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Acta Metallurgica Sinica(English Letters) 2017年第4期30卷 376-389页

作者： Robert Blair Batric Pesic Jacob Kline ian Ehrsam Krishnan Raja Chemical and Materials Engineering University of IdahoMoscow ID 83844-3024 USA

Addition of glycerol as a viscosity modifier in concrete is proposed to decrease the permeability of corrosion- inducing ions such as chloride and sulfate. In addition to controlling the permeability of concrete, glycerol could perform as an inhibitor of corrosion of rebar steel. Cyclic polarization studies were carried out on metallographically polished rebar steel specimens in actual concrete solutions at two different pH conditions （pH 12,5 and 9.0） and different chloride concentrations. The threshold concentration of chloride for passivity breakdown at pH 12.5 was greater than 50 × 10-3 mol/L in the absence of glycerol addition. The threshold increased to 81 × 10-3 mol/L upon addition of 2 wt% glycerol. The threshold chloride concentration for passivity breakdown in pH 9.0 cement solution was 0.2 × 10-3 mol/L without glycerol addition. No beneficial effect of glycerol was observed in the low pH condition. However, glycerol enhanced the passivation kinetics of the rebar steel in saturated cement solution, but did not affect the electronic properties of the passive layer. The passive layers exhibited n-type semiconductivity with a charge carrier density in the range of 2-7.5× 10^20 cm-3. Polarization of the specimens to potentials is higher than oxygen evolution potential, resulted in transition top-type semiconducting character due to an accumulation of holes. This phenomenon could be related to the passivity breakdown.

关键词： Corrosion Passive film Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS)

Barriers that practitioners face when initiating insulin therapy in general practice settings and how they can be overcome

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World Journal of Diabetes 2017年第1期8卷 28-39页

作者： Abdulaziz Bin rsheed ian Chenoweth Department of Family and Community Medicine Prince Sultan Military Medical City Department of General Practice School of Primary Health Care Faculty of MedicineNursing and Health Sciences Monash University

AIM To explore primary care physicians' perspectives on possible barriers to the use of *** This systematic review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Eight electronic databases were searched(between January 1, 1994 and August 31, 2014) for relevant studies. A search for grey literature and a review of the references in the retrieved studies were also conducted. Studies that focused on healthcare providers' perspectives on possible barriers to insulin initiation with type 2 diabetic patients were included, as well as articles suggesting solutions for these barriers. Review articles and studies that only considered patients' perspectives were excluded. RESULTS A total of 19 studies met the inclusion criteria and were therefore included in this study: 10 of these studies used qualitative methods, 8 used quantitative methods and 1 used mixed methods. Studies included a range of different health care settings. The findings are reported under four broad categories: The perceptions of primary care physicians about the barriers to initiate insulin therapy for type 2 diabetes patients, how primary care physicians assess patients prior to initiating insulin, professional roles and possible solutions to overcome these barriers. The barriers described were many and covered doctor, patient, system and technological aspects. Interventions that focused on doctor training and support, or IT-based decision support were few, and did not result in significant improvement. CONCLUSION Primary care physicians' known delay in insulin initiation is multifactorial. Published reports of attempts to find solutions for these barriers were limited in number.

关键词： Diabetes Insulin Initiation Delay Barriers Primary care physicians

Body image in paediatric burns: a review

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Burns & Trauma 2018年第2期6卷 93-98页

作者： ian C.C.King Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery St George's HospitalTootingLondon SW170QTUK

Burn injuries in children can result in life-long disfigurement. As medical and surgical techniques of burn management improve survival prospects more than ever before, body image adjustment is increasingly a central consideration in the care of burn-injured individuals. An appreciation that both physiological and psychosocial processes underpin such injuries is key to understanding wound healing. Perceptions of idealized body images in Western society challenge children and their families as they grow up with and adapt to disfigurement from burns. Whilst many studies have examined the psychosocial recovery of adults with burn injuries, few have considered the impact on burn-injured children. This paper explores the models of body image and discusses the relevance of these to research and practice in understanding how to manage burns in children.

关键词： Burns Body image Children Paediatric burns Wound healing

The role of functional materials to produce high areal capacity lithium sulfur battery

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Journal of Energy Chemistry 2020年第3期29卷 195-209页

作者： Masud Rana Bin Luo Mohammad Rejaul Kaiser ian Gentle Ruth Knibbe Materials Engineering School of Mechanical and Mining EngineeringUniversity of QueenslandSt LuciaQLD 4072Australia Nanomaterials Centre School of Chemical Engineering and Australian Institute for Bioengineering and NanotechnologyThe University of Queensland QLDSt Lucia 4072Australia School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences Faculty of ScienceThe University of QueenslandSt LuciaQLD 4072Australia Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization(CSIRO) Manufacturing Business Unit36 Bradfield RoadLindfieldNSW 2070Australia

The lithium sulfur batteries(LSBs) are considered as one of the promising next generation energy storage devices due to the high theoretical specific capacity of sulfur(1675 m Ah g-1), naturally available, low ***, the practical LSBs are impeded by the well-known "shuttle effect" combined with other technical drawbacks. The "shuttle effect" causes rapid capacity decay, severe self-discharging and low active material utilization. The polysulfide(PS) which has lone pair electrons in each sulfur atom is considered as Lewis base and shows strong affinity to various polar, Lewis acid and catenation interactive materials but very weakly interacts with the non-polar conductive carbons. The "shuttle effect" occurs due to the diffusion of high order PS from the cathode to the anode and then low-order PS back to the cathode. The PS is polar and, due to a lone pair of electrons associated with the sulfur atom, is considered a Lewis base. As such, the PS shows a strong affinity with various polar and Lewis acid materials. In addition, a more novel trapping can be performance through a catenation reaction. For LSBs to compete with the state-of-the-art lithium ion batteries(LIBs), the LSB areal capacity need to be ~6 m Ah cm-2(which is proportional to sulfur loading). To achieve this target the PS shuttling needs to mitigate, which can be achieved through using functional materials. This review addresses the aforementioned phenomena by considering the PS phase interacts with the various functional materials and how this impacts areal capacity and cycling stability of LSBs.

关键词： Sulfur loading Specific capacity Areal capacity Polysulfides Chemical interaction

Protein Complexes Implicated in RNA Editing in Plant Organelles

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Molecular Plant 2017年第10期10卷 1255-1257页

作者： Bernard Gutmann Santana Royan ian Small ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology School of Molecular Sciences The University of Western Australia Crawley WA 6009 Australia

Even after 30 years of active research, RNA editing in plant organelles remains an enigma. Why do most plants post- transcriptionally alter hundreds or thousands of nucleotides in organellar transcripts？ How do they achieve such an effective and targeted process？ What is known is that in almost all plants, RNA editing is essential for correct synthesis of the photosynthetic and respiratory machinery in mitochondria and chloroplasts. The sites to be edited are defined by a large class of sequence-specific RNA binding proteins： pentatricopeptide repeat （PPR） proteins （Barkan and Small, 2014）. However, genetic and biochemical evidence has long suggested that other factors must be involved too. Two recent papers in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA provide exciting new evidence for protein complexes implicated in RNA editing using known mitochondrial or piastid PPR editing factors as bait in pull-down assays （Andres-Colás et al., 2017; Guillaumot et al., 2017）.

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Construction and Production of FluorescentPapillom avirus-like Particles

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Journal of Huazhong University of Science and Technology(Medical Sciences) 1999年第3期19卷 170-174,180页

作者： PENG Shiwen ZHOU Jian ian H Frazer Department of Pediatrics Xiehe HospitalTongji Medical UniversityWuhan 430022 Center for Immunology and Cancer Research University of QueenslandPrincess Alexandra HospitalWoolloongabbaQld4102Australia

The green fluorescent protein (GFP) from the jellyfish Aequorea victoria has attracted widespread interest since it was demonstrated to be fluorescent in vivo when expressed in other organisms. In order to investigate papillomavirus life cycle which hampered by the unavailability of conventional cell culture system, we constructed a chimeric bovine papillomavirus (BPV) type 1 virus like particles (VLPs) containing GFP. It was found that fluorescent VLPs could be assembled from L2 protein in which GFP is inserted into the N terminal region of L2 (aa 88). The fluorescent VLPs could also be assembled from a GFP/L2 fusion protein in which part of the L2 sequence had been deleted. In vitro , fluorescent VLPs could bind to CV 1 cells, and this VLP/cell interaction could be analyzed by FACS assay. These results demonstrated that GFP could incorporate into BPV1 VLPs without disruption of the VLP structure. Fluorescent VLPs might be a useful tool for study of papillomavirus virus/cell interaction.

关键词： papillomavirus \ virus like particles \ green fluorescent protein

Impact of interfacial tension on oil-water flow in a narrow gap

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Petroleum Research 2024年第2期9卷 219-227页

作者： Salim Raza ian D.Gates Saira Sherin University of Engineering and Technology PeshawarPakistan Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering Schulich School of EngineeringUniversity of CalgaryCanada

Numerous researchers have examined the co-current flow of oil-water and aqueous solutions containing polymers and surfactants in thin gaps for oil *** some have focused on charges and forces at the interfaces of oil-surfactant solutions during *** study of flow structures,interface behavior,and relative permeabilities of oil and aqueous phases of surfactant flow through thin gaps has been less *** the first time,this research aims to comprehensively investigate the flow of oil-water and oil-surfactant solutions through a thin gap(Hele-Shaw cell)with a particular focus on the impact of sodium dodecyl sulfate(SDS).The experiments reveal that SDS forms an emulsion near the oil-water interface,capturing oil droplets and enabling their flow along with the SDS *** studies confirm this,showing that when SDS contacts oil,it creates channels through the oil phase,leading to the accumulation and division of oil into small round-shaped droplets,resulting in an oil-in-water *** addition of SDS to the injecting water significantly enhances relative permeabilities,leading to a remarkable 90%increase in oil recovery from the *** research suggests that the optimal SDS concentration range for maximum oil recovery is between 1.5 and 2 wt%,as it achieves the minimum interfacial tension between oil and water.

关键词： Surfactant Co-current flow Narrow gap Interface interactions Relative permeability

Psychological Outcomes in Disaster Responders: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on the Effect of Social Support

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International Journal of Disaster Risk Science 2018年第3期9卷 344-358页

作者： Johnrev Guilaran ian de Terte Krzysztof Kaniasty Christine Stephens School of Psychology Massey University Division of Social Sciences University of the Philippines Visayas Department of Psychology Indiana University of Pennsylvania Polish Academy of Sciences

Disaster response work is associated with various psychological outcomes. In post-disaster conditions,social support is generally observed to impact mental health, particularly for survivors. This review was conducted to survey the extent of social support effectiveness on disaster responder groups. Published quantitative social support studies on police, emergency medical responders,rescue and recovery workers, firefighters, and military responders were searched in various academic databases using keyword searches, a reference list search, and a citation search that resulted in 24 studies with 90 effect sizes being included in the final data base. Articles were coded and effect sizes were averaged using the Hedges–Vevea Random Effects model. Nineteen categories of psychological outcomes(for example, anxiety, depression,posttraumatic stress symptoms, and psychological distress)and eight classifications of support were coded. Social support was found to be associated with anxiety, burnout,depression, job control, job satisfaction, psychological distress, turnover intentions, and work engagement, with mean effect sizes from-0.36 to 0.57. Most studies measured perceived social support and negative *** support correlated with outcomes in police responders and rescue and recovery workers. This review discusses the breadth of effect of social support, as well as other elements, such as temporal factors, that may affect the effectiveness of social support in disaster responders.

关键词： Disaster responders Meta-analysis Post-disaster psychological outcomes Psychological distress Social support

Mucosal T-cell responses to chronic viral infections:Implications for vaccine design

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Cellular & Molecular Immunology 2024年第9期21卷 982-998页

作者： Mohammed Al-Talib Sandra Dimonte ian R.Humphreys Systems Immunity University Research Institute/Division of Infection and Immunity School of MedicineCardiff UniversityCardiffCF144XNUK Bristol Medical School University of Bristol5 Tyndall AvenueBristolBS81UDUK

Mucosal surfaces that line the respiratory,gastrointestinal and genitourinary tracts are the major interfaces between the immune system and the *** unique immunological landscape is characterized by the necessity of balancing tolerance to commensal microorganisms and other innocuous exposures against protection from pathogenic threats such as *** pathogenic viruses,including herpesviruses and retroviruses,exploit this environment to establish chronic *** and regulatory T-cell populations,including effector and resident memory T cells,play instrumental roles in mediating the transition from acute to chronic infection,where a degree of viral replication is tolerated to minimize *** antigen exposure during chronic viral infection leads to the evolution and divergence of these *** this review,we discuss advances in the understanding of mucosal T-cell immunity during chronic viral infections and how features of T-cell responses develop in different chronic viral infections of the *** consider how insights into T-cell immunity at mucosal surfaces could inform vaccine strategies:not only to protect hosts from chronic viral infections but also to exploit viruses that can persist within mucosal surfaces as vaccine vectors.

关键词： Virus T cells Mucosa Chronic infection Cytomegalovirus HIV

Urban ecology for the urban century

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Ecosystem Health and Sustainability 2016年第7期2卷 21-23页

作者： Robert ian McDonald The Nature Conservancy 4245 North Fairfax DriveArlingtonVirginia 22203 USA

When I was being trained as an ecologist at the Duke University,urban ecology was a rare and somewhat obscure *** were few courses on urban ecology or sustainability offered at any major university,and few textbooks on the ***,urban ecology was seen almost as an *** was understood primarily as the study of the structure and function of more pristine *** this point of view,stud-ying the urban world and its interactions seemed somewhat perverse,like trying to infer the population biology of wild animals by watching the mating habitats of populations of animals in a zoo-you might learn some-thing,but it certainly did not seem the most efficient way to knowledge of the“natural”*** be an urban ecologist just a few decades ago implied a willingness to challenge one of the fundamental assumptions of ecology.

关键词： urban ecology somewhat