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The sexually dimorphic expression of glutamate transporters and their implication in pain after spinal cord injury

Neural Regeneration Research 2025年第11期20卷 3317-3329页

作者： Jennifer M.Colón-Mercado Aranza i.Torrado-Tapias i.i. k.salgado Jose M.Santiago Samuel E.Ocasio Rivera Dina P.Bracho-Rincon Luis H.Pagan Rivera Jorge D.Miranda Department of Physiology University of Puerto RicoMedical Sciences CampusSan JuanPRUSA National institutes of Health National Human Genome Research InstituteBethesdaMDUSA Universidad Central del Caribe School of MedicineBayamónPRUSA University of Puerto Rico Carolina CampusCarolinaPRUSA institute of Neurobiology San JuanPRUSA

in addi.i.n to the loss of motor function,~60% of patients develop pain after spinal cord *** cellular-molecular mechanisms are not well understood,but the data suggests that plasti.i.y within the rostral,epicenter,and caudal penumbra of the injury site i.i.iates a cellularmolecular interplay that acts as a rewi.i.g mechanism leading to central neuropathic *** can lead to the formation of new connections triggering abnormal sensory *** excitatory glutamate transporters are responsible for the reuptake of extracellular glutamate which makes them a cri.i.al target to prevent neuronal hyperexcitabi.i.y and *** previous studies showed a sexually dimorphic therapeutic window for spinal cord injury after treatment with the selective estrogen receptor modulator *** this study,we investigated the anti-allodynic effects of tamoxifen in male and female rats with spinal cord *** hypothesized that tamoxifen exerts anti-allodynic effects by increasing the expression of glutamate transporters,leading to reduced hyperexcitabi.i.y of the secondary neuron or by decreasing aberrant *** and female rats received a moderate contusion to the thoracic spinal cord followed by subcutaneous slow-release treatment of tamoxifen or matrix pellets as a control(placebo).We used von Frey monofilaments and the“up-down method”to evaluate mechanical *** treatment decreased allodynia only in female rats with spinal cord injury revealing a sexdependent *** expression profile of glutamatergic transporters(excitatory amino acid transporter 1/glutamate aspartate transporter and excitatory amino acid transporter 2/glutamate transporter-1)revealed a sexual dimorphism in the rostral,epicenter,and caudal areas of the spinal cord with a pattern of expression primarily on *** rodents showed a signi.i.antly higher level of excitatory amino acid transporter-1 expression while male rodents showed increased

关键词： allodynia central neuropathic pain EAAT-1/GLAST EAAT-2/GLT-1 glutamate transporters selective estrogen receptor modulator sexual dimorphism spinal cord injury trauma

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Combinatorial therapies for spinal cord injury repair

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Neural Regeneration Research 2025年第5期20卷 1293-1308页

作者： Carla S.Sousa Andreia Monteiro António J.salgado Nuno A.Silva Life and Health Sciences Research institute(iCVS) School of MedicineUniversity of MinhoCampus de Gualtar-gualtarBragaPortugal iCVS/3B’s Associate Lab PT Government Associated LabCampus de Gualtar-gualtarBragaPortugal

Spinal cord injuries have profound detrimental effects on indi.i.uals, regardless of whether they are caused by trauma or non-traumatic events. The compromised regeneration of the spinal cord is primarily attributed to damaged neurons, inhi.i.ory molecules, dysfunctional immune response, and glial scarring. Unfortunately, currently, there are no effective treatments available that can fully repair the spinal cord and improve functional outcomes. Nevertheless, numerous pre-cli.i.al approaches have been studied for spinal cord injury recovery, including using biomaterials, cells, drugs, or technological-based strategies. Combinatorial treatments, which target various aspects of spinal cord injury pathophysiology, have been extensively tested in the last decade. These approaches aim to synergistically enhance repair processes by addressing various obstacles faced during spinal cord regeneration. Thus, this review intends to provide scientists and cli.i.ians with an overview of pre-cli.i.al combinatorial approaches that have been developed toward the solution of spinal cord regeneration as well as update the current knowledge about spinal cord injury pathophysiology with an emphasis on the current cli.i.al management.

关键词： electric stimulation neural tissue regeneration neuroprotection polytherapy spinal cord injury

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Tamoxifen and Src kinase inhi.i.ors as neuroprotective/neuroregenerative drugs after spinal cord injury

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Neural Regeneration Research 2015年第3期10卷 385-390页

作者： i.i. k.salgado Aranza i.Torrado Jose M.Santiago Jorge D.Miranda Department of Physiology School of MedicineUniversity of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus University of Puerto Rico Carolina Campus Department of Natural Sciences

Spinal cord injury （SCi） is a devastating condi.i.n that produces signi.i.ant changes in the life- style of patients. Many molecular and cellular events are triggered after the i.i.ial physical impact to the cord. Two major phases have been described in the field of SCi： an acute phase and late phase. Most of the therapeutic strategies are focused on the late phase because this provides an opportunity to target cellular events like apoptosis, demyelination, scar formation and axonal outgrowth. in this mi.i.review, we will focus on two agents （tamoxifen and a Src kinase family inhi.i.or known as PP2） that have been shown in our laboratory to produce neuroprotective （increase cell survival） and/or regenerative （axonal outgrowth） actions. The animal model used in our laboratory is adult female rat （N250 g） with a moderate contusion （12.5 mm） to the spinal cord at the T10 level, using the MASCiS impactor device. Tamoxifen or PP2 was admi.i.tered by implantation of a 15 mg pellet （innovative Research of America, Sarasota, FL, USA） or by intraperitoneal injections （1.5 mg/kg, every 3 days）, respectively, to produce a long-term effect （28 days）. Tamoxifen and the Src kinase inhi.i.or, PP2, are drugs that in rats with a moderate spinal cord injury promote functional locomotor recovery, increase spared white matter tissue, and stimulate axonal outgrowth. Moreover, tamoxifen reduces the formation of reactive oxygen species. Therefore, these drugs are possible therapeutic agents that have a neuroprotective/regen- erative acti.i.y in vertebrates with SCi.

关键词： tamoxifen Src kinase PP2 trauma regeneration neuroprotection

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Long-term treatment with PP2 after spinal cord injury resulted in functional locomotor recovery and increased spared tissue

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Neural Regeneration Research 2014年第24期9卷 2164-2173页

作者： Odrick R.Rosas Aranza i.Torrado Jose M.Santiago Ana E.Rodriguez i.i. k.salgado Jorge D.Miranda Department of Physiology School of Medicine University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus Department of Natural Sciences University of Puerto Rico Carolina Campus

The spinal cord has the abi.i.y to regenerate but the microenvironment generated after trauma reduces that capacity. An increase in Src family kinase （SFk） acti.i.y has been implicated in neuropathological condi.i.ns associated with central nervous system trauma. Therefore, we hypothesized that a decrease in SFk activation by a long-term treatment with 4-amino-5-（4- chlorophenyl）-7-（t-butyl）pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrami.i.e （PP2）, a selective SFk inhi.i.or, after spinal cord contusion with the New York University （NYU） impactor device would generate a permissive environment that improves axonal sprouting and/or behavioral acti.i.y. Results demonstrated that long-term blockade of SFk activation with PP2 increases locomotor acti.i.y at 7, 14, 21 and 28 days post-i.i.ry in the Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan open field test, round and square beam crossing tests. in addi.i.n, an increase in white matter spared tissue and serotonin fiber density was observed in animals treated with PP2. However, blockade of SFk acti.i.y did not change the astrocytic response or infiltration of cells from the immune system at 28 days post-injury. Moreover, a reduced SFk acti.i.y with PP2 di.i.ished Ephexin （a guanine nudeotide exchange factor） phosphorylation in the acute phase （4 days post-injury） after trauma. Together, these findings suggest a potential role of SFk in the regulation of spared tissue and/or axonal outgrowth that may result in functional locomotor recovery during the pathophysiology generated after spinal cord injury. Our study also points out that ephexinl phosphorylation （activation） by SFk action may be involved in the repulsive microenvironment generated after spinal cord injury.

关键词： nerve regeneration trauma regeneration Src family kinase Eph receptors ephexin spared tissue locomotor recovery GFAP ED1 serotonin fibers neural regeneration

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Estimating the Lost Economic Production Caused by internal Displacement Because of Disasters

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international Journal of Disaster Risk Science 2018年第4期9卷 496-506页

作者： Mario A.salgado-Gálvez Centre internacional de Metodes Numerics en Enginyeria(CiMNE) 08034 BarcelonaSpain

Disasters are a large cause of internal displacement at the global level, in 2017 alone affecting more than19 million people. This dimension of disaster risk is usually overlooked in many disaster risk management strategies and assessments. it is only very recently that efforts to quantify displacement risk and integrate that dimension into existing physical risk models have been made. A key component of internal displacement assessment is the quanti.i.ation of its economic impacts, both direct and indirect, not only to make a figure available but to raise awareness and increase accountabi.i.y among governments, stakeholders, policymakers, and deci.i.n *** article presents a novel and peril-agnostic methodology with which to estimate, using a scenario-based approach, the economic production lost because of internal population displacement. The methodology is applied by using as a triggering event the April 2015 Gorkha, Nepal M7.8 earthquake. The method quanti.i.s the indirect cost caused by internal population displacement because of that event in terms of lost economic production and estimates the loss to be between USD 400 and 850 million.

关键词： Disabi.i.y adjusted life years Disaster risk internally displaced people Lost economic production Disaster risk assessment

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Reproductive Biology of a Blue-tail Skinks(Plestiodon)Population from a Temperate Forest,East-central Puebla,México

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Asian Herpetological Research 2024年第3期15卷 183-193页

作者： Manuel FERiA-ORTiZ isaías hazarmabeth salgado-UGARTE Museo de Zoología Facultad de Estudios Superiores ZaragozaUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoIztapalapaMéxico Laboratorio de Biometría y Biología Pesquera Facultad de Estudios Superiores ZaragozaUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoIztapalapaMéxico

We studied the cycles of reproduction and fat bodies of a blue-tailed skink population of an undescribed species of the Plestiodon brevirostris *** maturity is attained by females and males as they both reach about 59 mm of *** started in June-July,with ovulation occurring during late-October to mid-November,and parturi.i.n in *** size varied from two to six,with a mean of 3.86±0.15 embryos in uterus,and showed a posi.i.e correlation with female body mass and *** gestation,a signi.i.ant increase in the average wet mass of embryos in uterus was *** comparison,there were no notable changes in the average dry *** growth data suggest that sexual maturity,both males and females,is reached at 16-17 months of *** and epi.i.ymides exhi.i.ed maximal weight during *** regression occurred in *** apparently takes place from mid-summer to early *** stored in female fat bodies are used for vitellogenesis and for nutri.i.n during the winter *** males,the stored li.i.s appear to be used in reproductive acti.i.ies during the mating season.

关键词： growth litter size mi.i.um size at maturity reproduction Scincidae vi.i.arity

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An input–Output Ex Ante Regional Model to Assess the Short-Term Net Effects of the 16 April 2016 Earthquake in Ecuador

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international Journal of Disaster Risk Science 2021年第4期12卷 510-527页

作者： Jorge salgado JoséRamírez-Álvarez Diego Mancheno Faculty of Economics Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador17012184QuitoPichinchaEcuador

The 16 April 2016 earthquake in Ecuador exposed the signi.i.ant weaknesses concerning the methodological designs to compute—from an economic standpoint—the consequences of a natural hazard-related disaster for productive exchanges and the accumulation of capital in *** study addressed one of these challenges with an innovative ex ante model to measure the partial and net short-term effects of a natural hazard-related catastrophe from an interregional perspective,with the 16 April 2016 earthquake serving as a case *** general,the speci.i.d and estimated model follows the approach of the extended Miyazawa model,which endogenizes consumption demand in a standard input–output model with the subnational interrelations and resulting *** to the country’s li.i.ations in its regional account records the input–output matrices for each province of Ecuador had to be estimated,which then allowed transactions carried out between any two sectors within or outside a given province to be identi.i.d by means of the RAS *** estimations provide evidence that the net short-term impact on the national accounts was not signi.i.ant,and under some of the simulated scenarios,based on the offi.i.l information with respect to earthquake management,the impact may even have had a posi.i.e effect on the growth of the national product during 2016.

关键词： Earthquake impact Ecuador input–output RAS method Regional model

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Development and assessment of arti.i.ial neural network models for direct normal solar irradiance forecasting using operational numerical weather prediction data

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Energy and Ai 2024年第1期15卷 88-101页

作者： Sara Pereira Paulo Canhoto Rui salgado institute of Earth Sciences University ofÉvoraRua Romãao Ramalho 597000-671ÉvoraPortugal Department of Mechatronics Engineering University of´EvoraRua Romãao Ramalho 597000-671ÉvoraPortugal Physics Department University of´EvoraRua Romãao Ramalho 597000-671ÉvoraPortugal

Accurate operational solar irradiance forecasts are crucial for better deci.i.n making by solar energy system operators due to the variabi.i.y of resource and energy *** numerical weather prediction(NWP)models can forecast solar radiation variables,they often have signi.i.ant errors,particularly in the direct normal irradiance(DNi),which is especially affected by the type and concentration of aerosols and *** paper presents a method based on arti.i.ial neural networks(ANN)for generating operational DNi forecasts using weather and aerosol forecasts from the European Center for Medium-range Weather Forecasts(ECMWF)and the Copernicus Atmospheric Monitoring Service(CAMS),*** ANN models were designed:one uses as input the predicted weather and aerosol variables for a given instant,while the other uses a period of the improved DNi forecasts before the forecasted *** models were developed using observations for the location of´Evora,Portugal,resulting in 10 min DNi forecasts that for day 1 of forecast horizon showed an improvement over the downscaled ori.i.al forecasts regarding R2,MAE and RMSE of 0.0646,21.1 W/m^(2)and 27.9 W/m^(2),*** model was also evaluated for different timesteps and locations in southern Portugal,provi.i.g good agreement with experimental data.

关键词： Solar radiation Solar energy Numerical weather prediction Arti.i.ial neural network Operational forecasting

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Dynamic Simulation of Cracked Buildings for Damage Detection

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Structural Durabi.i.y & Health Monitoring 2020年第3期14卷 187-204页

作者： Alan Alonso-Rivers Rolando salgado-Estrada Faculty of Engineering Department of CivilAmbiental EngineeringSchool of Mining and Petroleum EngineeringUniversity of Alberta6361 Donadeo Innovation Center for Engineering(ICE)EdmontonAlbertaT6H 1H9Canada Faculty of Engineering of the Construction and the Habitat Campus VeracnuzUniversidad VeracruzanaBoca del RioVeracruzCP 94294México

A dynamic simulation method for cracked structures is implemented to determine their dynamic response with the purpose of evaluating their structural *** procedure makes possible the si mulation of three-dimensional cracked *** excitation force is randomly generated to simulate wind *** is assumed the structure remains in the elastic range,which allows for each mode that contributes to its dynamic response to be *** results indicate that the presence of damage causes changes in the modals parameters of the structure as accurate as other si.i.ar methods proposed for simpler ***,it is concluded that the proposed method is a reliable way to evaluate the dynamic behavior of three-dimensi onal cracked building structures.

关键词： Dynamic simulation cracked structures damage detection structural dynamic

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Application of a new reagent for analysis of oxygen presence in a lowcarbon steel wire rod

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Journal of iron and Steel Research international 2021年第6期28卷 729-738页

作者： M.i.Dávila-Pérez H.J.Vergara-Hernández O.Vázquez-Gómez F.Reyes-Calderón E.López-Martínez J.M.salgado-López National Technology of Mexico/T.i.of Morelia Morelia 58120MichoacanMexico National Council for Science and Technology CONACYT Mexico City 03940Mexico isthmus University Santo Domingo TehuantepecOaxaca 70760Mexico Engineering and industrial Development Center CiDESi Santiago de Queretaro 76125QueretaroMexico

A microstructural analysis was performed to determine the presence of oxygen in a wire rod section of Ai.i.1008 steel with a surface mechanical failure produced during wire *** failure zone was analyzed by comparison using three different attack reagents:alkaline sodium chromate(ASC),ASC with hydrogen peroxide and amyl alcohol,and a solution of nitric acid in ethyl *** reagents were applied in samples in the failure zone,showing different types of zones in regions with internal and superfi.i.l defects such as carbides,pores,cracks,deformation,and detachment zones,indicating the possible presence of *** areas identi.i.d were observed by means of an optical microscope and were correlated with the content of elements that were present in the region using a scanning electron microscope and a scattered X-ray energy spectrometer,which determined that the areas identi.i.d by chromate sodium correspond to regions with a high concentration of oxygen and slag-forming elements such as si.i.on,aluminum,and iron;this is associated with the presence of oxygen in the oxide *** was also observed that the ASC and the modi.i.d ASC solution with hydrogen peroxide and amyl alcohol could identify areas with a high presence of oxides,while the nitric acid solution only identi.i.d the steel *** modi.i.d ASC solution is an alternative to identify the presence of chemical variants of oxygen because the conventional formulation is unstable and has a too short shelf life,and therefore,its application must be carried out at the time of preparation.

关键词： Etching Alkaline sodium chromate Oxide presence internal defect

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