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Bureaucracy： Max Weber’s Concept and Its Application to Pakistan

International Relations and Diplomacy 2018年第4期6卷 251-262页

作者： irfan ahmed shaikh Arshad Islam Bashir ahmed Jatoi University of Sindh JamshoroPakistan International Islamic University Kuala LumpurMalaysia

To investigate Max Weber’s concept of bureaucracy and its relevance to Pakistan’s civil service, this study explains the system of governance followed in different nations, its function, and bureaucratic formulations in the well-managed and administered state. The paper analyzes reasons for the poor performance of Pakistani public service provision. International development doctrines pertaining to governance are based on accountable to the governments and effective bureaucracy. This study explores the formation of the Pakistani state and civil service and its role in the implementation of government policies. Irrespective of the system of governance followed across different nations, the presence, and functioning of a bureaucratic set-up is crucial to manage and administer the state. However, in Pakistan there has been an egregious failure of the bureaucratic set-up to achieve this vision. This study explores the reasons why based on Weberian sociological theory affirming that the main characteristic of bureaucracy is espirit de corps, doing things for the good of the institution （i.e., civil service） even if goes against the public interest. This study analyzes such orientation in the context of a major developing state, Pakistan. The essential principal function of bureaucracy is to honestly and sincerely implement the government policies on behalf of the people. The government provides representation of the national interest, mainly when democratically elected, while the bureaucracy provides skills and know-how; the latter is liable to the former, but often not directly to the public. Thus, bureaucrats are usually known as “civil servants”, who provide continuity in governance and daily life, despite the vagaries of changes in government. This is a qualitative research entirely based on literature survey from library data collected from books and articles.

关键词： bureaucracy Max Weber government policies democracy Pakistan

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Bioresorbable magnesium-based alloys containing strontium doped nanohydroxyapatite promotes bone healing in critical sized bone defect in rat femur shaft

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Journal of Magnesium and Alloys 2023年第1期11卷 270-286页

作者： Shazia shaikh irfan Qayoom R.Sarvesha Ashok Kumar Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering Indian Institute of Technology KanpurKanpur 208016India Centre for Environmental Science and Engineering Indian Institute of Technology KanpurKanpur 208016India Department of Materials Science and Engineering Indian Institute of Technology KanpurKanpur 208016India Center for Nanosciences Indian Institute of Technology KanpurKanpur 208016India The Mehta Family Centre for Engineering in Medicine Indian Institute of Technology KanpurKanpur 208016India

Magnesium-based biomaterials have been in extensive research for orthopedic applications for decades due to their optimal mechanical features and osteopromotive nature;nevertheless,rapid degradation restricts their clinical *** this study,pristine magnesium was purified(P-Mg)using a melt self-purification approach and reinforced using indigenously synthesized nanohydroxyapatite(HAP,0.6 wt.%)and strontium substituted nanohydroxyapatite(SrHAP,0.6 wt.%)using a low-cost stir assisted squeeze casting method to control their degradation *** electron back-scattered diffraction(EBSD)and X-ray diffraction(XRD)examinations,all casted materials were carefully evaluated for microstructure and phase *** characteristics,in vitro degradation,and in vitro biocompatibility with murine pre-osteoblasts were also tested on the fabricated *** in vivo examination of bone formation,osteointegration,and degradation rate,the magnesium-based alloys were fabricated as small cylindrical pins with a diameter of 2.7 mm and a height of 2 *** pins were implanted in a critical-sized defect in a rat femur shaft(2.7 mm diameter and 2 mm depth)for 8 weeks and evaluated by microCT and histological evaluation for bone growth and *** compared to P-Mg and P-MgHAP,micro-CT and histological analyses revealed that the P-MgSrHAP group had the highest bone formation towards the periphery of the implant and hence maximum *** the removed pins from the bone defect were analyzed using GIXRD,they displayed hydroxyapatite peaks that were consistent with *** P-Mg,P-MgHAP,and P-MgSrHAP 8 weeks after implantation,in vivo degradation rates derived from micro-CT were around 0.6 mm/year,0.5 mm/year,and 0.1 mm/year,***,P-MgSrHAP possesses the requisite degradation rate as well as sufficient mechanical and biological properties,indicating that it has the potential to be used in the development/fabrication of bi

关键词： Magnesium purification Reinforcement Degradation rate Nanocement Bone regeneration

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Top-k Outlier Detection from Uncertain Data

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International Journal of Automation and computing 2014年第2期11卷 128-142页

作者： Salman ahmed shaikh Hiroyuki Kitagawa Graduate School of Systems and Information Engineering University of Tsukuba

Uncertain data are common due to the increasing usage of sensors, radio frequency identification(RFID), GPS and similar devices for data collection. The causes of uncertainty include limitations of measurements, inclusion of noise, inconsistent supply voltage and delay or loss of data in transfer. In order to manage, query or mine such data, data uncertainty needs to be considered. Hence,this paper studies the problem of top-k distance-based outlier detection from uncertain data objects. In this work, an uncertain object is modelled by a probability density function of a Gaussian distribution. The naive approach of distance-based outlier detection makes use of nested loop. This approach is very costly due to the expensive distance function between two uncertain objects. Therefore,a populated-cells list(PC-list) approach of outlier detection is proposed. Using the PC-list, the proposed top-k outlier detection algorithm needs to consider only a fraction of dataset objects and hence quickly identifies candidate objects for top-k outliers. Two approximate top-k outlier detection algorithms are presented to further increase the efficiency of the top-k outlier detection *** extensive empirical study on synthetic and real datasets is also presented to prove the accuracy, efficiency and scalability of the proposed algorithms.

关键词： Top-k distance-based outlier detection uncertain data Gaussian uncertainty cell-based approach PC-list based approach

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Multi-Objective Vendor Selection Problem of Supply Chain Management Under Fuzzy Environment

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Journal of the Operations Research Society of China 2021年第1期9卷 33-62页

作者： Srikant Gupta irfan Ali Aquil ahmed Department of Statistics and Operations Research Aligarh Muslim UniversityAligarhUPIndia

Survival of a company in today's competitive business environment depends mainly on its supply *** adequate supply chain gives a competitive edge to a ***,which is the initial stage of a supply chain,can be made efficient by making an appropriate selection of *** vendor selection results not only in reduced purchasing costs,decreased production lead time,increased customer satisfaction but also in improved corporate *** general,the vendor selection problem is a multi-objective decision-making problem that involves some quantitative and qualitative ***,we have considered a multi-objective ven-dor selection problem(MOV SP)with three multiple objective goals:minimization of net ordering price,minimization of rejected units and minimization of late delivered *** most of the cases,information about the price of a unit,percentage of rejected units,percentage of late delivered units,vendor rating value and vendor quota flexibil-ity may not be known precisely due to some *** this paper,imprecision in input information is handled by the concept of a simulation technique,where the parameter follows the uniform ***,stochastic,a-cut and ranking function approaches are used to get the crisp value of the simulated data *** four differ-ent algorithms,namely-fuzzy programming,goal programming,lexicographic goal programming and D1-distance algorithm,have been used for solving the *** last,three different types of simulated data sets have been used to illustrate the work.

关键词： Vendor selection problem Trapezoidal fuzzy number α-Cut and ranking function Fuzzy programming Goal programming Lexicographic goal programming

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Sustainable bio-energy generation via the conversion of spent wash using dual chamber microbial fuel cell

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Waste Disposal and Sustainable Energy 2024年第2期6卷 219-231页

作者： Abdul Sattar Jatoi Jawad ahmed Afaque ahmed Bhutto Muhammad Shuaib shaikh Department of Chemical Engineering Dawood University of Engineering and Technology KarachiSindhPakistan Changzhou DUBO Polymer Co. Ltd.Changzhou 213002China Department of Basic Science and Related Studies The University of LarkanoSindhPakistan Department of Chemical Engineering Mehran University of Engineering and Technology JamshoroSindhPakistan

Microbial fuel cells(MFCs)are innovative devices that combine microbial processes with electrochemical reactions to convert organic matter in wastewater into electricity while simultaneously treating the *** such application is the treatment of spent wash,a highly polluting effluent generated from the distillery industry after crude mesh is separated into ethanol and spent *** wash,also known as distillery effluent or stillage,is a highly challenging wastewater treatment method due to its high chemical oxygen demand(COD),biological oxygen demand(BOD),and total dissolved solids(TDS).These characteristics make it a complex and polluting industrial effluent that requires specialized treatment processes to reduce its environmental impact ***,MFCs have shown promise in treating spent wash,as they can utilize the organic matter in wastewater as a fuel source for microbial growth as well as for electricity *** the treatment of spent wash,Saccharomyces cerevisiae *** used as a biocatalyst along with 340 mol/L potassium ferricyanide in the cathode chamber and 170 mol/L methylene blue in the anode as a *** tests were conducted by balancing a one-liter volume for power production from spent wash in MFC with the optimal conditions of 10%agarose,pH 8.5,300 mL/min of aeration in the cathode chamber,and 40%(in weight)substrate *** an ideal concentration,the maximum current and power density are roughly 53.41 mA/m^(2)and 72.22 mW/m^(2),*** each litre of processed spent wash,a maximum voltage of 850 mV(4.5 mA)was ***,91%of COD and BOD were removed from the effluent *** findings show that MFCs are capable of producing electricity and efficiently removing COD from wasted wash at the same time.

关键词： Microbial fuel cell Chemical oxygen demand Biological oxygen demand-Current density Power density Spent wash

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Inducing opto-electronic and spintronic trends in bilayer h-BN through TMO3 clusters incorporation: Ab-initio study

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Chinese Physics B 2019年第11期28卷 284-294页

作者： irfan ahmed Muhammad Rafique Mukhtiar ahmed Mahar Abdul Sattar Larik Mohsin Ali Tunio Yong Shuai Mehran University of Engineering and Technology SZABCampusKhairpur Mirs’Pakistan School of Energy Science and Engineering Harbin Institute of TechnologyHarbin 150001China Mehran University of Engineering and Technology JamshoroSindhPakistan

The band structure, magnetism, charge distribution, and optics parameters of TMO3–h-BN hybrid systems are investigated by adopting first-principles study(FPS) calculations. It is observed that the TMO3 clusters add finite magnetic moments to bilayer h-BN(BL/h-BN), thereby making it a magnetic two-dimensional(2D) material. Spin-polarized band structures for various TMO3–BL/h-BN hybrid models are calculated. After the incorporation of TMO3, BL/h-BN is converted into semimetal or conducting material in spin up/down bands, depending on the type of impurity cluster present in BL/h-BN lattice. Optics parameters are also investigated for the TMO3–BL/h-BN complex systems. The incorporation of TMO3 clusters modifies the absorption and extinction coefficient in visible range, while static reflectivity and refraction parameter increase. It can be surmised that the TMO3 substitution in BL/h-BN is a suitable technique to modify its physical parameters thus making it functional for nano/opto-electronic applications, and an experimental approach can be adapted to reinforce the outcomes of this study.

关键词： bilayer h-BN band structure density of states magnetic moments optics

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Modular Multilevel Converter with Wireless Magnetic Power Decoupling for Three-phase MV Adjustable-speed Drives

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CSEE Journal of Power and Energy Systems 2022年第5期8卷 1497-1507页

作者： Mohamed Atef Tawfik Mohammad Sameer irfan Ashraf ahmed Joung-Hu Park Department of Electrical Engineering Soongsil UniversitySeoul 156-743South Korea

In this paper,we propose a modular multilevel converter(MMC)with a wireless magnetic power decoupling approach suitable for medium-voltage high-power variable-speed machine *** proposed power decoupling approach is independent of the operating frequency,which solves the issue of wide fluctuations of low-frequency voltage ripple components in submodule(SM)capacitors,especially at low-speed operations without using any ripple power *** wireless magnetic elements reduces the amount of high-voltage insulation between the transformer windings,resulting in a significant reduction in the overall size of the *** basic idea of our proposed approach is to magnetically couple the instantaneous three-phase ripple power of each of the three adjacent-arm *** proposed MMC is free from low-frequency capacitors,resulting in enhanced system reliability,volume,and *** operation principles of the proposed MMC are explained,and a control design is *** performance of the proposed scheme was verified via simulation and experimental tests.

关键词： Modular multilevel converter power decoupling submodule capacitor voltage ripple variable-speed drives wireless high-frequency transformer

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Light slowing and all-optical time division multiplexing of hybrid four-wave mixing signal in nitrogen-vacancy center

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Chinese Physics B 2020年第5期29卷 254-259页

作者： Ruimin Wang irfan ahmed Faizan Raza Changbiao Li Yanpeng Zhang School of Science&Key Laboratory for Physical Electronics and Devices of the Ministry of Education&Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Information Photonic Technique Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityXi’an 710049China Department of Physics City University of Hong KongKowloonHong Kong SARChina Electrical Engineering Department Sukkur IBA University65200SindhPakistan

We report the experimental results of hybrid four-wave mixing and fluorescence signals from nitrogen-vacancy(NV)centers in diamond. The fluorescence signals are slowed owing to dark state. The observed delay time of light slowing due to interconversion between NV^- and NV^0 is about 6.4 μs. The relative intensities of read-out signals change with the wavelength and power of writing pulse. Based on light slowing, we present the model of all-optical time division multiplexing. The intensity ratio in different demultiplexed channels is modulated by the wavelength and power of control field. It has potential applications in quantum communication and all-optical network.

关键词： nonlinear optics fluorescence time division multiplexing

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Deep Learning Framework for Precipitation Prediction Using Cloud Images

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Computers, Materials & Continua 2022年第8期72卷 4201-4213页

作者： Mirza Adnan Baig Ghulam Ali Mallah Noor ahmed shaikh Shah Abdul Latif University Khairpur77150Pakistan

Precipitation prediction(PP)have become one of the significant research areas of deep learning(DL)and machine vision(MV)techniques are frequently used to predict the weather variables(WV).Since the climate change has left significant impact upon weather variables(WV)and continuously changes are observed in temperature,humidity,cloud patterns and other *** cloud images contain sufficient information to predict the precipitation pattern but due to changes in climate,the complex cloud patterns and rapid shape changing behavior of clouds are difficult to consider for rainfall *** of rainfall would provide more meticulous assistance to the farmers to know about the weather conditions and to care their cash *** research proposes a framework to classify the dark cloud patterns(DCP)for prediction of *** framework consists upon three steps to classify the cloud images,first step tackles noise reduction operations,feature selection and preparation of *** step construct the decision model by using convolutional neural network(CNN)and third step presents the performance visualization by using confusion matrix,precision,recall and accuracy *** research contributes(1)real-world clouds datasets(2)method to prepare datasets(3)highest classification accuracy to predict estimated as 96.90%.

关键词： Machine vision SIFT features dark cloud patterns precipitation agriculture

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Response of basement wall in tall buildings foundation under lateral loading

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Frontiers of Structural and Civil Engineering 2022年第11期16卷 1415-1423页

作者： irfan JAMIL Irshad AHMAD Aqeel Ur REHMAN Aqib ahmed Ameer HAMZA Wali ULLAH Department of Civil Engineering University of Engineering and TechnologyPeshawar 25000Pakistan

With increasing population and limitation of availability of land,tall buildings supported on piled raft foundations are increasingly used in the modern *** increase the ratio of floor area to height,and to fulfill storage and parking facilities requirements,these tall buildings usually have more than one basement ***,during the foundation design,engineers have not considered the basement wall contribution to resisting lateral load induced by earthquake or wind and this can result in an uneconomical construction of *** this research work,an experimental study was performed on small-scale models,in order to study basement wall contribution,and the raft contribution including for piled raft foundations,to resisting lateral *** configurations of piles in 2×2,2×3,and 3×3 patterns were tested as a pile group,piled raft and piled raft with a basement *** show that when a basement wall is present,the lateral displacement decreases and the demand on each pile *** piled raft design can become more economical for tall buildings if the basement’s walls are taken into account.

关键词： basement wall lateral load displacement piled raft

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