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战后美国经济的症结何在?

世界社会科学 1990年第1期 22-26+82页

作者： j.沃克,h.瓦特尔,徐十周美国俄勒冈州波特兰州立大学美国俄勒冈州波特兰州立大经济学教授学经济学教授

假如美国实际国民生产总值(GNp)的标志线在1869年到1929年的自由经济时代是伸展于每一峰值包络线的高峰区域,则这表明了经济在一个长远时期内的潜力。这样一幅图画也揭示出,在绝大多数时间里,这种体系的运行并没有充分发挥出它的潜力,... 详细信息

假如美国实际国民生产总值(GNp)的标志线在1869年到1929年的自由经济时代是伸展于每一峰值包络线的高峰区域,则这表明了经济在一个长远时期内的潜力。这样一幅图画也揭示出,在绝大多数时间里,这种体系的运行并没有充分发挥出它的潜力,传统的观点认为,周期性的产品短缺是人类进步中无法避免和难以控制的代价支付。我们从凯恩斯主义革命得知,人们并不需要必须付出这一代价,但是在1929年后的混合经济时代,这一代价却仍然要支付,因为人们允许并鼓励它的存在。

关键词：国民生产总值建筑业国民经济总产值财政管理建筑工业固定资本存量投资额人口增加率人口统计人口增长率中央政府

Why ecosystem characteristics predicted from remotely sensed data are unbiased and biased at the same time-and how this affects applications

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Forest Ecosystems 2024年第1期11卷 24-31页

作者： Goran Ståhl Terje Gobakken Svetlana Saarela henrik j.persson Magnus Ekstrom Sean p.healey Zhiqiang Yang johan holmgren Eva Lindberg Kenneth Nystrom Emanuele papucci patrik Ulvdal hans OleØrka Erik Næsset Zhengyang hou håkan Olsson Ronald E.McRoberts Department of Forest Resource Management Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences90183UmeåSweden Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management Norwegian University of Life SciencesÅsNorway USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research StationOgdenUTUSA The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education Beijing Forestry UniversityBeijing100083China Department of Forest Resources University of MinnesotaSt.PaulMNUSA

Remotely sensed data are frequently used for predicting and mapping ecosystem characteristics,and spatially explicit wall-to-wall information is sometimes proposed as the best possible source of information for ***,wall-to-wall information typically relies on model-based prediction,and several features of model-based prediction should be understood before extensively relying on this type of *** such feature is that model-based predictors can be considered both unbiased and biased at the same time,which has important implications in several areas of *** this discussion paper,we first describe the conventional model-unbiasedness paradigm that underpins most prediction techniques using remotely sensed(or other)auxiliary *** this point of view,model-based predictors are typically ***,we show that for specific domains,identified based on their true values,the same model-based predictors can be considered biased,and sometimes severely *** suggest distinguishing between conventional model-bias,defined in the statistical literature as the difference between the expected value of a predictor and the expected value of the quantity being predicted,and design-bias of model-based estimators,defined as the difference between the expected value of a model-based estimator and the true value of the quantity being *** show that model-based estimators(or predictors)are typically design-biased,and that there is a trend in the design-bias from overestimating small true values to underestimating large true ***,we give examples of applications where this is important to acknowledge and to potentially make adjustments to correct for the design-bias *** argue that relying entirely on conventional model-unbiasedness may lead to mistakes in several areas of application that use predictions from remotely sensed data.

关键词： Bias Model-based inference Design-based inference

Finding biomarkers of experience in animals

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journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 2024年第3期15卷 925-944页

作者： Sarah Babington Alan j.Tilbrook Shane K.Maloney jill N.Fernandes Tamsyn M.Crowley Luoyang Ding Archa h.Fox Song Zhang Elise A.Kho Daniel Cozzolino Timothy j.Mahony Dominique Blache School of Agriculture and Environment The University of Western AustraliaCrawleyWA 6009Australia Centre for Animal Science The Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food InnovationThe University of QueenslandSt LuciaQLD 4072Australia School of Veterinary Science The University of QueenslandGattonQLD 4343Australia School of human Sciences The University of Western AustraliaCrawleyWA 6009Australia School of Medicine Deakin UniversityGeelongVIC 3217Australia poultry hub Australia University of New EnglandArmidaleNSW 2350Australia College of Animal Science and Technology Yangzhou UniversityYangzhou 225009China Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences The Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food InnovationThe University of QueenslandSt LuciaQLD 4072Australia

At a time when there is a growing public interest in animal welfare,it is critical to have objective means to assess the way that an animal experiences a *** is critical to ensure appropriate animal welfare *** behavioural,physiological,and neurobiological indicators that are used to assess animal welfare can verify the absence of extremely negative *** welfare is more than an absence of negative outcomes and an appropriate indicator should reflect the full spectrum of experience of an animal,from negative to *** this review,we draw from the knowledge of human biomedical science to propose a list of candidate biological markers(biomarkers)that should reflect the experiential state of non-human *** proposed biomarkers can be classified on their main function as endocrine,oxidative stress,non-coding molecular,and thermobiological *** also discuss practical challenges that must be addressed before any of these biomarkers can become useful to assess the experience of an animal in real-life.

关键词： Animal experience Animal welfare Biomarker Stress Welfare assessment

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经常打鼾与血压控制不佳相关

中华高血压杂志（中英文） 2024年第6期32卷 575-575页

作者：袁源(译) 练桂丽(审校) 不详

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(俗称打鼾)是心血管疾病的危险因素,且独立于其他合并症。但是,既往研究依赖于主观的、自我报告的打鼾评估。该研究采用家庭监测技术客观评估数月间的打鼾发生率及其与高血压患病率的关联性。在该研究中,采用... 详细信息

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(俗称打鼾)是心血管疾病的危险因素,且独立于其他合并症。但是,既往研究依赖于主观的、自我报告的打鼾评估。该研究采用家庭监测技术客观评估数月间的打鼾发生率及其与高血压患病率的关联性。在该研究中,采用床垫下传感器技术对12287例参与者进行6月的夜间监测,评估每夜睡眠期间打鼾的平均时间比例以及估算的呼吸暂停低通气指数(estimated apnea hypopnea index,eAhI)。

关键词：呼吸暂停低通气指数阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征睡眠期间高血压患病率打鼾自我报告客观评估传感器技术

CT灌注检测大血管闭塞急性缺血性脑卒中血管内治疗的成本效益：一项基于模型的卫生经济学评价研究

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国际医学放射学杂志 2024年第3期 375-376页

作者： h.van Voorst j.W.hoving M.S.Koopman j.D.Daems D.peerlings E.Buskens 吴小佳

摘要目的如果在CT血管成像（CTA）和平扫CT(NCCT)的标准诊断成像方案之外，还使用CT灌注（CTp），则可以提高疑似急性缺血性卒中（AIS）病人的大血管闭塞（LVO）

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应用剪切波离散成像斜率值预测移植肾急性排异反应

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国际医学放射学杂志 2024年第5期 620-621页

作者： T.M.Kim h.Ahn j.Y.Cho A.han S.I .Min j.ha 郑永利

目的评价剪切波离散成像斜率值预测移植肾功能不全的价值。方法回顾性分析2022年11月—2023年2月期间行肾移植的128例受试者资料[中位年龄，55(43～62)

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ENSO impacts on litter stocks and water holding capacity in secondary forests in eastern Amazonia

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journal of Forestry Research 2024年第1期35卷 83-89页

作者： julia Isabella de Matos Rodrigues Walmer Bruno Rocha Martins Victor pereira de Oliveira Myriam Suelen da Silva Wanzerley hélio Brito dos Santos júnior Francisco de Assis Oliveira Graduate program in Forestry Sciences Av.Presidente Tancredo Neves2501BelémPará66077-530Brazil Federal Rural University of Amazonia Av.Presidente Tancredo Neves2501BelémPará66077-530Brazil Federal Rural University of Amazonia Tv.Pau-AmareloCapitão PoçoPará68650-000Brazil National Institute of Amazonia Research Av.Constelação Cruzeiro do SulManausAmazonas 69060-062Brazil

Among the impacts of climate change,there is the intensification of phenomena such as the El Niño South-ern Oscillation(ENSO)responsible for El Niño and La Niñ***,understanding their effects on the functional pro-cesses of forests is ***,this study evaluated the effects of ENSO on litter stock and water holding capac-ity(WhC)in a successional forest in eastern *** occurred in periods with the most rainfall in El Niño(2019)and least in La Niña(2021)*** permanent plots were used to sample *** effects were evident for WhC,higher during El Niñ***,this influence was not clear for litter,as only in the rainy season effects were *** was a positive correlation of WhC with precipitation and humidity,while litter stocks were negatively correlated with temperature and wind *** the subject of this study requires long-term assessments,preliminary results suggests that,depending on the intensity of ENSO,forest functional processes can be strongly impacted and *** conclusion reinforces warnings by the scientific community about the impacts of climate change on the maintenance of litter stocks,decomposition and,consequently,the biogeochemical cycle and essential ecosystem services for the maintenance of Amazonia *** need to develop long-term research to understand the effects of climatic change on litter stocks and water holding capacity is highlighted,especially in Amazonia.

关键词： Seasonality Climate change Succession ecosystem Biogeochemical cycle Amazonia biodiversity

Investigation of hCAR2 antagonists as a potential strategy to modulate bovine leukocytes

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journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 2024年第4期15卷 1567-1577页

作者： Laman K.Mamedova Kirby C.Krogstad paiton O.McDonald Laxman pokhrel Duy h.hua Evan C.Titgemeyer Barry j.Bradford Department of Animal Science Michigan State UniversityEast LansingMichigan 48824USA Department of Animal Sciences and Industry Kansas State UniversityManhattanKS 66506USA Comparative Medicine and Integrative Biology East LansingMI 48824USA Department of Chemistry Kansas State UniversityManhattanKS 66506USA

Background Dairy cows experiencing ketosis after calving suffer greater disease incidence and are at greater risk of leaving the herd. In vitro administration of beta-hydroxybutyric acid(BhBA;the primary blood ketone) has inhibitory effects on the function of bovine leukocytes. BhBA is a ligand of hCAR2 and the activation of these receptors promotes an anti-inflammatory response which may be related with immunosuppression observed in transition dairy cattle. The objective of this study was to identify and test antagonists for hCAR2 in bovine immune cells cultured with *** We observed expression of hCAR2 at the protein level within lymphocytes, monocytes, and granulocytes. The proportion of cells expressing hCAR2 tended to be greater in mid-lactation compared to early lactation cows;the increase was a result of increased proportion of T and B cells expressing hCAR2. Stimulation of hCAR2 with niacin or BhBA promoted Ca^(2+) mobilization in neutrophils and mononuclear cells. Mononuclear cells treated with BhBA had diminished intracellular Ca^(2+) responses when hCAR2 was knocked down by si RNA silencing, indicating Ca^(2+) mobilization was mediated by hCAR2 signaling. Two candidate antagonists for hCAR2, synthesized from niacin(NA-1 and NA-5), were tested;monocytes and neutrophils pre-treated with NA-1 and NA-5 had reduced Ca^(2+) mobilization after incubation with BhBA. Furthermore, NA-5 but not NA-1 prevented BhBA-associated reductions in cyclic *** We demonstrated that hCAR2 is present on bovine leukocytes and has greater expression later in lactation. We confirmed that BhBA and niacin derived hCAR2 antagonists alter bovine leukocyte activity. Our results demonstrate that both BhBA and niacin affect bovine leukocyte Ca^(2+) mobilization in a hCAR2-dependent manner.

关键词： Flow cytometry GpR109A hM74A Ketosis

Single atom Cu-N-C catalysts for the electro-reduction of CO_(2) to CO assessed by rotating ring-disc electrode

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journal of Energy Chemistry 2024年第1期88卷 169-182,I0004页

作者： S.pérez-Rodríguez M.Gutiérrez-Roa C.Giménez-Rubio D.Ríos-Ruiz p.Arévalo-Cid M.V.Martínez-huerta A.Zitolo M.j.Lázaro D.Sebastián Instituto de Carboquímica(CSIC) Miguel Luesma Castán 450018 ZaragozaSpain Instituto de Catálisis y petroleoquímica(CSIC) Marie Curie 228049 MadridSpain Synchrotron SOLEIL L’Orme des MerisiersDépartementale 12891190France

The electrochemical CO_(2) reduction reaction(CO_(2)RR) to controllable chemicals is considered as a promising pathway to store intermittent renewable energy. herein, a set of catalysts based on copper-nitrogendoped carbon xerogel(Cu-N-C) are successfully developed varying the copper amount and the nature of the copper precursor, for the efficient CO_(2)RR. The electrocatalytic performance of Cu-N-C materials is assessed by a rotating ring-disc electrode(RRDE), technique still rarely explored for CO_(2)RR. For comparison, products are also characterized by online gas chromatography in a h-cell. The as-synthesized Cu-NC catalysts are found to be active and highly CO selective at low overpotentials(from -0.6 to -0.8 V ***) in 0.1 M KhCO_(3), while h_(2) from the competitive water reduction appears at larger overpotentials(-0.9 V vs. RhE). The optimum copper acetate-derived catalyst containing Cu-N_(4) moieties exhibits a CO_(2)-to-CO turnover frequency of 997 h^(-1) at -0.9 V vs. RhE with a h_(2)/CO ratio of 1.8. These results demonstrate that RRDE configuration can be used as a feasible approach for identifying electrolysis products from CO_(2)RR.

关键词： Cu-N-C Carbon xerogel Rotating ring disc electrode Carbon dioxide reduction reaction Carbon monoxide