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Effect of drying cracks on swelling and self-healing of bentonite-sand blocks used as engineered barriers for radioactive waste disposal

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Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering 2024年第5期16卷 1776-1787页

作者： Yu Tan Guangping Zhou huyuan zhang Xiaoya Li Ping Liu School of Civil Engineering and Mechanics Lanzhou UniversityLanzhou730000China Key Laboratory of Mechanics on Disaster and Environment in Western China (Lanzhou University) Ministry of EducationLanzhou730000China Civil and Environmental Engineering University of Wisconsin-MadisonWI53706USA

Experiments were conducted to evaluate the healing of drying cracks in air-dried bentonite-sand blocks after hydration and swelling in groundwater,providing justifications to simplify the protection of blocks prior to installation in a high-level radioactive waste *** groundwater was prepared to represent the geochemistry of Beishan groundwater,and was used to hydrate the blocks during the swelling pressure and swelling strain measurements,as Beishan is the most promising site for China's *** of the surface cracks was recorded by photography,and healing of the internal cracks was visualized by CT images and hydraulic conductivity of air-dried *** results indicate that the maximum swelling pressure and swelling strain are primarily affected by the geochemistry of Beishan groundwater,but not affected by the drying *** maximum swelling pressure and swelling strain of air-dried blocks are comparable to or even higher than the pressure and strain of fresh *** maximum swelling pressure measured in strong(*** ion strength)Beishan groundwater was 44%of the pressure measured in deionized(DI)water,and the maximum swelling strain was reduced to 23%of the strain measured in DI ***,the remained swelling of the blocks hydrated in strong Beishan groundwater was sufficient to heal the surface and internal drying cracks,as demonstrated by the pictures of surface cracks and CT *** hydraulic conductivity of the air-dried block permeated with strong groundwater was comparable(3.7×higher)to the hydraulic conductivity of the fresh block,indicating the self-healing of drying cracks after hydration and swelling in groundwater.A simplified method of protecting the block with plastic wraps before installation is recommended,since the remained swelling of the block hydrated in Beishan groundwater is sufficient to heal the drying cracks.

关键词： Beishan groundwater chemistry Bentonite buffer Drying cracks High-level radioactive waste(HLW) Self-healing Swelling

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高温碱溶液中混合型缓冲材料膨胀特性研究

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岩石力学与工程学报 2024年第S1期43卷 3507-3519页

作者：张虎元季泽周光平童艳梅王婷婷兰州大学土木工程与力学学院甘肃兰州730000 兰州大学西部灾害与环境力学教育部重点实验室甘肃兰州730000

高放废物地下处置库中,地下水腐蚀衬砌混凝土析出的强碱性溶液,叠加核素衰变释放的辐射热,会影响缓冲材料的膨胀性能。以混合型缓冲材料(70%高庙子膨润土+30%石英砂)为试验对象,孔隙溶液选择蒸馏水和KOH溶液,溶液浓度为0.1,0.3,1.0 mol/... 详细信息

高放废物地下处置库中,地下水腐蚀衬砌混凝土析出的强碱性溶液,叠加核素衰变释放的辐射热,会影响缓冲材料的膨胀性能。以混合型缓冲材料(70%高庙子膨润土+30%石英砂)为试验对象,孔隙溶液选择蒸馏水和KOH溶液,溶液浓度为0.1,0.3,1.0 mol/L。设置试验温度为常温与90℃。测试不同初始干密度试样的膨胀力。试验完成后,对试样开展X射线衍射(XRD)试验,试验结果证实:高温提升了试样膨胀力发展速率与膨胀力值,最终膨胀力值最大增幅为19.3%。KOH溶液作用下缓冲材料膨胀力随时间发展出现衰退现象,是碱溶液危害膨胀性能的典型特征。最终膨胀力值对KOH浓度呈负相关,与初始干密度呈正相关。在90℃1.0 mol/L KOH溶液作用下,试样最终膨胀力值较蒸馏水,衰减程度达到52.3%以上。试样衰减主要与蒙脱石的溶解与阳离子交换有关。最严重的情况下,蒙脱石含量减小为初始的43.2%。

关键词：土力学混合型缓冲材料高庙子膨润土膨胀力温度 KOH溶液

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Hydrophobicity and carbonation treatment of earthen monuments in humid weather condition

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Science China(Technological Sciences) 2012年第8期55卷 2313-2320页

作者： LI Min zhang huyuan Key Laboratory of Mechanics on Disaster and Environment in Western China Ministry of EducationLanzhou UniversityLanzhou 730000China School of Civil Engineering and Mechanics Lanzhou UniversityLanzhou 730000China

Water stability of soil is crucial to the durability of earthen monuments,especially those located in the humid weather *** paper discusses the selection reason of materials(tung oil and quicklime) for earthen monument treatment,and then validates the applicability of these materials with tests of soil-water characteristic curve(SWCC),aggregate stability test(AST) and scanning electron microscope(SEM).The soil tested was sampled from Da Bao'en temple in Nanjing,Jiangsu province,*** test results indicate that the carbonation reaction of quicklime offers a favorable environment for the formation of tung oil ***,the regulatory function of tung oil restricts the crystallinity of calcium carbonate(CaCO3) and forms fine *** treated with both of tung oil and quicklime has good water repellency and aggregate stability without obvious changing in aesthetic *** and carbonation treatment can be applied prospectively in the conservation of earthen monument located in humid weather condition.

关键词： water repellency carbonation earthen monuments SWCC AST SEM tung oil quicklime

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信息检索与地质工程知识体系融合的教学研究

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中国地质教育 2024年第2期33卷 64-69页

作者：张彤炜张帆宇张虎元兰州大学土木工程与力学学院甘肃兰州730000 西部灾害与环境力学教育部重点实验室甘肃兰州730000

本文针对信息时代学生对搜索资源与学科主体知识体系融合不足的问题展开研究。首先,提出将主体知识体系按照对应的学生能力要求进行模块化分解;然后,从搜索信息、定位信息、利用信息三个角度,引入大语言模型原理、信息智能搜索与订阅、... 详细信息

本文针对信息时代学生对搜索资源与学科主体知识体系融合不足的问题展开研究。首先,提出将主体知识体系按照对应的学生能力要求进行模块化分解;然后,从搜索信息、定位信息、利用信息三个角度,引入大语言模型原理、信息智能搜索与订阅、知识利用与加工三方面教学内容。以培养学生网络信息筛选与管理、信息对比分析与加工、自主搜索知识与学科主体模块融合三方面的能力为目标,设定考核评价体系。学情分析显示,综合目标达成度为0.837。

关键词：地质工程信息检索学科主体知识

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锁阳城土遗址孔隙结构及其分形特征研究

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文物保护与考古科学 2024年第4期36卷 19-31页

作者：张虎元易泉刘洪丽李小雅于洪亮西部灾害与环境力学教育部重点实验室(兰州大学) 甘肃兰州730000 兰州大学土木工程与力学学院甘肃兰州730000 甘肃省敦煌文物保护研究中心(敦煌研究院) 甘肃酒泉736200

在风化因子的持续作用下,土遗址微观结构持续劣化并最终导致宏观病害的发育。微观结构的特征反映了土遗址材料内在的劣化程度,为研究土遗址风化程度与微观孔隙结构变化的关系,采取锁阳城土遗址不同方位城墙土样,采用低温液氮吸附试验测... 详细信息

在风化因子的持续作用下,土遗址微观结构持续劣化并最终导致宏观病害的发育。微观结构的特征反映了土遗址材料内在的劣化程度,为研究土遗址风化程度与微观孔隙结构变化的关系,采取锁阳城土遗址不同方位城墙土样,采用低温液氮吸附试验测定了土样的比表面积和孔容孔径分布,并基于FHH分形模型计算样品的分形维数;结果表明,锁阳城土遗址不同样品比表面积偏差率高,比表面积数值和分布具有明显差异;孔隙容积变异系数高,离散程度大,存在差异性劣化行为;土样的孔隙形态呈狭缝状、楔形、“墨水瓶”孔、管状孔等多种复杂形态,小于2.765 nm的孔隙大都为封闭透气孔。结合分形维数可知,锁阳城土样具有明显的分形特征,孔隙空间结构不规则,非均质性强,表面粗糙程度大,且分形维数和锁阳城土遗址劣化程度具有一定相关性。本研究关于土样孔隙的定量表征对于土遗址风化劣化研究有着重要意义。

关键词：锁阳城土遗址低温氮吸附试验分形维数孔隙结构特征风化

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Leachability of heavy metals from solidified sludge

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Science China(Technological Sciences) 2009年第7期52卷 1906-1912页

作者： zhang huyuan WANG Bao DONG XingLing FENG Lei FAN ZhiMing Key Laboratory of Mechanics on Disaster and Environment in Western China Ministry of EducationLanzhou UniversityLanzhou 730000China College of Resource and Environmental Science Lanzhou UniversityLanzhou 730000China

Solidified sludge undergoes progressive depletion of the alkalinity materials under natural weathering condition and releases out of heavy metals. The leaching of heavy metals from solidified sewage sludge was studied by acid neutralization capacity (ANC) test and flow-through leaching test. The results of ANC test showed that heavy metals release at high concentration when the pH of extract lowers than 6. The disintegration of solidified sludge and the transformation of heavy metals are the main reasons for the resolubilisation of contaminants. Flow-through leaching test indicated that leaching of heavy metals from solidified sludge occurs in a slow way. A mathematical model has been developed to predict the stabilization time of heavy metals in solidified sludge. The research results showed that decreasing hydraulic conductivity is more important than cement addition for controlling the release of heavy metals from solidified sludge.

关键词： sludge heavy metal leaching model stabilization time

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Responses of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi to straw return and nitrogen fertilizer reduction in a rainfed maize field

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Pedosphere 2024年第2期34卷 351-360页

作者： Zhenling PENG Hao XI Lin MAO huyuan FENG Jianjun zhang Yongjun LIU State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems College of EcologyLanzhou UniversityLanzhou 730000China College of Life Sciences Northwest Normal UniversityLanzhou 730070China School of Life Sciences Lanzhou UniversityLanzhou 730000China Dryland Agriculture Institute Gansu Academy of Agricultural SciencesLanzhou 730070China

Straw return can be used to reduce fertilizer input and improve agricultural sustainability and soil ***,how straw return and reduced fertilizer application affect beneficial soil microbes,particularly arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AMF),remains poorly ***,we conducted a five-year field experiment in a rainfed maize field on the Loess Plateau of northwestern *** tested four treatments with straw return combined with four nitrogen(N)application rates,i.e.,100%,80%,60%,and 0%of the common N application rate(225 kg N ha^(-1)year^(-1))in this region,and two reference treatments(full or no N application),with three replicates for each *** colonization was quantified and AMF communities colonizing maize roots were characterized using Illumina *** virtual taxa(VTs)of AMF were identified in root samples,among which VT113(related to Rhizophagus fasciculatus)and VT156(related to Dominikia gansuensis)were the predominant *** root length colonization and AMF VT richness were sensitive to N fertilization,but not to straw return;furthermore,both gradually increased with decreasing N application *** VT composition of the AMF community was also affected by N fertilization,but not by straw return,and the community variation could be well explained by soil available N and phosphorus ***,60%,80%,and full N fertilization produced similar maize ***,our study revealed the response patterns of AMF to straw return and N fertilizer reduction and showed that straw return combined with N fertilizer reduction may be a promising practice to maintain mycorrhizal symbiosis concomitantly with crop productivity.

关键词： agricultural sustainability crop productivity mycorrhizal colonization mycorrhizal symbiosis root length colonization virtual taxon

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Conservation of Jiaohe ancient earthen site in China

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Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering 2011年第3期3卷 270-281页

作者： Zuixiong Li Xudong Wang Manli Sun Wenwu Chen Qinglin Guo huyuan zhang DunhuangAcademy Dunhuang 736200 China National Research Center for Conservation of Ancient Wall Paintings Dunhuang 736200 China Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 China Cultural Heritage Academy Northwest University Xi＇an 710069 China

Earthen sites, which are mainly made of earth, are cultural heritages with historical, artistic and scientific values. Many extremely valuable earthen sites have been preserved in the arid areas in China. The earthen site of Jiaohe Ancient City is one of the earliest National Protected Important Cultural Heritage Sites. The Jiaohe Ancient City site exhibits all kinds of deteriorations, which can be found in the earthen sites in arid environments in China. Through a case study of the Jiaohe ancient earthen site, we present in this paper the comprehensive conservation technologies, including the mud bricklaying and reparation, wooden rod anchorage, crack grouting, surface potassium silicate （PS） penetration consolidation, and suspended steel beam ceiling, etc. Results of this case study showed that better conservation effects could be achieved by selecting proper PS penetration and crack grouting processes based on the deterioration characteristics of the earthen sites. The technology of mud bricklaying and reparation was also an effective method for preventing the earthen body from collapsing. Compared with traditional conservation technologies, the suspended steel beam ceiling technology could effectively reduce the negative impacts to the original state of the earthen site. As for unstable cliffs, a new method using composite anchor rod of bamboo and steel with massive loose earth was applied. Deformation monitoring and temporary supports were critical and indispensable measures for the safe of site conservation projects. Through years of monitoring and practical operation at the Jiaohe ancient earthen site, deterioration at the site has been effectively controlled.

关键词： earthen site conservation technology Jiaohe Ancient City arid areas

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地下水含盐量抑制缓冲砌块接缝的愈合效果

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岩石力学与工程学报 2020年第S1期39卷 2892-2901页

作者：张虎元朱飞王赵明兰州大学西部灾害与环境力学教育部重点实验室甘肃兰州730000 兰州大学土木工程与力学学院甘肃兰州730000

高放废物地质处置库在长期运营过程中,压实膨润土砌块水化膨胀,砌块之间的接缝逐渐封闭。地下水中的盐分会限制膨润土的膨胀量,进而抑制接缝体系的自愈合程度。以高庙子膨润土为研究对象,开展渗透试验、热传导试验及微观结构试验,评估... 详细信息

高放废物地质处置库在长期运营过程中,压实膨润土砌块水化膨胀,砌块之间的接缝逐渐封闭。地下水中的盐分会限制膨润土的膨胀量,进而抑制接缝体系的自愈合程度。以高庙子膨润土为研究对象,开展渗透试验、热传导试验及微观结构试验,评估渗透溶液含盐量对混合型缓冲砌块接缝愈合效果的影响。压制圆饼状含接缝试样,接缝中充填颗粒膨润土,以甘肃北山地下水模拟溶液开展刚性壁渗透试验,随后测试接缝附近的热传导系数和微观结构,与蒸馏水试验结果进行对比分析。试验结果表明,入渗液为蒸馏水时,接缝体系的水力传导系数最小。随着入渗液总溶解性固体浓度TDS上升到10 g/L,水力传导系数持续增大超过一个数量级,即含盐量越高,对接缝体系有效愈合的抑制效应越明显。渗透试验之后,试样接缝带内部干密度有所提高,非接缝部位的干密度有所降低,证明接缝愈合是通过膨润土向接缝低应力空间膨胀实现的。与蒸馏水相比,入渗液盐分浓度的升高,试样接缝带干密度的提高幅度减小,说明盐分抑制了接缝体系的愈合潜能。随着入渗液浓度增加,热传导系数总体呈微弱的减小趋势,而且接缝带内部的热传导系数方差增大,即接缝空间的热稳定性降低。

关键词：土力学高放缓冲砌块膨润土–砂混合物砌块接缝渗透性总溶解性固体

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混合型缓冲回填材料土水特征曲线测试与修正

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岩石力学与工程学报 2011年第2期30卷 382-390页

作者：张虎元张明崔素丽贾灵艳兰州大学西部灾害与环境力学教育部重点实验室甘肃兰州730000

利用压力板法和水汽平衡法,对不同掺砂率和干密度的膨润土–砂混合物在脱湿过程中的土水特征曲线进行测试,探讨不同初始饱和条件、掺砂率与干密度对脱湿过程中混合物持水性能的影响。随着掺砂率和干密度增大,侧限饱和混合物试样持水性... 详细信息

利用压力板法和水汽平衡法,对不同掺砂率和干密度的膨润土–砂混合物在脱湿过程中的土水特征曲线进行测试,探讨不同初始饱和条件、掺砂率与干密度对脱湿过程中混合物持水性能的影响。随着掺砂率和干密度增大,侧限饱和混合物试样持水性能下降;随着掺砂率增大,自由饱和混合物试样持水性能下降,而干密度对其持水性能基本没有影响。引入有效黏土密度和有效含水率的概念对混合物的实测土水特征曲线进行修正,发现饱和条件不同,混合物持水能力的控制因素也不同:侧限饱和条件下混合物持水性能主要受有效黏土密度控制,而自由饱和条件下混合物持水性能主要受掺砂率控制。根据试验数据拟合出侧限饱和与自由饱和后GMZ001膨润土–砂混合物修正土水特征曲线的经验公式,可用来估算高放废物处置工程中混合型缓冲回填材料的非饱和含水率。

关键词：土力学膨润土–砂混合物土水特征曲线饱和条件掺砂率干密度

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