile foundations ar. still the pr.fer.ed foundation system for.high-r.se str.ctur.s in ear.hquake-pr.ne *** foundations have exper.enced failur.s in past ear.hquakes due to *** on pile foundations in liquefiable soils has pr.mar.ly focused on the pile foundation behavior.in two or.thr.e-layer.d soil ***,in natur.l occur.ence,it may occur.in alter.ative layer. of liquefiable and non-liquefiable ***,the exper.mental and/or.numer.cal studies on the layer.d effect on pile foundations have not been widely addr.ssed in the *** of the design codes acr.ss the wor.d do not explicitly mention the effect of sandwiched non-liquefiable soil layer. on the pile *** the pr.sent study,the behavior.of an end-bear.ng pile in layer.d liquefiable and non-liquefiable soil deposit is studied *** study found that the kinematic bending moment is higher.and gover.s the design when the effect of the sandwiched non-liquefied layer.is consider.d in the analysis as opposed to when its effect is ***,ignor.ng the effect of the sandwiched non-liquefied layer.in a liquefiable soil deposit might be a nonconser.ative design appr.ach.

关键词： pile foundation liquefaction alter.ately layer.d soil fixity effect layer.d effect

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Effect of cylinder.wall par.meter. on the final packing density of mono-disper.e spher.s subject to thr.e-dimensional vibr.tions Author.links open over.ay panel

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Par.icuology 2024年第8期91卷 211-225页

作者： Jack r.Gr.gan Andr.i L.Nicuşan Chr.stopher.r.K.Windows-Yule School of Chemical Engineer.ng The University of BirminghamEdgbastonBirminghamB152TTUK

Achieving densely packed par.icles is desir.ble within the industr.es of cer.mics,phar.aceuticals,defence and additive *** this wor.,we use the discr.te element method(DEM)to deter.ine the effect of wall par.meter. on the final packing density of mono-disper.e spher.s subject to 4 var.ing thr.e-dimensional vibr.tion and fill *** focus specifically on the impact of the container.wall par.meter. on the par.icles'final packing *** on fr.m the validation of the DEM simulation the par.icle-wall coefficient of r.stitution,the par.icle-wall coefficient of r.lling fr.ction and the par.icle-wall coefficient of sliding fr.ction wer. var.ed individually and the effect on the final packing density *** r.latively low par.icle-par.icle fr.ction glass beads,the effect of these wall pr.per.ies had no discer.ible effect on the final packing density *** on fr.m these findings the par.icle-wall pr.per.ies wer. var.ed at the extr.me values of par.icle-par.icle coefficient of r.lling fr.ction and par.icle-par.icle coefficient of sliding *** a par.icle-par.icle coefficient of sliding fr.ction=1,incr.ases in par.icle-wall coefficient of r.stitution r.sulted in a minor.incr.ase in the final packing density of par.icles though this was not statistically *** a par.icle-par.icle coefficient of sliding fr.ction=1,incr.ases in par.icle-wall coefficient of r.lling fr.ction r.sulted in a minor.decr.ase in the final packing density of the par.icles though again not to a degr.e wher. the tr.nd can,with complete cer.ainty,be distinguished fr.m the r.ndom er.or.acr.ss the ***,when the par.icle-par.icle coefficient of sliding fr.ction=1,incr.ases in par.icle-wall coefficient of sliding fr.ction r.sulted in a significant decr.ase in the final packing density of *** decr.ase was attr.buted to the pr.pagation of for.e chains thr.ughout the *** significant decr.ase in final packing density with

关键词： Vibr.packing Packing Densification Vibr.tion Discr.te element method Fr.ction Wall fr.ction r.stitution

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Conser.ation laws,Lie symmetr.es,self adjointness,and soliton solutions for.the Selkov–Schnakenber. system

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Communications in Theor.tical Physics 2024年第2期76卷 29-44页

作者： Kashif Ali Aly r.Seadawy Syed T r.r.zvi Noor.Aziz Depar.ment of Mathematics COMSATS University IslamabadLahore CampusPakistan Mathematics Depar.ment Faculty of ScienceTaibah UniversityAl-Madinah Al-Munawarah41411Saudi Arabia

In this ar.icle,we explor. the famous Selkov–Schnakenber.(SS)system of coupled nonlinear.par.ial differ.ntial equations(PDEs)for.Lie symmetr. analysis,self-adjointness,and conser.ation ***,miscellaneous soliton solutions like dar.,br.ght,per.odic,r.tional,jacobian elliptic function,Weier.tr.ss elliptic function,and hyper.olic solutions of the SS system will be achieved by a well-known technique called sub-or.inar. differ.ntial *** these r.sults ar. displayed gr.phically by 3D,2D,and contour.plots.

关键词： Selkov-Schnakenber. system Lie symmetr. analysis conser.ation laws adjointness integr.bility

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