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Behavioral differences between pit-building antlions and wormlions suggest limits to convergent evolution

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Integrative Zoology 2023年第4期18卷 710-719页

作者： Krzysztof MILER inon scharf Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals Polish Academy of SciencesKrakówPoland School of Zoology The George S.Wise Faculty of Life SciencesTel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael

Antlions and wormlions are distantly related insect taxa,both digging pits in loose soil and ambushing arthropod *** hunting method,which is rare in the animal kingdom,is a clear example of convergent *** is little research directly comparing the 2 pit-building *** the same experimental platform to investigate how they respond to biotic and abiotic environmental factors enables an examination of their convergence and its *** investigated the response of antlions and wormlions to 3 factors common in their daily life:disturbance to the pits,prey arrival,and conspeciﬁc *** both increased the pit size following disturbance,wormlions increased it faster than *** responded to prey faster than wormlions,but wormlions im-proved their response time over *** most diverging response was toward conspeciﬁ*** antlions relocated their pits fast in response to increasing conspeciﬁc density,wormlions never *** suggest expla-nations for the behavioral differences between the *** results imply that despite the similar hunting method of the 2 taxa they may differ greatly in their behavior,which in turn might have consequences for their habitat use and population dynamics.

关键词： antlion convergence sit-and-wait predators trap-building wormlion

Comparison of wormlion behavior under man-made and natural shelters:urban wormlions more strongly prefer shaded,fine-sand microhabitats,construct larger pits and respond faster to prey

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Current Zoology 2020年第1期66卷 91-98页

作者： Yehonatan SAMOCHA inon scharf School of Zoology Faculty of Life SciencesTel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution Johannes Gutenberg University MainzMainzGermany

Urban habitats differ from their natural surroundings in various aspects,such as a higher temperature and a distinct species *** is therefore not surprising that animal behavior too differs between these habitat *** studied the foraging and habitat selection behavior of a pit-building predator,a wormlion,originating from either an urban or a more natural *** occur in nature under structures that provide shelter from sunlight and rain,such as caves,and are also common in cities,occurring under artificial *** construct pittraps to hunt arthropods,and the pits constructed by urban wormlions were larger than those constructed by wormlions from *** wormlions responded faster to prey falling into their pit,probably leading to a higher capture *** suggest that these 2 findings indicate the higher investment of urban wormlions in foraging,resulting from the higher abundance of potential prey in the *** wormlions were choosier regarding their preferred *** both fine sand and shaded microhabitats were preferred by wormlions,urban wormlions demonstrated a greater preference for such *** suggest that relocation is more likely to lead wormlions in cities to find microhabitats of a higher quality compared with wormlions inhabiting *** is probably due to the larger areas in the city available for *** from the caves possessed more lipids,suggesting that they employ a conservative growth strategy,intended to contend with the uncertainty of prey arrival,in contrast to the city,where potential prey are more abundant.

关键词： antiions habitat selection habitat structure optimal foraging trap-building predators

Leg or antenna injury in Cataglyphis ants impairs survival but does not hinder searching for food

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Current Zoology 2022年第4期68卷 441-450页

作者： Tomer Gilad Arik Dorfman Aziz Subach inon scharf School of Zoology Faculty of Life SciencesTel Aviv University69978 Tel AvivIsrael

Injury is common in nature resulting,for example,from fighting,partial predation,or the wear of body *** is costly,expressed in impaired performance,failure in competition,and a shorter life span.A survey of the literature revealed the frequent occurrence of injury in ants and its various *** examined whether leg or antenna injury impacts food-discovery time and reduces the likelihood of reaching food in workers of the desert ant Cataglyphis *** examined the search-related consequences of injury in groups of either 4 or 8 workers searching for food in a short arena,a long arena,and a *** conducted a small field survey to evaluate the prevalence of injury in the studied ***,we compared the survival rates of injured versus uninjured workers in the *** was common in the field,with almost 9%of the workers collected out of the nest,found to be *** workers survived shorter than uninjured ones and there was a positive link between injury severity and ***,we could not detect an effect of injury on any of the searching-related response variables,neither in the arenas nor in the mazes *** suggest that workers that survive such injury are only moderately affected by it.

关键词： binary-tree maze desert ants foraging injury movement review survival

Wormlions prefer both fine and deep sand but only deep sand leads to better performance

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Current Zoology 2019年第4期65卷 393-400页

作者： Michael A Bar-Ziv Darar Bega Aziz Subach inon scharf School of Zoology Faculty of Life Sciences Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv Israel

Wormlions are small fly larvae that dig pits in loose soil to trap their prey. Similar to other trapbuilding predators, like spiders and antlions, they depend on the habitat structure for successful trap construction and prey catch. We examined whether sites at which wormlions are present differ in sand depth and particle size from nearby sites, at which wormlions are absent. Next, in the laboratory we manipulated both sand depth and type (fine vs. coarse) to determine their joint effect on microhabitat pref ere nee, the size of the con structed pit, wormlion movement, and their latency to respond to prey. We expected better performance by wormlions in fine and deep sand, and the sand in wormlions' natural sites to be finer and deeper. However, in only partial agreement with our expectations, wormlion sites featured finer sand but not deeper sand. In the laboratory, wormlions preferred both fine and deep sand, and moved more in shallow and coarse sand, which we interpret as an attempt to relocate away from unfavorable conditions. However, only deep sand led to larger pits being constructed and to a faster response to prey. The preference for fine sand could, therefore, be related to other ben efits that sand provides. Fin ally, body mass was a domi nant factor, interacting with the preference for both deep and fine sand: deep over shallow sand was more favored by large wormlions and fine over coarse sand by smaller ones. Our results suggest that several factors should be incorporated when studying microhabitat selection.

关键词： antlions habitat selection habitat structure substrate trap-building predators Vermileo

The effect of fasting and body reserves on cola tolerance in 2 pit-building insect predators

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Current Zoology 2017年第3期63卷 287-294页

作者： inon scharf Alma DANIEL Heath Andrew MACMILLAN Noa KATZ Department of Zoology Faculty of Life Sciences Tel Aviv University POB 39040 69978 Tel Aviv Israel Department of Biology York University 4700 Keele St. Toronto Ontario Canada

Pit-building antlions and wormlions are 2 distantly-related insect species, whose larvae construct pits in loose soil to trap small arthropod prey. This convergent evolution of natural histories has led to additional similarities in their natural history and ecology, and thus, these 2 species encounter similar abiotic stress （such as periodic starvation） in their natural habitat. Here, we measured the cold tolerance of the 2 species and examined whether recent feeding or food deprivation, as well as body composition （body mass and lipid content） and condition （quantified as mass-to-size residuals） affect their cold tolerance. In contrast to other insects, in which food deprivation either enhanced or impaired cold tolerance, prolonged fasting had no effect on the cold tolerance of either species, which had similar cold tolerance. The 2 species differed, however, in how cold tolerance related to body mass and lipid content： although body mass was positively correlated with the wormlion cold tolerance, lipid content was a more reliable predictor of cold tolerance in the antlions. Cold tolerance also underwent greater change with ontogeny in wormlions than in antlions. We discuss possible reasons for this lack of effect of food deprivation on both species＇ cold tolerance, such as their high starvation tolerance （being sit-and-wait predators）.

关键词： chill coma deprivation ecophysiology fat content food hunger morphometrics Myrmeleontidae Vermileonidae.

Little effect of climate change on body size of herbivorous beetles

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Insect Science 2018年第2期25卷 309-316页

作者： Yuval Baar Ariel Leib Leonid Friedman Shai Meiri inon scharf Department of Zoology Faculty of Life Sciences ＆ Steinhardt Museum of Natural History and National Research Center Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv Israe

Ongoing climate change affects various aspects of an animal＇s life, with impor- tant effects on distribution range and phenology. The relationship between global warming and body size changes in mammals and birds has been widely studied, with most find- ings indicating a decline in body size over time. Nevertheless, little data exist on similar size change patterns of invertebrates in general and insects in particular, and it is unclear whether insects should decrease in size or not with climate warming. We measured over 4000 beetle specimens, belonging to 29 beetle species in 8 families, collected in Israel during the last 100 years. The sampled species are all herbivorous. We examined whether beetle body size had changed over the years, while also investigating the relationships between body size and annual temperature, precipitation, net primary productivity （NPP） at the collection site and collection month. None of the environmental variables, including the collection year, was correlated with the size of most of the studied beetle species, while there were strong interactions of all variables with species. Our results, though mostly neg- ative, suggest that the effect of climate change on insect body size is species-specific and by no means a general macro-ecological rule. They also suggest that the intrapopulation variance in body size of insects collected as adults in the field is large enough to conceal intersite environmental effects on body size, such as the effect of temperature and NPE

关键词： Coleoptera museum collections rain temperature-size rule thermal ecol-ogy

Group dynamics and relocation decisions of a trap-building predator are differentially affected by biotic and abiotic factors

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Current Zoology 2017年第6期63卷 647-655页

作者： Noa KATZ Roni SHAVIT Jonathan N. PRUITT inon scharf Department of Zoology Faculty of Life Sciences Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv 69978 Israel Department of Ecology Evolution and Marine Biology University of California Santa Barbara CA 93106-9610 USA

Most habitats in nature are heterogeneous, incorporating favorable and unfavorable microhabitats for different animals, based on their ecological niche. Unsuitable microhabitats have negative consequences for individual growth and survival. Animals, therefore, should fine-tune their location within the habitat by dispersing away from such microhabitats. We studied the suitability of different constant microhabitat conditions for wormlion larvae, a trap-building predator, tested in groups under laboratory conditions. Wormlions construct pit-traps in loose soil and capture small arthropod prey. As wormlions occur in high densities in nature, testing in groups is thus more indicative of their natural behavior than testing individuals. Wormlions responded strongly to biotic conditions--high conspecific density, starvation, and large body mass of conspecifics--by either increasing pit-relocation events or moving away from the microhabitat center to the periphery of the arena, probably opting for a way out. In other instances, individuals increased their distance to the nearest neighbor, thereby changing the spatial pattern toward a more regular pattern, potentially indicating interference competition. The only abiotic condition apparently perceived by wormlions as unsuitable was shallow sand, which led to frequent relocations. The two other abiotic factors--illumination and sand particle size--had no observable effect on behavior, although wormlions in nature always occur under shade in fine sand, and prefer both shade and fine sand particle size under laboratory conditions when given a choice. Under the fine spatial scale of the present experiment, biotic factors appear to be more influential than abiotic ones.

关键词： antlions dispersal relocation spatial pattern wormlions.

The combined role of visual and olfactory cues in foraging by Cataglyphis ants in laboratory mazes

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Current Zoology 2023年第4期69卷 401-408页

作者： Tomer Gilad Ori Bahar Malak Hasan Adi Bar Aziz Subach inon scharf School of Zoology George S Wise Faculty of Life SciencesTel Aviv University69978 Tel AvivIsrael

Foragers use several senses to locate food,and many animals rely on vision and *** is beneficial not to rely on a single sense,which might fail under certain *** examined the contribution of vision and smell to foraging and maze exploration under laboratory conditions using Cataglyphis desert ants as a *** intensity,measured as the number of workers entering the maze and arriving at the target as well as target arrival time,were greater when food,blue light,or both were offered or presented in contrast to a *** trained to forage for a combined food and light cue elevated their foraging intensity with ***,foraging intensity was not higher when using both cues simultaneously than in either one of the two *** training,we split between the two cues and moved either the food or the blue light to the opposite maze *** manipulation impaired foraging success by either leading to fewer workers arriving at the target cell(when the light stayed and the food was moved)or to more workers arriving at the opposite target cell,empty of food(when the food stayed and the light was moved).This result indicates that ant workers use both senses when foraging for food and readily associate light with food.

关键词： binary-tree maze desert ants diet choice foraging sensual modality spatial learning

Context-dependent effects of cold stress on behavioral, physiological,and life-history traits of the red flour beetle

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Insect Science 2019年第1期26卷 142-153页

作者： inon scharf Keren-Or Wertheimer Joy Lira Xin Tomer Gilad Inna Goldenberg Aziz Subach School of Zoology Faculty of Life Sciences &Steinhardt Museum of Natural HistoryTel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael

Animals are exposed in nature to a variety *** stress is generally harmful,mild stress can also be beneficial and contribute to reproduction and *** studied the effect of five cold shock events versus a single cold shock and a control group, representing three levels of stress (harsh,mild,and no stress),on behavioral,physiological, and life-history traits of the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum,Herbst 1797).Beetles exposed to harsh cold stress were less active than a control group:they moved less and failed more frequently to detect a food *** probability to mate was also lower. Beetle pairs exposed to harsh cold stress frequently failed to reproduce at all,and if reproducing,females laid fewer eggs,which were,as larvae in mid-development,smaller than those in the control ***,harsh cold stress led to improved female starvation tolerance,probably due to enhanced lipid *** cold shock also improved tolerance to an additional cold shock compared to the ***,a single cold shock event negatively affected fewer measured response variables than the harsh cold stress, but also enhanced neither starvation tolerance nor tolerance to an additional cold shock. The consequences of a harsher cold stress are thus not solely detrimental but might even enhance survival under stressful *** benign conditions,nevertheless,harsh stress impedes beetle *** harsh stress probably shifted the balance point of the survival-reproduction trade-off,a shift that did not take place following exposure to mild stress.

关键词： chill-coma recovery time cross-tolerance latency to mate maternal effects thermal ecology Tribolium castaneum