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Experimental evidence on biodiversity impacts of variable retention forestry,prescribed burning,and deadwood manipulation in Fennoscandia

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Ecological Processes 2020年第1期9卷 117-138页

作者： Matti Koivula ilkka vanha-majamaa School of Forest Sciences University of Eastern FinlandP.O.Box 111FI-80101 JoensuuFinland Natural Resources Institute Finland(Luke) Latokartanonkaari 9FI-00790 HelsinkiFinland

Intensive forest management has been applied in most Fennoscandian forests for a period of almost one felling *** paradigm has produced even-aged and even-structured forests of different successional stages that cover about 90%of forest *** the same time,wildfires have been nearly eliminated in most of the Fennoscandian ***,hundreds of species are red-listed because of forest *** support these species,forest management requires *** retention forestry and habitat restoration have been suggested to mitigate negative effects of forest management on biodiversity,and these have been practiced to some extent during the past few ***,we review experimental results on the effects of variable retention and two restoration measures(prescribed burning and artificial addition of coarse woody debris)on different species groups in *** key findings are as follows:(i)Many species respond positively to felling within a few years,apparently due to released and often ephemeral resources,such as fresh residue and *** associated with shady conditions are negatively impacted,but any retention supports many of these,and their species composition remains almost unaffected with 50-70%retention of the initial tree volume.(ii)These effects remain detectable for at least 10-30 years or,according to some studies,nearly 100 years,e.g.,in polypore fungi.(iii)Initial effects of prescribed burning on most species groups(apart from pyrophiles)are negative,but within 10-15 years post-fire sites begin to support many rare and threatened deadwood-dependent *** lichens,however,remain negatively affected.(iv)Artificial addition of deadwood(mostly high stumps)supports a wide spectrum of deadwood-dependent species,but the species composition differs from that of naturally died trees.(v)Moisture and micro-habitat variation are crucial for forest species at harvested sites,at least in forests dominated by

关键词： Beetle Forest management Invertebrate Polypore Resilience Resistance Restoration Saproxylic Soil fauna Understory vegetation

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The challenge of combining variable retention and prescribed burning in Finland

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Ecological Processes 2020年第1期9卷 46-57页

作者： Henrik Lindberg Pekka Punttila ilkka vanha-majamaa Häme University of Applied Sciences Visamäentie 35 A Box 230FI-13101 HämeenlinnaFinland Finnish Environment Institute Latokartanonkaari 11FI-00790 HelsinkiFinland Natural Resources Institute Finland(Luke) Latokartanonkaari 9FI-00790 HelsinkiFinland

Historically,wildfires have played an important role in forest dynamics in *** Finland,the annually burned area has diminished in recent *** has led to a decline of fire-adapted habitat types and species,many of which have become *** Fennoscandia,there is a long tradition of silvicultural burnings to enhance tree ***,prescribed burnings have been modified for biodiversity goals following the recommendations that have emerged from ecological *** biodiversity gains can be obtained by combining sufficient retention levels with ***,burning and retention have been recommended by recent national red-list assessments,strategies,and forest-management guidelines,and they have been adopted in forest-certification standards in *** to these recommendations,the opposite development has taken place:(1)the ecological efficiency of the criterion concerning prescribed burning in the PEFC forestcertification standard has been impaired,(2)state funding to encourage private forest owners to apply prescribed burning was reduced significantly,and(3)prescribed burnings have been abandoned altogether in commercial state-owned *** burnings with variable retention have also been partially replaced with burning of small retention-tree *** new method is less risky and cheaper,but its ecological benefits are questionable because small-sized fires produce much smaller areas of burned forest soil with less fire-affected wood than traditional silvicultural ***,the widely accepted goal to increase burnings with retention appears difficult to achieve and would require stronger political will and economic support from the *** identified several actions that could improve the weakened situation of fire-dependent biodiversity and recommend the following:(1)setting a clear goal and ensuring sufficient funding for the burnings—including restoration burnings in co

关键词： Biodiversity Conservation areas Fire-dependent species Forest certification Red-listed species Restoration burnings

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Variable retention forestry in European boreal forests in Russia

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Ecological Processes 2019年第1期8卷 424-434页

作者： Ekaterina Shorohova Sergey Sinkevich Aleksandr Kryshen ilkka vanha-majamaa Forest Research Institute of the Karelian Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences Pushkinskaya str.11Petrozavodsk 185910Russia Saint-Petersburg State Forest Technical University Institutsky str.5Saint Petersburg 194021Russia Natural Resources Institute Finland(Luke)Latokartanonkaari 9FI-00790 HelsinkiFinland

We explored whether,and to what extent,variable retention(VR)forestry has been applied in European boreal forests in northwestern *** survey revealed VR since *** 1910 and the 1960s,the statistics showing how much was retained are largely ***,for example,in the 1950s,on a large scale in the Republic of Karelia,up to 200-ha-sized harvesting areas,18–33%,were retention patches with a mean growing stock of 30–40m3 ha−*** the fellings defined as“incomplete clear fellings,”which were the most common final felling type at that time,11–40%of the growing stock was *** the 1960s and the early 1990s,with more efficient harvesting and skidding techniques,conventional clear fellings with a much lower amount of retention were *** about the regeneration of harvested areas gradually led to smaller(maximum 50 ha)harvesting areas and the increase of silvicultural *** now,to ensure natural regeneration,patches of understory and 20–25 seed trees(i.e.,ca.15–25m3)per ha have been left permanently in harvesting ***-scale retention for protecting ecosystem functions and biodiversity was legislated in 1978 by preserving key biotopes up to 1000 ha in *** 2001,promoted by forest certification,the key biotopes,such as paludified forest patches,buffers around water bodies,and habitats of red-listed species,have also been retained in harvesting areas,together with a dispersed retention of different *** estimates of the amount of key biotopes are largely ***,estimates of 1–13%in harvesting areas and 23%in whole managed landscapes have been *** applied during the last century has emulated natural disturbances and created diverse uneven-aged forest structures with high amounts of diverse coarse woody *** conclude that an analysis of past and current retention practices is essential for estimating the global role of Russian *** decisions on the general direction

关键词： Biological legacies Nature conservation Biodiversity Clear felling Key biotopes Coarse woody debris,Silviculture Dispersed and aggregated retention

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Low-level retention forestry, certification, and biodiversity: case Finland

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Ecological Processes 2019年第1期8卷 580-592页

作者： Timo Kuuluvainen Henrik Lindberg ilkka vanha-majamaa Petri Keto-Tokoi Pekka Punttila Department of Forest Sciences University of HelsinkiP.O.Box 27FI-00014 HelsinkiFinland Häme University of Applied Sciences P.O Box 230FI-13100 HämeenlinnaFinland Natural Resources Institute Finland(Luke) Latokartanonkaari 9FI-00790 HelsinkiFinland Tampere University of Applied Sciences PO Box 21FI-33521 TampereFinland Finnish Environment Institute Latokartanonkaari 11FI-00790 HelsinkiFinland

In managed forests,leaving retention trees during final harvesting has globally become a common approach to reconciling the often conflicting goals of timber production and safeguarding biodiversity and delivery of several ecosystem *** Finland,the dominant certification scheme requires leaving low levels of retention that can benefit some specific ***,species responses are dependent on the level of retention and the current low amounts of retention clearly do not provide the habitat quality and continuity needed for declining and redlisted forest species which are dependent on old living trees and coarse woody *** factors contribute to this ***,the ecological benefits of the current low retention levels are further diminished by monotonous standwise use of retention,resulting in low variability of retention habitat at the landscape ***,the prevailing timber-oriented management thinking may regard retention trees as an external cost to be minimized,rather than as part of an integrated approach to managing the ecosystem for specific ***,the main obstacles of development may still be institutional and *** development of retention practices in Finland indicates that the aim has not been to use ecological understanding to attain specific ecological sustainability goals,but rather to define the lowest level of retention that still allows access to the *** conclude that prevailing retention practices in Finland currently lack ecological credibility in safeguarding biodiversity and they should urgently be developed based on current scientific knowledge to meet ecological sustainability goals.

关键词： Boreal forest Ecological sustainability Legacy structure Forest dynamics Forest certification Forest structure PEFC certification

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Research on retention forestry in Northern Europe

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Ecological Processes 2020年第1期9卷 33-45页

作者： Lena Gustafsson Mats Hannerz Matti Koivula Ekaterina Shorohova ilkka vanha-majamaa Jan Weslien Department of Ecology Swedish University of Agricultural SciencesP.O Box 7044SE-75007 UppsalaSweden Silvinformation AB Bergauddsvägen 22BSE-39359 KalmarSweden School of Forest Sciences University of Eastern FinlandP.O.Box 111FI-80101 JoensuuFinland Forest Research Institute of the Karelian Research Centre Russian Academy of SciencesPushkinskaya str.11Petrozavodsk 185910Russia Natural Resources Institute Finland(Luke) Latokartanonkaari 9FI-00790 HelsinkiFinland Saint-Petersburg State Forest Technical University Institutsky str.5Saint Petersburg 194021Russia The Forestry Research Institute of Sweden(Skogforsk) SE-75183 UppsalaSweden.

Retention approaches in forest management are today common in several North European countries,integrated into the clearcutting practice as a way to promote biodiversity and maintain ecosystem *** green trees and retention patches(tree groups)are retained at final harvest,and deadwood is left at site or ***,we review research on retention in Sweden,Finland,Norway,the Baltic States,and NW Russia,with special focus on *** the first publication in 1994,about 180 peer-reviewed articles have been *** present results from a systematic search of the retention literature,separated into the following topics:buffer zones,retention patches,high stumps,other types of deadwood,European aspen Populus tremula,and *** literature is synthesized separately since studies from this region have so far almost exclusively been published in the Russian ***,we describe six ongoing large-scale,replicated experiments with varying retention levels,five in Finland and one in Sweden,and summarize their main *** main conclusions for practice from the literature and experiments are that retention patches as large as 0.5 ha and 10-mwide buffers to watercourses are not enough to maintain pre-harvest species composition but survival of forest species is still larger than on conventional *** on clearcuts may present important habitats to saproxylic species,including rare and red-listed ones and a prioritization of tree species per stand is *** identify several important future research directions including switch of focus towards the landscape as well as the species population *** in parts of European Russia where retention has been unintentionally implemented already for a century would indicate possible future trajectories of biodiversity and their drivers in other regions of Northern Europe.A stronger link to ecological theory would help in study designs and in th

关键词： Biodiversity Buffer strips Conservation Deadwood Experiments Forestry High stumps Retention patches Variable retention

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Ecological perspectives on variable retention forestry

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Ecological Processes 2020年第1期9卷 139-144页

作者： Guillermo J.Martínez Pastur ilkka vanha-majamaa Jerry F.Franklin Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas(CADIC) Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas(CONICET)Houssay 200(9410)UshuaiaTierra del FuegoArgentina Natural Resources Institute Finland(Luke) Latokartanonkaari 9FI-00790 HelsinkiFinland School of Environmental and Forest Science University of WashingtonSeattleWA 98195USA

Forest management globally affects the ecosystem services,especially those related to ecosystem functioning and biodiversity conservation,by altering forest structure and *** degree of alteration was related to the intensity and type of harvesting;therefore,the major silvicultural challenge is to develop alternatives to mitigate climate change and maintain forest functions and biodiversity while also providing acceptable levels of timber *** retention forestry(VRF)is a highly flexible concept,with continuity of forest cover,structure,function,and species composition,thereby supporting multiple economic,environmental,and cultural *** special issue provides an overview of the concepts and applications related to VRF implementation around the *** shows that VRF has been applied globally for several decades,with varying levels and retention types,depending on local conditions and the economic importance of *** challenges of VRF seem to differ to some extent on different continents,yet the general aims have been accepted in most of the *** has been successful in mitigating many effects of intensive harvesting,though in some forests of the world,the retention levels are too low to maintain acceptable levels of biodiversity and ecosystem *** conclude that an active collaboration between scientists and forest practitioners is needed to realize all of the opportunities provided by VRF in solving global forestry-related issues.

关键词： Sustainable forestry Biodiversity conservation Timber production Aggregated retention Dispersed retention Forest certification Prescribed burning Synergies and trade-offs

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Correction to: Variable retention forestry in European boreal forests in Russia

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Ecological Processes 2019年第1期8卷 484-484页

Correction to:Ecol Process https://***/10.1186/s13717-019-0183-7 In the original publication of this article(Shorohova et al.,2019),the figure captions of Figs.2,3 and 4 are *** should be changed to:‘Fig.2 The share of different forest management categories in different regions of NW Russia(Regional 2017,2018).Red lines denote the borders between the *** lines denote the borders between vegetation zones(Bonh et al.2000,2003).NB northern boreal zone,MB middle boreal zone,SB southern boreal zone,HB hemiboreal zone.

关键词： states. retention forest

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