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Process and Mechanism of Controlling Outburst Floods of Landslide Dams through Artificial Structures: Physical Experiments

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Journal of Earth Science 2024年

作者： Hechun Ruan huayong chen Xiaoqing chen Wanyu Zhao Xiao Li Key Laboratory of Mountain Hazards and Surface Processes， Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment， Chinese Academy of Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences

The scale of the outburst flood resulting from a landslide dam failure significantly influences the extent of the disaster and losses downstream. This study proposes a method for controlling the discharge of landslide dam failure using the artificial structure (AS). The primary approach involves strategically arranging the designed AS on both sides of the excavated spillway. As the breach is eroded， ASs gradually falls into the breach， serving to control the discharge. Fourteen sets of flume experiments were conducted to investigate the impact of various factors， including AS types， distances from the breach boundary， arrangements， columns， numbers， on the discharge control effectiveness. The mechanism how AS controls outburst discharge was revealed. Results indicate a pronounced control effect of AS on landslide dam-break discharge， with the maximum reducing rate of the peak discharge in the experiment reaching 47.4%. In controlling outburst discharge， four-sided framed structures demonstrate superior performance compared to four-sided solid structures， and serial structures outperform discrete structures. When arranging ASs， it is essential to ensure that the structure initiates its descent into the breach at the onset of the rapid increase in outburst discharge and continues until the peak discharge occurs. Building upon this foundation， augmenting the number of ASs and columns significantly enhances the efficacy of discharge control. The fundamental rationale for this discharge control lies in the AS’s capacity to reduce the headward scarp height， constrain sediment transport， and diminish the erosion capacity of the outburst flood， ultimately lowering the breach erosion rate. Lastly， a calculation method for the size design of the AS is established based on mechanical analysis. The research findings offer a new technological option for the emergency disposal of landslide dams.

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Crustal magma oxidation state and endowments in porphyry copper deposits

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Science China Earth Sciences 2024年

作者： Yumin AI Massimo CHIARADIA Chao WU huayong chen Key Laboratory of Mineralogy and Metallogeny Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Department of Earth Sciences University of Geneva Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mineral Physics and Materials

Porphyry copper deposits (PCDs) supply the majority of the world’s copper (Cu) as well as significant amounts of molybdenum (Mo) and gold (Au). The formation of these deposits is controlled by a variety of geological factors, among which the magmatic oxidation is one of the focuses of current research. This study investigates the redox characteristics of arc magmas by analyzing the ratio of vanadium (V) to scandium (Sc) and its correlation with the oxygen fugacity (f O) of magmas from arcs of various crustal thicknesses globally. We compiled an extensive dataset of published V/Sc values and studied the partition coefficients of Vand Sc between minerals and silicate melts across various magmatic environments. The results demonstrate that fractional crystallization of magnetite markedly reduces V/Sc values of the residual melt. Furthermore, magnesium number(Mg#) at the onset of magnetite fractionation is strongly positively correlated with f O of the equilibrium magma. Based on this,the oxidation of arc magmas from different crustal thicknesses can be evaluated. The result suggests that magmas generated in crusts thicker than 20 km tend to be more oxidized with increasing crust thickness. This trend is attributed to enhanced intracrustal differentiation processes involving garnet and amphibole, particularly in mature island and continental arcs. In contrast,magmas in thinner arc crusts (<20 km), which are significantly influenced by subducted slab materials, display higher oxidation states than most of their thicker crust counterparts. These findings suggest that both subduction dynamics and crustal thickness play a vital role in determining the oxidation state of arc magmas and, consequently, their capacity to generate PCDs. Highly oxidized, primitive arc magmas are less favorable for PCD formation due to that they tend to experience magnetite fractionation and thus sulfide saturation in the early stage of magma evolution, a process leading to copper depletion. On th

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Metallogenesis and major challenges of porphyry copper systems above subduction zones

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Science China Earth Sciences 2020年第7期63卷 899-918页

作者： huayong chen Chao WU Key Laboratory of Mineralogy and Metallogeny Guangzhou Institute of GeochemistryChinese Academy of Sciences

Porphyry copper±molybdenum±gold deposits(PCDs) are the most representative magmatic-hydrothermal metallogenic system above subduction zones with important economic value. Previous studies revealed that large PCDs are generally formed from initial arc magmas(from subduction-induced partial melting of the mantle wedge), which eventually ascend to the shallow crust(3–5 km) for mineralization after a series of complex evolution processes. These processes include(1) the dehydration or partial melting of subducting slab, which induces partial melting of the metasomatized mantle wedge;(2)the ascent of mantle-derived magma to the bottom of the lower crust, which subsequently undergoes crustal processes such as assimilation plus fractional crystallization(AFC) or melting, assimilation, storage and homogenization(MASH);(3) the magma chamber formation at the bottom of the lower, middle and upper crust;(4) the final emplacement and volatilization of porphyry stocks;and(5) the accumulation of ore-forming fluids and metal precipitation. Despite the many decades of research, many issues involving the PCD metallogenic mechanism still remain to resolve, such as(1) the tectonic control on the geochemical characteristics of ore-forming magma;(2) the reason for the different lifespans of the long-term magmatic arc evolution and geologically "instantaneous" mineralization processes;(3) the source of ore-forming materials;(4) the relative contributions of metal pre-enrichment to mineralization by the magma source and by magmatic evolution;and(5) the decoupling behaviors of Cu and Au during the pre-enrichment. These issues point out the direction for future PCD metallogenic research, and the resolution to them will deepen our understanding of the metallogenesis at convergent plate boundaries.

关键词： Subduction zone Porphyry Cu deposit Metallogenesis

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上寨离子吸附型稀土矿床褐帘石结构和成分特征及其对成矿的指示

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大地构造与成矿学 2024年第2期48卷 248-258页

作者：冯雨周陈华勇郑惠肖兵初高彬张俊岭中国科学院广州地球化学研究所矿物学与成矿学重点实验室广东广州510640 中南大学有色金属成矿预测与地质环境监测教育部重点实验室湖南长沙410083 中国科学院大学北京100049 广东省矿物物理与材料研究开发重点实验室广东广州510640

上寨矿床为华南地区新发现的一个同时富含轻重稀土的离子吸附型稀土矿床,矿体位于粗粒黑云母花岗岩风化壳中。褐帘石是粗粒黑云母花岗岩中一种重要的副矿物(占比约为0.11%)。化学成分分析结果显示原生褐帘石具有富轻稀土元素的特征,其... 详细信息

上寨矿床为华南地区新发现的一个同时富含轻重稀土的离子吸附型稀土矿床,矿体位于粗粒黑云母花岗岩风化壳中。褐帘石是粗粒黑云母花岗岩中一种重要的副矿物(占比约为0.11%)。化学成分分析结果显示原生褐帘石具有富轻稀土元素的特征,其轻稀土(LREE)和重稀土元素(HREE)含量以及(La/Yb)N值分别为177940~188928μg/g、3732~5499μg/g和92.6~153。这些原生褐帘石轻稀土元素含量约占全岩轻稀土元素总量的86%,为上寨矿床轻稀土元素的主要来源。通过显微观察结合背散射图像可以发现,上寨矿床成矿母岩中的原生褐帘石被热液流体交代后蚀变形成了氟碳钙铈矿,在这个过程中褐帘石中的轻稀土和Ca元素被淋滤出来后主要进入了氟碳钙铈矿中,指示褐帘石被交代形成氟碳钙铈矿的过程中轻稀土元素发生了活化、迁移和富集。另外,被交代的褐帘石其Fe_(2)O_(3)T、MnO和MgO含量降低,而Sr、Y、Nb、W、Th、U、Zr以及HREE含量增加,这些增加的HREE可能来源于热液流体或其他富HREE的原生矿物。本研究表明,原生褐帘石被热液流体交代有利于轻稀土元素的富集成矿,但对重稀土矿化的贡献较小。

关键词：褐帘石稀土活化离子吸附型稀土矿床华南地区

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What is the Future Road for Mineral Exploration in the 21st Century?

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Journal of Earth Science 2022年第5期33卷 1328-1329页

作者： huayong chen Junling Zhang Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry Chinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou510640China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100049China

The future trends for mineral exploration study should depend on the demands from our society and industry,which have clearly changed in the past decade and will continuously evolve in the *** general,three major challenges on mineral exploration have been raised for all economic geologists,including:(1)deep exploration;(2)intelligent exploration and;(3)green exploration(i.e.,“DIG”exploration).

关键词： exploration evolve continuously

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Advances in Isotope Geochronology and Isotope Geochemistry:A Preface

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Journal of Earth Science 2022年第1期33卷 1-4页

作者： Xiangkun Zhu Zaicong Wang huayong chen MLR Key Laboratory of Isotope Geology Institute of Geology Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources School of Earth Sciences China University of Geosciences Key Laboratory of Mineralogy and Metallogeny Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences

Isotope geochronology and isotope geochemistry are important branches of geochemistry. They are based on variations in radiogenic or stable isotope ratios of elements and provide key chemical fingerprints to understand dynamic evolution of the Earth and other planetary bodies from the past to the present, and from their interior to exterior systems.

关键词： isotope geochemistry planetary

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Experimental study of high to intermediate temperature alteration in porphyry copper systems and geological implications

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Science China Earth Sciences 2019年第3期62卷 550-570页

作者： Jianping LI huayong chen Long SU Bing XIAO Yunfeng WANG Key Laboratory of Mineralogy and Metallogeny/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mineral Physics and Materials Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources Gansu Province/Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources ResearchInstitute of Geology and Geophysics Chinese Academy of Sciences

Porphyry copper systems, which provide most of the world's copper resource, are commonly associated with characteristic concentric zonation of alteration and mineralization. In-depth knowledge of the distribution and transport mechanism of elements in the alteration zones is essential for understanding the ore-forming processes. We employed flow-reaction apparatus to simulate the fluid-rock interactions during porphyry ore formation so as to investigate the mechanisms that govern the transport of elements and the development of zonation. The results indicate more heterogeneous distribution of elements in the experimental products at 450°C compared to those at lower temperatures, which implies a crucial role of temperature in controlling elements redistribution in hydrothermal systems. Heating advances potassic alteration and Ca leaching of wall *** achieve the same degree of sodic alteration, it requires a higher concentration of Na+in the fluid toward higher *** also facilitates the incorporation of Ti, Sr and Pb into silicate minerals through cation substitution. We infer from experimental results that from the center of intermediate to mafic volcanic wall rocks toward periphery, the contents of K and Ti should decrease and the contents of Ca, Zn and Mn should increase, whereas the trend for Si and Na could be *** study provides experimental and theoretical insights into a variety of vital geological observations, including anhydrite formation and the widespread development of potassic rather than sodic alteration in porphyry copper deposits.

关键词： Porphyry copper deposit Fluid-rock interactions Flowing systems Elements transport mechanism

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铜绿山矿床蚀变矿物光谱EVS三维可视化建模及指示意义

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地球化学 2024年第5期53卷 719-733,I0001-I0009页

作者：姚亦菲王金林陈华勇张世涛初高彬中国科学院新疆生态与地理研究所新疆乌鲁木齐830011 中国科学院广州地球化学研究所矿物学与成矿学重点实验室广东广州510640 中国科学院大学北京100049 广东省矿物物理与材料研究开发重点实验室广东广州510640 中国科学院地球化学研究所矿床地球化学国家重点实验室贵州贵阳550081

随着浅表金属矿产资源的逐渐枯竭,深部隐伏矿体找矿勘查成为未来趋势,相应找矿勘查技术和方法的创新势在必行。近年来,短波红外(SWIR)光谱技术在全球典型斑岩–浅成低温热液矿床和矽卡岩型矿床的深部找矿勘查中发挥了重要作用,但目前主... 详细信息

随着浅表金属矿产资源的逐渐枯竭,深部隐伏矿体找矿勘查成为未来趋势,相应找矿勘查技术和方法的创新势在必行。近年来,短波红外(SWIR)光谱技术在全球典型斑岩–浅成低温热液矿床和矽卡岩型矿床的深部找矿勘查中发挥了重要作用,但目前主要是基于二维剖面的工作。EVS(earth volumetric studio)建模系统是应用于地球科学领域的3D建模软件,此软件基于数据驱动,具有数据可视化及模型动态更新的特点,可以满足地质建模的需求。本文利用EVS软件,对鄂东南矿集区铜绿山矽卡岩型Cu-Fe-Au矿床ⅩⅢ和ⅩⅣ号隐伏矿体不同蚀变矿物的空间分布、绿泥石和高岭石族矿物SWIR光谱特征参数的空间变化进行了三维可视化建模,探讨不同蚀变矿物和SWIR光谱参数与隐伏矿体之间的三维空间耦合关系;通过MATLAB原创程序计算含绿泥石SWIR光谱参数的样品点与深部矿化中心的三维最短距离,评价了SWIR光谱参数对深部热液矿化中心的精准指示潜力。结果表明,EVS软件三维建模在未来隐伏矿体勘查和预测中具有较大的应用潜力。

关键词： EVS三维建模短波红外光谱蚀变矿物铜绿山Cu-Fe-Au矿床鄂东南矿集区

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Geochemistry and geochronology of multi-generation garnet:New insights on the genesis and fluid evolution of prograde skarn formation

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Geoscience Frontiers 2023年第1期14卷 360-371页

作者： Gaobin Chu huayong chen Shitao Zhang Yu Zhang Jiamin cheng CAS Key Laboratory of Mineralogy and Metallogeny Guangzhou Institute of GeochemistryChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou 510640China CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science Guangzhou 510640China Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mineral Physics and Materials Guangzhou 510640China State Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics Department of GeologyNorthwest UniversityXi'an 710069China Key Laboratory of Metallogenic Prediction of Nonferrous Metals and Geological Environment Monitor Central South UniversityChangsha 410083China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China

Origin of garnet in skarn(magmatic ***)and the prograde skarn fluid evolution are still *** generations of garnet(Grt1,Grt2)were identified at the Tongshankou deposit:Grt1 is anisotropic with oscillatory zoning and resorbed boundary,whilst Grt2 grew around Grt1 and formed oscillatory ***-situ LA-ICP-MS U-Pb dating of Grt1 and Grt2 yielded a lower intercept^(206)Pb/^(238)U age of 142.4±2.8 Ma(n=57;MSWD=1.16)and 142.3±9.6 Ma(n=60;MSWD=1.06),respectively,coeval with the ore formation and ore-related granodiorite *** Eu anomaly,non-CHARAC Y/Ho value and low TiO_(2)content,together with the mineral assemblages indicate that both Grtl and Grt2 have a hydrothermal *** existence of melt and melt-fluid inclusions in Grt1,together with similar LREE-enriched patterns to the granodiorite,further indicate that Grt1 may have formed in the magmatic-hydrothermal *** U contents and LREE-enriched patterns of Grt1 indicate that fluid I is mildly acidic pH and low fO_(2).The inner gray Grt2 rims(Grt2A)is HREE-enriched with low U contents,indicating that fluid II has nearly neutral pH and high fO_(2).The wider Y/Ho range and LREE-enriched patterns of the outer light-gray Grt2 rims(Grt2B)show that the evolved magmatic fluidⅡhad mixed with an external fluid,characterized by being mildly acidic pH and with high fO_(2)·Our results suggest that the prograde skarn-forming fluids can be multistage at Tongshankou,and the mixing of meteoric water may have been prominent in the prograde skarn stage.

关键词： Multi-generation garnet Mineral chemistry LA-ICP-MS U-Pb dating Fluid evolution Prograde skarn

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Timing of carbonatite-hosted U-polymetallic mineralization in the supergiant Huayangchuan deposit,Qinling Orogen:Constraints from titanite U-Pb and molybdenite Re-Os dating

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Geoscience Frontiers 2020年第5期11卷 1581-1592页

作者： Hui Zheng huayong chen Dengfeng Li Chao Wu Xi chen Chun-kit Lai Key Laboratory of Mineralogy and Metallogeny Guangzhou Institute of GeochemistryChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou 510640China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China School of Marine Sciences Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou 510006China School of Earth Science and Technology Southwest Petroleum UniversityChengdu 610000China Faculty of Science Universiti Brunei DarussalamGadongBE1410Brunei Darussalam

The newly-discovered supergiant Huayangchuan uranium(U)-polymetallic(Sr,Se,REEs,Ba,Nb and Pb)deposit is located in the Qinling Orogen,central *** deposit underwent multistage mineralization,with the main carbonatite ore stage being the most important for the U,Nb,REE,Sr and Ba *** to the mineral assemblages,the main carbonatite ore stage can be divided into three substages,i.e.,sulfate(Ba-Sr),alkali-rich U and REE-U ***-stage titanite from the Huayangchuan igneous carbonatite are rich in high field strength elements(HFSEs,e.g.,Zr,Nb and REEs),and show clear elemental substitutions(e.g.,Ti ***+Fe+Al and Ca+Ti ***+Al+REE).High-precision LA-ICP-MS titanite dating yielded a U-Pb age of 209.0±2.9 Ma,which represents the mainstage mineralization age at Huayangchuan,and is coeval with the local carbonatite dyke *** mineralization age is further constrained by the Re-Os dating of molybdenite from the Huayangchuan carbonatite,which yielded a weighted mean age of 196.8±2.4 *** Re contents(337.55-392.75 ppm)and C-OSr-Nd-Pb isotopic evidence of the Huayangchuan carbonatite both suggest a mantle origin for the *** study supports that the Late Triassic carbonatite magmatism was responsible for the world-class U-Mo-REE mineralization in the Qinling Orogen,and that the regional magmatism and ore formation was likely caused by the closure of the Mianlue ocean and the subsequent North China-South China continent-continent collision.

关键词： Carbonatite-hosted U-Polymetallic deposits Titanite U–Pb dating Molybdenite Re–Os dating Huayangchuan deposit Qinling orogen

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