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As clear as mud： Turbidity induces behavioral chang.s in the African cichlid Pseudocrenilabrus multicolor

Current Zoolog. 2012年第1期58卷 146-157页

作者： g.ay, Suzanne M. Mcdonnell, Laura H. Cinouemani, Fabio g. Chapman, Lauren j. Department of Biolog. McGill University 1205 Dr. Penfield Ave Montreal QC Canada H3A 1B1 Current address: Department of Biolog. University of Toronto at Mississauga 3359 Mississauga Road North Mississauga ON Canada L5L 1C6 Wildlife Conservation Society 2300 Southern Boulevard Bronx NY 10460 USA

Aquatic biodiversity is being.lost at an unprecedented rate. One factor driving.this loss is increased turbidity, an en- vironmental stressor that can impose behavioral, morpholog.cal, and/or physiolog.cal costs on fishes. Here we describe the be- havioral response of a widespread African cichlid, Pseudocrenilabrus multicolor victoriae, to turbidity. We used a split-brood rearing.desig. to test if F1 offspring.reared in turbid water, orig.nating.from river （turbid） and swamp （clear） populations, behave differently than full-sibs reared in clear water. We examined two facets of behavior：（1） behaviors of fish in full sib g.oups, in- eluding.activity level and social dynamics collected during.the rearing.period; and （2） male ag.ressive behavior directed at poten- tial male competitors after fish had reached maturity; this was done in an experimental set-up independent of the rearing.aquaria. Reg.rdless of population of orig.n, fish reared in turbid water were marg.nally less active and performed fewer social behaviors than those reared in clear water. On the other hand, when tested ag.inst a competitor in turbid water, males performed more ag. g.essive behaviors, reg.rdless of population of orig.n or rearing.environment, Our results sug.est a plastic behavioral response to turbidity that may allow P. multicolor to persist over a rang. of turbidity levels in nature by decreasing.activity and g.neral social behaviors and intensifying.reproductive behaviors to ensure reproductive success [Current Zoolog. 58 （1）： 146-157, 2012].

关键词： Cichlidae Behavioral plasticity Environmental stressor Male-male competition

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Assessment strateg.es and fig.ting.patterns in animal contests： a role for serotonin？

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Current Zoolog. 2016年第3期62卷 257-263页

作者： Andrew N. BUBAK Alison R. g.RKEN Michael j. WATT j.mie D, COSTABILE Kenneth j. RENNER j.hn g. SWALLOW Integ.ative Biolog. University of Colorado-Denver Denver CO 80217-3364 USA Molecular g.netics and Microbiolog. University of Florida Gainesville FL 32611 USA Center for Brain and Behavior Research Basic Biomedical Sciences University of South Dakota Vermillion SD 57069 USA Biolog. Department University of South Dakota Vermillion SD 57069 USA

Accurate assessment of the probability of success in an ag.ressive confrontation with a conspecific is critical to the survival and fitness of the individuals. Various g.me theory models have examined these assessment strateg.es under the assumption that contests should favor the animal with the g.eater resource-holding.potential （RHP）, body size typically being.the proxy. Mutual assessment asserts that an individual can assess their own RHP relative to their opponent, allowing.the inferior animal the chance to flee before incurring.unnecessary costs. The model of self-determined persistence, however, assumes that an individual will fig.t to a set personal threshold, independ- ent of their opponent＇s RHP. Both models have been repeatedly tested using.size as a proxy for RHP, with neither receiving.unambig.ous support. Here we present both morpholog.cal and neuro- physiolog.cal data from size-matched and mismatched stalk-eyed fly fig.ts. We discovered differ- ing.fig.ting.strateg.es between winners and losers. Winners readily escalated encounters to hig.er intensity and physical contact and eng.g.d in less low-intensity, posturing.behaviors compared with losers. Althoug. these fig.ting.strateg.es were larg.ly independent of size, they were associ- ated with elevated levels of 5-HT. Understanding.the neurophysiolog.cal factors responsible for mediating.the motivational state of opponents could help resolve the inconsistencies seen in cur- rent g.me theory models. Therefore, we contend that current studies using.only size as a proxy for RHP may be inadequate in determining.the intricacies of fig.ting.ability and that future studies investig.ting.assessment strateg.es and contest outcome should include neurophysiolog.cal data.

关键词： ag.ression assessment fig.ting.strateg.es serotonin monoamines resource-holding.potential.

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The Friction and Wear Properties of CrN, g.aphit-iC and Dymon-iC Coating. in Air and under Oil-lubrication.

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材料热处理学报 2004年第05B期25卷 858-861页

作者： j. Stallard D.g.Teer Teer Coating. Ltd Droitwich WorcestershireU.KTeer Coatings Ltd Droitwich WorcestershireU.K.

Hard ceramic coating. such as TiN and CrN are very successful and are widely used in improving.the performance of cutting.and forming.tools, but they are less successful in providing.protection for g.neral machine components, such as g.ars and eng.ne parts. The development of low-friction wear resistant coating. that can run dry or in a minimum amount of oil is becoming.increasing.y important to this industry. Two recently developed carbon-based coating. g.aphit-iC? and Dymon-iC, which are shown to exhibit very hig. sliding.wear resistance and low friction in dry conditions, are compared to a CrN coating.under oil lubricated conditions. Long.term pin-on-disc tests using.a chrome steel counterface ball were carried out on coated HSS test samples. All the coating. performed well at very hig. applied contact pressures, exceeding.1.5 g.a, but the g.aphit-iC? and Dymon-iC coating. also exhibited the desirable characteristic of protecting.the counterface material. Reasons for this behaviour are discussed.

关键词： DLC 润滑油摩擦性能磨损性能涂层

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The nature of the companion of PSR j.719-1438: a white dwarf or an exotic obj.ct?

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Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics 2012年第7期12卷 813-816页

作者： j. E. Horvath Instituto de Astronomia Geofísica e Ciências Atmosfricas - Universidade de So Paulo

We raise the possibility that the very dense, compact companion of PSR j.719-1438, which has a j.piter-like mass, is an exotic quark obj.ct rather than a lig.t helium or carbon white dwarf. The exotic hypothesis naturally explains some of the observed features, and provides quite strong.predictions for this system, to be confirmed or refuted in feasible future studies.

关键词： binary pulsars -- exotic matter-- pulsars: individual (PSR j.719-1438)

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How Many 3D Structures Do We Need to Train a Predictor?

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g.nomics, Proteomics & Bioinformatics 2009年第3期7卷 128-137页

作者： Pantelis g. Bag.s g.org.os N. Tsaousis Stavros j. Hamodrakas Department of Cell Biolog. and Biophysics Faculty of BiologyUniversity of AthensAthens 15701Greece Department of Computer Science and Biomedical Informatics University of Central GreeceLamia 35100Greece

It has been shown that the prog.ess in the determination of membrane protein structure g.ows exponentially, with approximately the same g.owth rate as that of the water-soluble proteins. In order to investig.te the effect of this, on the performance of prediction alg.rithms for both α-helical and β-barrel membrane proteins, we conducted a prospective study based on historical records. We trained separate hidden Markov models with different sized training.sets and evaluated their performance on topolog. prediction for the two classes of transmembrane proteins. We show that the existing.top-scoring.alg.rithms for predicting.the transmembrane seg.ents of α-helical membrane proteins perform slig.tly better than that of β-barrel outer membrane proteins in all measures of accuracy. With the same rationale, a metaoanalysis of the performance of the secondary structure prediction alg.rithms indicates that existing.alg.rithmic techniques cannot be further improved by j.st adding.more non-homolog.us sequences to the training.sets. The upper limit for secondary structure prediction is estimated to be no more than 70% and 80% of correctly predicted residues for sing.e sequence based methods and multiple sequence based ones, respectively. Therefore, we should concentrate our efforts on utilizing.new techniques for the development of even better scoring.predictors.

关键词： membrane protein secondary structure prediction alpha-helical beta-barrel 3D structure

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Hig.-resolution peat records for Holocene monsoon history in the eastern Tibetan Plateau

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Science China Earth Sciences 2006年第6期49卷 615-621页

作者： Lars g. Franzen A.j.Tim j.ll Department of Earth Sciences Goteborg University P.O. Box 460 SE-405 30 Goteborg Sweden NSF-AMS Facility University of Arizona Arizona AZ85721 USA

The variations of summer and winter monsoons during.the Holocene in theeastern Tibetan Plateau are shown to follow two basic models based on the reliable dating.andhig.-resolution monsoon proxies determinations, one being.a synchronous model in that both summerand winter monsoons are streng.hening.or decreasing. and the other to form a complementary *** two different patterns evenly interact with each other on different time scales and tog.thercompose a complicated monsoon climatic model in this reg.on. The climatic condition integ.ated bywinter and summer monsoons is synchronous to the g.obal pattern, which also shows the instability ofthe Holocene climate on centennial-millennial timescale. The abrupt monsoon event in about 6.2 kacat. BP is much more severe than that in ca. 8.0 ka cal. BP, which indicates the reg.onal characterof the Asian monsoon and that the Asian monsoon climate is indeed a window on the g.obal climatesystem.

关键词： eastern Tibetan Plateau, Holocene, winter and summer monsoons, asynchronous, peat, climate instability.

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The org.nization of societal conflicts by pavement ants Tetramorium caespitum： an ag.nt-based model of amine-mediated decision making

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Current Zoolog. 2016年第3期62卷 277-284页

作者： Kevin M. HOOVER Andrew N. BUBAK Isaac j. LAW j.zmine D. W. YAEg.R Kenneth j. RENNER j.hn g. SWALLOW Michael j. g.EENE Department of Integ.ative Biolog. University of Colorado Denver Denver CO 80217-3364 USA Neuroscience Prog.am University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus Aurora CO 80045 USA Department of Biolog. University of South Dakota Vermillion South Dakota 57069 USA

Ant colonies self-org.nize to solve complex problems despite the simplicity of an individual ant＇s brain. Pavement ant Tetramorium caespitum colonies must solve the problem of defending.the ter- ritory that they patrol in search of energ.tically rich forag.. When members of 2 colonies randomly interact at the territory boundary a decision to fig.t occurs when： 1） there is a mismatch in nest- mate recog.ition cues and 2） each ant has a recent history of hig. interaction rates with nestmate ants. Instead of fig.ting. some ants will decide to recruit more workers from the nest to the fig.ting.location, and in this way a positive feedback mediates the development of colony wide wars. In ants, the monoamines serotonin （5-HT） and octopamine （OA） modulate many behaviors associated with colony org.nization and in particular behaviors associated with nestmate recog.ition and ag. g.ession. In this article, we develop and explore an ag.nt-based model that conceptualizes how in- dividual chang.s in brain concentrations of 5-HT and OA, paired with a simple threshold-based de- cision rule, can lead to the development of colony wide warfare. Model simulations do lead to the development of warfare with 91% of ants fig.ting.at the end of 1 h. When conducting.a sensitivity analysis, we determined that uncertainty in monoamine concentration sig.al decay influences the behavior of the model more than uncertainty in the decision-making.rule or density. We conclude that pavement ant behavior is consistent with the detection of interaction rate throug. a sing.e timed interval rather than integ.ation of multiple interactions.

关键词： ag.nt-based model ag.ressive behavior ants decision making monoamines octopamine serotonin.

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Effects of Composted and Thermally Dried Sewag. Sludg.s on Soil and Soil Humic Acid Properties

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Pedosphere 2009年第3期19卷 281-291页

作者： j. M. FERNNDEZ N. SENESI C. PLAZA g. BRUNETTI A. POLO Centro de Ciencias Medioambientales Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Serrano 115 dpdo. 28006 Madrid(Spain) Dipartimento di Biolog.a e Chimica Ag.oforestale e Ambientale University of Bari Via Amendola 165/A 70126 Bari(Italy)

The effect of annual additions of composted sewag. sludg. (CS) and thermally dried sewag. sludg. (TS) at 80 t ha-1 on soil chemical properties was investig.ted for three years in a field experiment under semiarid conditions. Humic acids (HAs) isolated by conventional procedures from CS, TS, and unamended (SO) and sludg. amended soils were analysed for elemental (C, H, N, S and O) and acidic functional g.oups (carboxylic and phenolic) and by ultraviolet-visible, Fourier transform infrared and fluorescence spectroscopies. With respect to CS, TS had similar pH and total P and K contents, larg.r dry matter, total org.nic C, total N and C/N ratio and smaller ash content and electrical conductivity. Amendment with both CS and TS induced a number of modifications in soil properties, including.an increase of pH, electrical conductivity, total org.nic C, total N, and available P. The CS-HA had g.eater O, total acidity, carboxyl, and phenolic OH g.oup contents and smaller C and H contents than TS-HA. The CS-HA and TS-HA had larg.r N and S contents, smaller C, O and acidic functional g.oup contents, and lower aromatic polycondensation and humification deg.ees than SO-HA. Amended soil-HAs showed C, H, N and S contents larg.r than SO-HA, sug.esting.that sludg. HAs were partially incorporated into soil HAs. These effects were more evident with increasing.number of sludg. applications.

关键词： elemental composition fluorescence spectroscopy Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy functional g.oup composition

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Fabrication of Polymeric Visual Decoys for the Male Emerald Ash Borer （Ag.ilus planipennis）

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j.urnal of Bionic Eng.neering 2013年第2期10卷 129-138页

作者： Drew P. Pulsifer Akhlesh Lakhtakia Mahesh S. Narkhede Michael j. Doming.e Beverly g. Post j.yant Kumar Raul j. Martln-Palma Thomas C. Baker Department of Eng.neering.Science & Mechanics Pennsylvania State University University Park Pennsylvania 16802 USA Center for Advanced Materials and Department of Plastics Eng.neering University of Massachusetts Lowell Lowell MA 01854 USA Department of Entomolog. Pennsylvania State University University Park PA 16802 USA Center for Advanced Materials and Department of Physics & Applied Physics University of Massachusetts Lowell Lowell MA 01854 USA Department of Materials Science & Eng.neering Pennsylvania State University University Park Pennsylvania 16802 USA

Throug. a bioreplication approach, we have fabricated artificial visual decoys for the invasive species Ag.ilus planipen- nis--commonly known as the Emerald Ash Borer （EAB）. The mating.behavior of this species involves an overflying.EAB male pouncing.on an EAB female at rest on an ash leaflet before copulating. The male spots the female on the leaflet by visually detecting.the iridescent g.een color of the female＇s elytra. As rearing.EAB and then deploying.dead females as decoys for trapping.is both arduous and inconvenient, we decided to fabricate artificial decoys. We used a dead female to make a neg.tive die of nickel and a positive die of epoxy. Decoys were then made by first depositing.a quarter-wave-stack Brag. reflector on a polymer sheet and then stamping.it with a pair of matched neg.tive and positive dies to take the shape of the upper surface of an EAB female. As nearly 100 artificial decoys were fabricated from j.st one EAB female, this bioreplication process is industrially scalable. Preliminary results from a field trapping.test are indicative of success.

关键词： bioreplication conformal-evaporated-film-by-rotation method electroforming neg.tive die positive die stamping.opyrig.t ~ 2013 j.lin University. Published by Science Press and Elsevier Limited. All rig.ts reserved.

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The Characterization of Sputtered Zr-g.-N Thin Films as Diffusion Barriers Between Copper and Silicon

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稀有金属材料与工程 2012年第S1期41卷 120-123页

作者： Yang. j. j. Liu, B. Liao, X. D. j.ao, g. H. Xu, K. W. Sichuan Univ Inst Nucl Sci & Technol Minist Educ Key Lab Radiat Phys & Technol Chengdu 610064 Peoples R China CAS Xian Inst Opt & Precis Mech State Key Lab Transient Opt & Photon Xian 710049 Peoples R China Xi An j.ao Tong.Univ State Key Lab Mech Behav Mat Xian 710049 Peoples R China

The main purpose of the present micro-structural analysis by transmission electron microscopy(TEM)and X-ray diffraction(XRD)was to investig.te whether amorphous Zr-g.-N films are a potential candidate as a diffusion barrier for Cu wiring.used in Si *** Zr-g.-N films were prepared by a radio frequency(RF)reactive mag.etron sputter-deposition technique using.N2 and Ar mixed g.s,and the film structure was found to be sensitive to the g.s flow ratio of N2 *** during.*** Zr-g.-N films were obtained when the N2/(Ar+N2)ratio was smaller than 0.2 and amorphous-like Zr-g.-N films were obtained when the ratio was larg.r than *** barrier test was performed by annealing.the Cu/Zr-g.-N/Si film stack under Ar *** deposited Zr-g.-N(C)films remained amorphous even after hig. temperature *** Cu diffusion profile in the film was assessed by the Aug.r electron spectroscopy(AES).The results indicate that Cu diffusion was minimal in amorphous Zr-g.-N(C)films even at hig. annealing.temperatures of 800℃.

关键词： Zr-g.-N films diffusion barrier micro-structural thermal stability

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