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Pattern of HIV-1 Drug Resistance among Adults on ART in Nigeria

World Journal of AIDS 2013年第4期3卷 327-334页

作者： Georgina N.Odaibo Prosper Okonkwo isaac f.adewole David O.Olaleye Department of Virology College of MedicineUniversity of IbadanIbadanNigeria AIDS Prevention Initiative Nigeria Arab Contractor BuildingAbujaNigeria Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology College of MedicineUniversity of IbadanIbadanNigeria.

Background: The development of anitiretroviral drug resistance may limit the benefit of antiretroviral therapy. Therefore the need to closely monitor these mutations, especially the use of ART is increasing. This study was therefore designed to determine the ARV drug resistance pattern among ART na?ve and expose individuals attending a PEPfAR supported by antiretroviral clinic in Nigeria. Methodology: The study participants included patients attending the PEPfAR supported by University College Hospital (UCH), Ibadan ART clinic who have been on HIV treatment for at least one year with consecutive viral load of over 2000 copies/ml as well some ART Na?ve individuals with high (>50,000 copies/ml) baseline viral level attending the hospital for pre-ART assessment. Blood sample was collected from each individual for CD4 enumeration, viral load level determination and DNA sequencing for genotypic typing. Antiretroviral drug resistance mutations (DRM) were determined by using the Viroseq software and drug mutations generated by using a combination of Viroseq and Stanford algorithm. DRM were classified as major or minor mutations based on the June 2013 Stanford DR database. Results: The most common major NRTI, NNRTI and PI mutation were D67N (33.3%), Y181C (16.7%) and M46L/I (55.6%) respectively. Lamivudine (3TC) and emtricitabine (fTC);nevirapine (NVP) and nelfinavir (NfV) were the most common NRTI, NNRTI, and PI drugs to which the virus in the infected individuals developed resistance. Isolates from 4 patients were resistant to triple drug class, including at least one NRTI, NNRTI and a PI. Only one (4.8%) of the isolates from drug Na?ve individuals had major DRM that conferred resistance to any drug. Conclusion: Demonstration of high rates of antiretroviral DRM among patients on 1st and 2nd line ART and the presence of DRM in drug Na?ve individuals in this study show the importance of surveillance for resistance to ARV in line with the magnitude of scaling up of treatment

关键词： Antiretroviral Therapy Drug Resistance Mutation ART Na?ve 1st and 2nd Line ART

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(Sm/Eu/Tm)^(3+) doped tantalum semiconductor system for photovoltaic and electrochemical functionality amplification

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Journal of Rare Earths 2024年第8期42卷 1586-1594,I0007页

作者： Shaan Bibi Jaffri Khuram Shahzad Ahmad isaac Abrahams Ibrahim A.A Materials and Environmental Chemistry Lab Lab-E21Department of Environmental SciencesFatima Jinnah Women UniversityRawalpindiPakistan School of Physical and Chemical Sciences Queen Mary University of LondonLondonUnited Kingdom Department of Botany and Microbiology College of ScienceKing Saud UniversityP.O.Box 2455Riyadh11451Saudi Arabia

This work reports the synthesis,characterization,and energy focused applications of the novel lanthanides co-doped tantalum pentoxide hetero-system(Sm^(3+)-Eu^(3+)-Tm^(3+):Ta_(2)O_(5)).Ln^(3+)-doped Ta_(2)O_(5) express excellent opto-electronic features reflected by the narrow band gap energy of 3.87 *** vibrations confirm the presence of Ta-O-Ta and Ta-O *** synthesized system possesses orthorhombic geometry with 59.46 nm particle *** the smoother and compact morphology,the synthesized material succeeds in augmenting the performance of different systems aimed at energy *** ambient perovskite solar cell device fabricated with the Ln^(3+)-doped Ta_(2)O_(5) as an electron transport layer excels in achieving an efficiency and fill factor of 14.17% and 76% under artificial *** device was marked by the negligible hysteresis behavior showing profound photovoltaic *** electrochemical activity of the Ln^(3+)-doped Ta_(2)O_(5) decorated electrode was evaluated for electrical charge storage potential with pseudocapacitive behavior,With the highest specific capacitance of 355.39 f/g and quicker ionic diffusion rate,the designed electrode excels conventionally used ***-catalysis of water with Ln^(3+)-doped Ta_(2)O_(5) material indicates its capacity for H_(2) production with the lowest overpotential and Tafel slope values of 148 and 121.2 mV/dec,while the O_(2) generation is comparatively *** the stable electrochemical output,this rare earth modified material has the potential to replace conventionally used environmentally perilous and costly materials.

关键词： Lanthanide doping Rare earth materials Perovskite solar cells Supercapacitors Water splitting

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5-fluorouracil dose escalation generated desensitized colorectal cancer cells with reduced expression of protein methyltransferases and no epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition potential

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Oncology Research 2024年第6期32卷 1047-1061页

作者： KIMBERLY fENECH isaac MICALLEf BYRON BARON Centre for Molecular Medicine and Biobanking University of MaltaMsidaMSD 2080Malta Department of Tumor Genetics and Biology Graduate School of Medical SciencesFaculty of Life SciencesKumamoto UniversityKumamoto860-8556Japan

Background:Colorectal cancer(CRC)is one of the most frequently diagnosed *** many cases,the poor prognosis of advanced CRC is associated with resistance to treatment with chemotherapeutic drugs such as 5-fluorouracil(5-fU).The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition(EMT)and dysregulation in protein methylation are two mechanisms associated with chemoresistance in many *** study looked into the effect of 5-fU dose escalation on EMT and protein methylation in *** and Methods:HCT-116,Caco-2,and DLD-1 CRC cell lines were exposed to dose escalation treatment of *** motility and invasive potentials of the cells before and after treatment with 5-fU were investigated through wound healing and invasion *** was followed by aWestern blot which analyzed the protein expressions of the epithelial marker E-cadherin,mesenchymal marker vimentin,and the EMT transcription factor(EMTTf),the snail family transcriptional repressor 1(Snail)in the parental and desensitized *** blotting was also conducted to study the protein expressions of the protein methyltransferases(PMTs),Euchromatic histone lysine methyltransferase 2(EHMT2/G9A),protein arginine methyltransferase(PRMT5),and SET domain containing 7/9(SETD7/9)along with the global lysine and arginine methylation ***:The dose escalation method generated 5-fU desensitized CRC cells with distinct morphological features and increased tolerance to high doses of *** 5-fU desensitized cells experienced a decrease in migration and invasion when compared to the parental *** was reflected in the observed reduction in E-cadherin,vimentin,and Snail in the desensitized cell ***,the protein expressions of EHMT2/G9A,PRMT5,and SETD7/9 also decreased in the desensitized cells and global protein lysine and arginine methylation became dysregulated with 5-fU ***:This study showed that continuous,dose-escalation treatment of 5-fU in CRC cells generated 5-fU

关键词： Chemoresistance Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition Protein methylation Protein methyltransferases

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Breast cancer immunotherapy:Realities and advances

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Cancer Innovation 2024年第5期3卷 23-36页

作者： Aixa Medina Jeismar Carballo Eglys González‐Marcano isaac Blanca Ana f.Convit Jacinto Convit World Organization Inc. Pompano BeachFloridaUSA facultad de Medicina Universidad Central de VenezuelaCaracasVenezuela Unidad Experimental de Inmunoterapia Fundación Jacinto ConvitCaracasVenezuela

Breast cancer(BC)is the most common malignant tumor and the main cause of death in women *** increased knowledge regarding tumor escape mechanisms and advances in immunology,many new antitumor strategies such as nonspecific immunotherapies,monoclonal antibodies,anticancer vaccines,and oncolytic viruses,among others,make immunotherapy a promising approach for the treatment of ***,these approaches still require meticulous assessment and readjustment as resistance and modest response rates remain important *** this article,we aim to summarize the most recent data available in BC immunotherapy to include the results of ongoing clinical trials and approved therapies used as monotherapies or in combination with conventional treatments.

关键词： breast cancer immunotherapy metastatic disease therapy combination tumor microenvironment

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Nonlinear oscillation characteristics of magnetic microbubbles under acoustic and magnetic fields

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Chinese Physics B 2022年第3期31卷 329-341页

作者： Lixia Zhao Huimin Shi isaac Bello Jing Hu Chenghui Wang Runyang Mo Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Ultrasonics School of Physics and Information TechnologyShaanxi Normal UniversityXi'an 710119China Department of Chemistry Ahmadu Bello UniversityZaria 810001Nigeria

Microbubbles loaded with magnetic nanoparticles(MMBs) have attracted increasing interests in multimode imaging and drug/gene delivery and targeted therapy. However, the dynamic behaviors generated in diagnostic and therapeutic applications are not clear. In the present work, a novel theoretical model of a single MMB was developed, and the dynamic responses in an infinite viscous fluid were investigated under simultaneous exposure to magnetic and acoustic fields. The results showed that the amplitude reduces and the resonant frequency increases with the strength of the applied steady magnetic field and the susceptibility of the magnetic shell. However, the magnetic field has a limited influence on the oscillating. It is also noticed that the responses of MMB to a time-varying magnetic field is different from a steady magnetic field. The subharmonic components increase firstly and then decrease with the frequency of the magnetic field and the enhanced effect is related to the acoustic driving frequency. It is indicated that there may be a coupling interaction effect between the acoustic and magnetic fields.

关键词： magnetic microbubbles ultrasound magnetic field nonlinear oscillation

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Transformer for the Design of Automatic Control Systems with Prefilters

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World Journal of Engineering and Technology 2024年第3期12卷 575-586页

作者： isaac Hughes John f. O’Brien Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of Wyoming Laramie USA

A machine learning model, using the transformer architecture, is used to design a feedback compensator and prefilter for various simulated plants. The output of the transformer is a sequence of compensator and prefilter parameters. The compensator and prefilter are linear models, preserving the ability to analyze the system with linear control theory. The input to the network is a window of recent reference and output samples. The goal of the transformer is to minimize tracking error at each time step. The plants under consideration range from simple to challenging. The more difficult plants contain closely spaced, lightly damped, complex conjugate pairs of poles and zeros. Results are compared to PID controllers tuned for a similar crossover frequency and optimal phase margin. for simple plants, the transformer converges to solutions which overly rely on the prefilter, neglecting the maximization of negative feedback. for more complex plants, the transformer designs a compensator and prefilter with more desirable qualities. In all cases, the transformer can start with random model parameters and modify them to minimize tracking error on the step reference.

关键词： feedback Machine Learning Compensator Design

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Immunovirological and Biochemical Changes in Nigerian Patients with Hepatitis B Coinfection on Antiretroviral Therapy

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World Journal of AIDS 2011年第2期1卷 31-36页

作者： Jesse Abiodun Otegbayo Titilola Stella Akingbola Joshua Odunayo Akinyemi Kayode Solomon Adedapo Georgina Njideka Odaibo Yetunde Adebisi Aken óva David Olufemi Olaleye isaac folorunsho adewole Robert Murphy Phylis Kanki 不详

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) co-infection with HIV is high among Nigerians. Some studies have suggested impaired CD4 recovery among coinfected patients compared to the HIV mono infected. This retrospective study of treatment-na?ve HIV infected patients was aimed at determining the trend of changes in CD4+ counts, HIV-RNA and renal and liver function tests in response to combined antiretroviral therapy (CART). A questionnaire was utilised to extract clinical and laboratory data of HBV co infected HIV/AIDS patients before treatment and at six, twelve and eighteen months of therapy with CART. findings were compared to those of HIV mono infected. Relevant statistical instruments were used to analyse for comparisons of means of Log10 HIV viral load and CD4 count using SPSS package 15.0. All levels of sig-nificance were at 5 %. Two thousand five hundred and sixty two patients were analysed. Of these, 354(13.8%) were HBsAg positive. Majority (63.1%) were females. Most of the recruited patients were on combivir and nevirapine. The median CD4 count for the HBsAg negative was 104 cells/mm3 (IQR 34 – 171) and it was significantly higher than those of the positive (91 cells/mm3) (p from baseline and during the course of therapy were similar in the two groups. Similarly, virological responses were not different in the two groups at the various time points. In con-clusion no significant difference in the rate of CD4 recovery and HIV-RNA decline in among coinfected and monoin-fected HIV patients at different stages of therapy.

关键词： Hepatitis B Coinfection CD4 Viral Load Antiretroviral Nigeria

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A Comparative Technique for Performance Evaluation of Hammer Mill and Disk Mill in Yam flour Processing

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World Journal of Engineering and Technology 2022年第3期10卷 613-625页

作者： Joseph B. Bassey isaac f. Odesola Joshua A. Olawuyi Department of Mechanical Engineering Akwa Ibom State University Mkpat Enin Nigeria Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Ibadan Ibadan Nigeria

Grinding (Particle size reduction) of biomass is an age-long operation that is performed during the preparation process of certain food products. Among the grinding mill machines mostly used for this operation are hammer mill and disk mill. Being that the nature of biomass affects the performance and choice of grinding-mill machine to be adopted, it is imperative to compare and select appropriate grinding mill machine that is efficient and effective. In this paper, a comparative technique to evaluate and select appropriate grinding mill machine for particle size reduction of dried white yam (Dioscorea rotundata) is proposed. Hammer mill and disk mill machines were selected for consideration. Two white yam species (Benue and Delta Yam) were prepared into dried chips and ground using the selected mills. Among the attribute (performance parameters) considered are crushing time, particle size distribution and energy consumed. A measure of performance (Index I) based on the comparative technique was formulated and used in evaluating the performance of the two mills. In the hammer mill, index I recorded 2721.2 and 3719.82 par/kWh for Benue Yam chips at screen size 4 and 6 mm, respectively, while 2647.89 and 3472.01 par/kWh was recorded for Delta yam chips at screen size 4 and 6 mm, respectively. Index I values for the Disk mill were 2536.25 and 2433.42 par/kWh at 1.2 mm clearance distance for Benue Yam chips and Delta Yam chips, respectively. The results indicated that hammer mill performed better overall than the disk mill. The comparative technique was found suitable in the evaluation of the performance of the mills. It is recommended that hammer mill be adopted.

关键词： Comparative Technique Hammer Mill Disk Mill Performance Assessment of Mills

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Newton, Halley, Pell and the Optimal Iterative High-Order Rational Approximation of √<span style='margin-left:-2px;margin-right:2px;border-top:1px solid black'>N</span>

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Applied Mathematics 2018年第7期9卷 861-873页

作者： isaac fried Department of Mathematics Boston University Boston MA USA

In this paper we examine single-step iterative methods for the solution of the nonlinear algebraic equation f (x) = x2 - N = 0 , for some integer N, generating rational approximations p/q that are optimal in the sense... 详细信息

关键词： Iterative Methods Super-Linear and Super-Quadratic Methods Square Roots Pell’s Equation Optimal Rational Iterants Root Bounds

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Missed Opportunities for Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV (PMTCT) in Ibadan, Southwest Nigeria

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World Journal of AIDS 2014年第3期4卷 356-364页

作者： Babatunde O. Ogunbosi Regina E. Oladokun Olutosin Awolude Biobele J. Brown Olubukola A. Adeshina Modupe Kuti Babafemi Taiwo Baiba Berzins Demetrious N. Kyriacou Ellen G. Chadwick Kikelomo Osinusi isaac f. adewole Robert L. Murphy Department of Paediatrics College of Medicine University of Ibadan Ibadan Nigeria Department of Paediatrics University College Hospital Ibadan Nigeria Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology College of Medicine University of Ibadan Ibadan Nigeria Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology University College Hospital Ibadan Nigeria Department of Chemical Pathology College of Medicine University of Ibadan Ibadan Nigeria Department of Internal Medicine Feinberg School of Medicine Northwestern University Chicago USA Center for Global Health Institute for Public Health and Medicine Feinberg School of Medicine Northwestern University Chicago USA Department of Emergency Medicine Feinberg School of Medicine Northwestern University Chicago USA Department of Pediatrics Feinberg School of Medicine Northwestern University Chicago USA

Background: Nigeria has the largest paediatric HIV-infected population in the world. Missed opportunities for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV (PMTCT) compromise efforts at eliminating new pediatric HIV infections. Methods: Six hundred children, aged f the University College Hospital (UCH), Ibadan Southwest Nigeria between June to December 2007 were studied. The demographics, HIV status and socioeconomic status of mothers and their children were studied. A 4-step hierarchy was used to assess the missed opportunities for PMTCT. Step 1: utilization of a health facility for antenatal care and delivery;Step 2: maternal HIV status determination during pregnancy;Step 3: provision of antiretroviral medication to HIV-infected mother and baby;and Step 4: avoidance of mixed feeding in HIV-exposed children. The rates of missed opportunities for PMTCT services at different steps in the PMTCT cascade, perinatal transmission rates, and associated factors were reported. Results: There were 599 mothers and 600 children (one set of twins), 60 (10%) were HIV infected and 56 (93.3%) of these were adjudged perinatally infected. Of 78 HIV-infected women, 7 (9.0%) accessed all interventions in the PMTCT cascade and 71 (91.0%) had missed opportunities for PMTCT. Missed opportunities for PMTCT occurred 42.9% in cascade Step 1, 64.2% in Step 2, 52.6% in step 3 and 73.7% in Step 4. All mother-baby pairs who accessed complete PMTCT interventions received care at a teaching hospital. Among infants with perinatal HIV infection, 53 (94.6%) were born to mothers who had missed opportunities for PMTCT. Most women with missed opportunities attended antenatal care outside the teaching hospital setting and belonged to low socioeconomic status. Conclusion: It is imperative to expand PMTCT access to women who receive antenatal care outside the teaching hospitals and to those of low socioeconomic status.

关键词： HIV Perinatal Prevention PMTCT Missed Opportunities

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