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Collaborative Efforts and Strategies for Cholera Outbreak Control in Garissa County, Kenya: Implementation of Water Quality Monitoring Interventions

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Journal of Water Resource and Protection 2024年第2期16卷 123-139页

作者： Michael Habtu Mark Nanyingi Ali A. Hassan Abdiwahid M. Noor Joel Mutyandia Muli Alan Mwika Julius Wekesa Ahmed Fidhow Diba Dulacha Landry Kabego ishata nannie conteh Andre Arsene Bita Fouda Sonia Chene Aden H. Ibrahim Ahmed Nadhir Omar Martins C. Livinus Abdourahmane Diallo World Health Organization Nairobi Kenya Department of Health Garissa County Government Garissa Kenya Water Resources Authority Garissa Kenya World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa Brazzaville Congo Regional Agency for Health Dijon France

A multi-faceted Case Area Targeted Intervention (CATI) approach emphasizing the integration of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) interventions and Oral Cholera Vaccine (OCV) campaign was employed to respond to the outbreak of cholera in Garissa County. Drinking water sources in areas heavily impacted by cholera were systematically mapped and tested for microbiological quality. The quality assessment was carried out in April 2023 during an ongoing cholera outbreak in the county. A total of 109 samples were collected and tested for thermotolerant coliforms and other in situ parameters. The finding revealed that more than 87% of the samples did not meet the World Health Organization (WHO) standard for thermotolerant coliforms;and 30% had turbidity values above the recommended threshold values. None of the 109 samples had any traceable residual chlorine. Following these findings, the county government implemented the targeted interventions which resulted in a positive impact in the fight against cholera. The WHO supported key interventions which included capacity building in water quality monitoring and prepositioning of critical WASH commodities to the cholera affected areas.

关键词： Cholera Drinking Water Household Water Treatment Kenya

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Cyclooxygenase 2,pS2,inducible nitric oxide synthase and transforming growth factor alpha in gastric adaptation to stress

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2004年第23期10卷 3537-3541页

作者： Shi-nannie Hai-ChenSun Xue-HaoWu Xiao-MingQian EmergencyDepartment NanjingGeneralHospitalofNanjingPLACommandArea/ClinicalSchoolofMedicalcollegeofNanjingUniversityNanjing210002JiangsuProvinceChina

AIM:To determine the role of mucosal gene expression of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), pS2 (belongs to trefoil peptides),inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and transforminggro wth factor alpha (TGFα in gastric adaptation to water immersion and restraint stress (WRS) in ***: Wistar rats were exposed to single or repeated WRS for 4 h every other day for up to 6 d. Gastric mucosal blood flow (GMBF-) was measured by laser Doppler flowmeter3. The extent of gastric mucosal lesions were evaluated grossly and histologically and expressions of COX-2, pS2,iNOS and TGFα were determined by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western ***: The damage to the surface of gastric epithelium with focal areas of deep haemorrhagic necrosis was induced by repeated *** adaptative cytoprotection against stress was developed with activation of cell proliferation in the neck regions of gastric glands. The ulcer index (UI) in groups Ⅱ, Ⅲ and IV was markedly reduced as compared with group Ⅰ (Ⅰ: 47.23±1.20; Ⅳ: 10.39±1.18,P<0.01). GMBF significantly decreased after first exposure to WRS with an adaptive increasement of GMBF in experimental groups after repetitive challenges with WRS. After the 4th WRS,the value of GMBF almost restored to normal level (Ⅰ: 321.87±8.85; Ⅳ: 455.95±11.81,P<0.01). First WRS significantly decreased the expression of pS2 and significantly increased the expressions of COX-2, iNOS and TGFα After repeated WRS, pS2 and TGFα expressions gradually increased (pS2: Ⅰ: 0.37±0.02; Ⅳ: 0.77±0.01; TGFα Ⅰ: 0.86±0.01, Ⅳ: 0.93±0.03, P<0.05) with a decrease in the expressions of COX-2 and iNOS (COX-2: Ⅰ: 0.45±0.02; Ⅳ:0.22±0.01; iNOS: Ⅰ: 0.93±0.01; Ⅳ: 0.56±0.01, P<0.01).Expressions of pS2, COX-2, iNOS and TGFα showed regular changes with a good relationship among ***: Gastric adaptation to WRS injury involves enhanced cell proliferation,increased expression of pS2 and TGFα, and reduced expression of COX-2 and *** changes pl

关键词：环氧合酶2 pS2 诱导作用含氮氧化物合酶转化生长因子α 胃适应基因表达

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Role of TFF in healing of stress-induced gastric lesions

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2003年第8期9卷 1772-1776页

作者： Shi-YuYang Wen-JieTang Bao-HuaXu FangHuang XinLin Dong-YanSun Hai-ChenSun Zhao-ShenLi Shi-nannie Xiao-MingQian Xue-HaoWu EmergencyDepartment NanjingGeneralHospitaiofNanjingCommand/ClinicalSchoolofMedical~2ollegeofNanjingUniversityNaniing210002JiangsuProvinceChina DepartmentofGastroenterology ChanghaiHospitalSecondMilitaryMedicalUniversityShanghai200433China

AIM: To determine the changes of pS2 and ITF of TFF expression in gastric mucosa and the effect on ulcer healing of pS2, ITF to Water-immersion and restraint stress (WRS)in ***: Wistar rats were exposed to single or repeated WRS for 4 h every other day for up to 6 days. Gastric mucosal blood flow (GMBF) was measured by LDF-3 flowmeter and the extent of gastric mucosal lesions were evaluated grossly and histologically. Expression of pS2 and ITF mRNA was determined by RT-PCR. Immunohistochemistry was used to further detect the expression of pS2 and ***: WRS applied once produced numerous gastric mucosal erosions, but the number of these lesions gradually declined and GMBF restored at 2, 4, 8 h after stress. The area of gastric mucosal lesion was reduced by 64.9 % and GMBF was increased by 89.8 % at 8 h. The healing of stress-induced ulcerations was accompanied by increased expression of pS2 (0.51±0.14 vs0.77±0.11, P＜0.01) and ITF (0.022±0.001 vs 0.177±0.010, P＜0.01). The results were demonstrated further by immunohistochemistry of pS2(0.95±0.11 vs1.41±0.04, P＜0.01) and ITF (0.134±0.001 vs 0.253±0.01,P＜0.01). With repeated WRS, adaptation to this WRS developed, the area of gastric mucosal lesions was reduced by 22.0 % after four consecutive WRS. This adaptation to WRS was accompanied by increased GMBF (being increased by 94.2 %), active cell proliferation in the neck region of gastric glands, and increased expression of pS2 (0.37±0.02 vs 0.77±0.01, P＜0.01) and ITF (0.040±0.001 vs0.372±0.010, P＜0.01). The result was demonstrated further by immunohistochemistry of pS2 (0.55±0.04 vs 2.46±0.08, P＜0.01) and ITF (0.134±0.001 vs0.354±0.070,P＜0.01).CONCLUSION: TFF may not only participate in the early phase of epithelial repair known as restitution(maked by increased cell migration),but also play an important role in the subsequent, protracted phase of glandular renewal(made by cell proliferation).

关键词：胃损伤 TFF 细胞增殖 pS2 ITF

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