Appropriate interaction between pantograph and catenary is imperative for smooth operation of electric *** heights of overhead lines to accommodate level crossings,overbridges,and tunnels pose significant challenges i...
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Appropriate interaction between pantograph and catenary is imperative for smooth operation of electric *** heights of overhead lines to accommodate level crossings,overbridges,and tunnels pose significant challenges in maintaining consistent current collection performance as the pantograph aerodynamic profile,and thus aerodynamic load changes significantly with operational *** research aims to analyse the global flow characteristics and aerodynamic forces acting on individual components of an HSX pantograph operating in different configurations and orientations,such that the results can be combined with multibody simulations to obtain accurate dynamic insight into contact ***,computational fluid dynamics simulations are used to investigate the pantograph component loads in a representative setting,such as that of the recessed cavity on a Class 800 *** an aerodynamic perspective,this study indicates that the total drag force acting on non-fixed components of the pantograph is larger for the knuckle-leading orientation rather than the knuckle-trailing,although the difference between the two is found to reduce with increasing pantograph *** the aerodynamic loads acting on individual components with multibody tools allows for realistic dynamic insight into the pantograph *** results obtained show how considering aerodynamic forces enhance the realism of the models,leading to behaviour of the pantograph-catenary contact forces closely matching that seen in experimental tests.
Dear Editor,Transcription factors (TFs) are proteins that regulate the expression of target genes by binding to specific cis-elements in pro-moter regions. Transcriptional regulators (TRs) a)so regulate the expre...
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Dear Editor,Transcription factors (TFs) are proteins that regulate the expression of target genes by binding to specific cis-elements in pro-moter regions. Transcriptional regulators (TRs) a)so regulate the expression of target genes; however, they operate indirectly via interaction with the basal transcription apparatus (e.g., TFs), or by altering the accessibility of DNA to TFs via chromatin remodeling. Another type of regulatory proteins, protein kinases (PKs),
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