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Gastric stimulation for weight loss

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2012年第19期18卷 2309-2319页

作者： Meir Mizrahi Ami ben Ya'acov Yaron ilan Gastroenterology and Liver Units Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical CenterEin-KaremJerusalemPOB1200Israel

The prevalence of obesity is growing to epidemic proportions,and there is clearly a need for minimally invasive therapies with few adverse effects that allow for sustained weight *** and lifestyle therapy are safe treatments for obesity in the short term,but the durability of the weight loss is *** promising obesity drugs are in development,the currently available drugs lack efficacy or have unacceptable side *** leads to long-term weight loss,but it is associated with morbidity and *** electrical stimulation(GES) has received increasing attention as a potential tool for treating obesity and gastrointestinal dysmotility *** is a promising,minimally invasive,safe,and effective method for treating *** gastric pacing is aimed at alteration of the motility of the gastrointestinal tract in a way that will alter absorption due to alteration of transit *** addition,data from animal models and preliminary data from human trials suggest a role for the gut-brain axis in the mechanism of *** may involve alteration of secretion of hormones associated with hunger or *** selection for gastric stimulation therapy seems to be an important determinant of the treatment's ***,we review the current status,potential mechanisms of action,and possible future applications of gastric stimulation for obesity.

关键词： Obesity Gastric stimulation Gastric motil-ity External pacing Gastric pacing Intestinal pacing

Alpha-1 Anti-trypsin Exerts a Hepatoprotective Effect on Immune-mediated Hepatitis and Acetaminophen-induced Liver Injury

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Journal of Clinical and Translational Hepatology 2018年第4期6卷 345-349页

作者： Yehudit Shabat Ami ben Ya'acov Yaron ilan Gastroenterology and Liver Units Department of MedicineHebrew University-Hadassah Medical CenterJerusalemIsrael

Background and Aims:The serine proteinase inhibitor alpha-1 anti-trypsin(AAT)protects the body against protease *** functions of AAT beyond those attributed to its antiprotease activity have been described,among them immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory *** present study aimed to determine the efficacy of AAT for the treatment of immune-mediated liver injury using the models of concanavalin A-induced immune-mediated hepatitis and acetaminophen-induced liver ***:AATwas administered to mice subjected to concanavalin A-induced immune-mediated hepatitis or 2 h after acetaminophen-induced liver *** were followed for changes in serum levels of liver enzymes,liver histology,and for interferon gamma serum ***:Treatment with AATalleviated concanavalin A-induced immunemediated liver damage,as demonstrated by a reduction in the serum levels of liver enzymes and interferon gamma,and an improved lymphocyte infiltration into the liver on liver ***,treatment with AAT was associated with alleviation of the acetaminophen-induced liver ***:AAT exerts an hepatoprotective effect on immune-mediated and drug-induced liver *** data support its potential use in patients with immune-associated liver disorders.

关键词： Alpha-1 anti-trypsin Chronic liver disease Acetaminophen Druginduced liver injury

Potential role of NKT regulatory cell ligands for the treatment of immune mediated colitis

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2007年第44期13卷 5799-5804页

作者： Madi El Haj Ami ben Ya'acov Gadi Lalazar Yaron ilan Liver Unit Department of Medicine Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center Jerusalem Israel

Natural killer T lymphocytes （NKT） have been implicated in the regulation of autoimmune processes in both mice and humans. In response to stimuli, this subset of cells rapidly produces large amounts of cytokines thereby provoking immune responses, including protection against autoimmune diseases. NKT cells are present in all lymphoid compartments, but are most abundant in the liver and bone marrow. They are activated by interaction of their T-cell receptor with glycolipids presented by CDld, a nonpolymorphic, major histocompatibility complex class I-like molecule expressed by antigen presenting cells. Several possible ligands for NKT cells have recently been suggested. β-glucosylceramide, a naturally occurring glycolipid, is a metabolic intermediate in the anabolic and catabolic pathways of complex glycosphingolipids. Like other β-glycolipids, β-glucosylceramide has an immunomodulatory effect in several immune mediated disorders, including immune mediated colitis. Due to the broad impact that NKT cells have on the immune system, there is intense interest in understanding how NKT cells are stimulated and the extent to which NKT cell responses can be controlled. These novel ligands are currently being evaluated in animal models of colitis. Here, we discuss strategies to alter NKT lymphocyte function in various settings and the potential clinical applications of natural glycolipids.

关键词： Natural killer T lymphocyte, Immunomodulatory Colitis Inflammatory bowel disease, Ligand

Oral administration of a non-absorbable plant cellexpressed recombinant anti-TNF fusion protein induces immunomodulatory effects and alleviates nonalcoholic steatohepatitis

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2016年第39期22卷 8760-8769页

作者： Yaron ilan Ami ben Ya'acov Yehudit Shabbat Svetlana Gingis-Velitski Einat Almon Yoseph Shaaltiel Gastro-enterology and Liver Units Department of MedicineHadassah Hebrew University Medical CenterJerusalem IL 91120Isreal Protalix Biotherapeutics Carmel 20100Israel

AIM To evaluate the immunomodulatory effect of oral administration of PRX-106 in the high-fat diet *** For 22 wk, C57BL/6 HFD-fed mice received daily oral treatments with BY-2 cells expressing recombinant antitumor necrosis factor alpha fusion protein(PRX-106). Mice were followed for serum liver enzyme and triglyceride levels, liver histology and intrahepatic and systemic *** The orally administered non-absorbable PRX-106 w a s b i o l o g i c a l l y a c t i v e. A l t e r e d d i s t r i b u t i o n o f CD4+CD25+Fox P3+ between the liver and spleen and an increase in the intrasplenic-to-intrahepatic CD4+CD25+Fox P3+ ratio and a decrease in the intrasplenic-to-intrahepatic CD8+CD25+Fox P3+ ratio were observed. An increase in intrahepatic NKT cells and a decrease in the intrasplenic-to-intrahepatic NKT ratio were noted. Assessment of the CD4-to-CD8 ratios showed sequestration of CD8+ lymphocytes in the liver. These effects were associated with a decrease in serum triglyceride levels, decrease in the aspartate aminotransferase levels, serum glucose levels, and HOMA-IR score. A decrease in hepatic triglycerides content was observed in the high dose-treated *** Orally administered PRX-106 shows biological activity and exerts an immunomodulatory effect, alleviating liver damage. The data suggest that PRX-106 may provide an oral immunotherapy for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis.

关键词： Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease Tumor necrosis alpha Enbrel Diabetes

Peptide self‐assembly as a strategy for facile immobilization of redox enzymes on carbon electrodes

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Carbon Energy 2023年第11期5卷 15-30页

作者： Itzhak Grinberg Oren ben‐zvi Lihi Adler‐Abramovich Iftach Yacoby Department of Oral Biology The Goldschleger School of Dental MedicineFaculty of MedicineTel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Tel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael The Center for the Physics and Chemistry of Living Systems Tel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael School of Plant Sciences and Food Security The George S.Wise Faculty of Life SciencesTel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael

Redox-enzyme‐mediated electrochemical processes such as hydrogen production,nitrogen fixation,and CO_(2) reduction are at the forefront of the green chemistry *** scale up,the inefficient two‐dimensional(2D)immobilization of redox enzymes on working electrodes must be replaced by an efficient dense 3D *** of 3D electrodes was demonstrated by embedding enzymes in polymer ***,several requirements,such as simple immobilization,prolonged stability,and resistance to enzyme leakage,still need to be *** study presented here aims to overcome these gaps by immobilizing enzymes in a supramolecular hydrogel formed by the self‐assembly of the peptide hydrogelator *** the self‐assembly process avoids the need for tedious and potentially harmful chemistry,allowing the rapid loading of enzymes on a 3D electrode under mild *** the[FeFe]hydrogenase enzyme,high enzyme loads,prolonged resistance against electrophoresis,and highly efficient hydrogen production are ***,this enzyme retention is shown to arise from its interaction with the peptide ***,this method is successfully used to retain other redox enzymes,paving the way for a variety of enzyme‐mediated electrochemical applications.

关键词： 3D electrode enzymes encapsulation H2 production hydrogenase peptide hydrogel

Dead shrub patches as ecosystem engineers in degraded drylands

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Journal of Geographical Sciences 2021年第8期31卷 1187-1204页

作者： ilan STAVI Eli ZAADY Alexander GUSAROV Hezi YIZHAQ Dead Sea and Arava Science Center Yotvata 88820Israel Eilat Campus Ben-Gurion University of the NegevEilat 88100Israel Department of Natural Resources Agricultural Research OrganizationGilat Research Center85280 NegevIsrael Department of Solar Energy and Environmental Physics Blaustein Institutes for Desert ResearchBen-Gurion University of the NegevSede Boqer Campus 84990Israel

A long-term drought has led to the mass mortality of shrubs in the semi-arid Israeli *** most impacted shrub species is the Noaea mucronata(Forssk.)*** *** a four-year study,we found that herbaceous vegetation growth was greater in the dead shrub patches than in the surrounding inter-patch biocrusted spaces,suggesting that the dead shrub patches encompass improved ***,unexpectedly,the soil moisture in the dead shrub patches was consistently lower than that of the inter-patch biocrusted *** the same time,soil quality in the dead shrub patches was higher than that in the inter-patch ***,it seems that the overall better soil conditions in the dead patches overcome the scarcity of soil-water,supporting increased herbaceous *** explaining the discrepancy between herbaceous vegetation and soil-water,we formulated a conceptual framework,which highlights the key factors that regulate soil-water dynamics in this dryland *** demonstrate that herbaceous vegetation is facilitated in the dead shrub patches by a legacy effect that takes place long after the shrubs have *** dead shrub patches encompass a unique form of ecosystem *** study highlights the complex and unpredicted impacts of prolonged droughts on dryland ecosystems.

关键词： allogenic ecosystem engineers climate change legacy mechanism patchy vegetation small-scale geodiversity vegetation transition

Ripple Tectonics—When Subduction Is Interrupted

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Positioning 2020年第3期11卷 33-44页

作者： zvi ben-Avraham Gerald Schubert Emanuele Lodolo Uri Schattner Department of Geophysics Porter School of the Environment and Earth Sciences Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv Israel Leon H. Charney School of Marine Sciences University of Haifa Haifa Israel Department of Earth Planetary and Space Sciences University of California Los Angeles USA National Institute of Oceanography and Experimental Geophysics Sgonico Italy Dr. Moses Strauss Department of Marine Geosciences Leon H. Charney School of Marine Sciences University of Haifa Haifa Israel

Subduction plays a fundamental role in plate tectonics and is a significant factor in modifying the structure and topography of the Earth. It is driven by convection forces that change over a >100 Myr time scale. However, when an oceanic plateau approaches, it plugs the subduction, and causes slab necking and tearing. This abrupt change may trigger a series of geodynamic (tectonic, volcanic) and sedimentary responses recorded across the convergence boundary and its surrounding regions by synchronous structural modifications. We suggest that a large enough triggering event may lead to a ripple tectonic effect that propagates outwards while speeding up the yielding of localized stress states that otherwise would not reach their threshold. The ripple effect facilitates tectonic, volcanic, and structural events worldwide that are seemingly unrelated. When the world’s largest oceanic plateau, Ontong Java Plateau (OJP), choked the Pacific-Australian convergence zone at ~6 Myr ago, it induced kinematic modifications throughout the Pacific region and along its plate margins. Other, seemingly unrelated, short-lived modifications were recorded worldwide during that time window. These modifications changed the rotation of the entire Pacific plate, which occupies ~20% of the Earth’s surface. In addition, the Scotia Sea spreading stopped, global volcanism increased, the Strait of Gibraltar closed, and the Mediterranean Sea dried up and induced the Messinian salinity crisis. In this paper, we attribute these and many other synchronous events to a new “ripple tectonics” mechanism. We suggest that the OJPincipient collision triggered the Miocene-Pliocene transition. Similarly, we suggest that innovative GPS-based studies conducted today may seek the connectivity between tectonic, seismic, and volcanic events worldwide.

关键词： Plate Tectonics Subduction-Collision Transition Miocene-Pliocene Transition

Mapping What They Know: Concept Maps as an Effective Tool for Assessing Students’ Systems Thinking

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American Journal of Operations Research 2013年第1期3卷 245-258页

作者： Jaklin Tripto Orit ben-zvi Assaraf Miriam Amit Department of Science and Technology Education Ben Gurion University of the Negev Beer Sheva Israel

In 2006 anew biology curriculum called “Human Biology: Emphasizing the Role of Homeostasis” was introduced into the Israeli high school system. Complex systems like those that make up the human body have become increasingly important as a focus of high school education. This study examines the effectiveness of the concept map as a assessment tool for students’ systems thinking, a tool that provides researchers with a detailed picture of the systems thinking development taking place within individual students. The content of the students’ concept maps was translated into information about students’ system thinking using the Systems Thinking Hierarchy (STH) model, a model in which system thinking is categorized according to eight hierarchical characteristics or abilities. The goal was to use the maps to characterize Israeli high school students’ understanding of the body’s systemic nature. To do this, we identified the extent to which the students understand three central elements of systems, namely hierarchy, homeostasis, and dynamism, and then analyzed this understanding according to its place within the hierarchical stages of the STH model. The extensive qualitative data analysis of 48 concept maps made by 11th grade biology majors suggest that the strength of the concept map is in its ability to describe the first two levels of system thinking (analysis and synthesis). However, it proved less successful in eliciting evidence of the third and highest level, particularly of students’ understanding of patterns, of homeostasis and their capacity for temporal thinking.

关键词： Human Body System Systems Thinking Concept Map

Combined Multifactor Evidence of a Giant Lower-Mantle Ring Structure below the Eastern Mediterranean

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Positioning 2020年第2期11卷 11-32页

作者： Lev Eppelbaum zvi ben-Avraham Youri Katz Sierd Cloetingh Mikhail Kaban Department of Geosciences Faculty of Exact Sciences Tel Aviv University Ramat Aviv Tel Aviv Israel Steinhardt Museum of Natural History & National Research Center Faculty of Life Sciences Tel Aviv University Ramat Aviv Tel Aviv Israel Faculty of Geosciences Utrecht University TA Utrecht The Netherlands Helmholtz-Centre Potsdam GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences Telegrafenberg Potsdam Germany Schmidt Institute of Physics of the Earth RAS Moscow Russia

In the Arabian-Northern African region, interaction of the Nubian, Arabian and Eurasian plates and many small tectonic units is conspicuous. In order to better understand this interaction, we use satellite derived gravity data (retracked to the Earth’s surface) recognized now as a powerful tool for tectono-geodynamic zonation. We applied the polynomial approximation to the gravity data which indicated the presence of a large, deep ring structure in the eastern Mediterranean centered below the Island of Cyprus. Quantitative analysis of residual gravity anomaly provides an estimate of the deep anomalous body’s upper edge at a depth of about 1700 km. Computations of the residual gravity anomalies for the lower mantle also indicate presence of anomalous sources. The GPS vector pattern coinciding with the gravity trend implies?counter clockwise rotation of this structure. Independent analyses of the geoid isolines map and seismic tomography data support the existence of a deep anomaly. Paleomagnetic data analysis from the surrounding regions confirms a?counter clockwise rotation. Numerous petrological, mineralogical, geodynamical and tectonic data suggest a relation between this deep structure and near-surface processes. This anomaly sheds light on a number of phenomena including the Cyprus gravity anomaly, counter clockwise rotation of the Mesozoic terrane belt and asymmetry of basins along continental transform faults.

关键词： Satellite Gravity Geodynamics Tectonics Paleomagnetism GPS Integrated Analysis