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The Aircraft Industry in Japan： Niche Construction and Patent Portfolio Strategy

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Journal of Modern Accounting and Auditing 2013年第7期9卷 908-921页

作者： haruo H. Horaguchi Hosei University Tokyo Japan

The Japanese aircraft industry changed its course in approximately 2007. Mitsubishi Heavy Industry （MHI） Co. launched a project in which regional jets （Mitsubishi Regional Jet （MILl）） reentered the airliner manufacturing market. Honda announced plans to develop, manufacture, and sell small passenger jets, or Honda Jets, in the United States （US） market. This paper summarizes the historical development of the industry using aircraft production statistics and analyzes the patent portfolio strategy from 1995 to 2006, a period in which MHI and Honda accumulated patents for the upcoming market entry. The author uses the following two measurements to evaluate niche widths among aircraft manufacturing companies： the Morishita＇s index and the principal component analysis. The former index is used in population ecology to measure overlapping species. The latter measurement is presented to clarify the validity of the Morishita＇s index. The author identifies MHI as a market leader, kawasaki Heavy Industry （KHI） Co. as a challenger, Fuji Heavy Industry （FHI） Co. as a follower, and Honda as a nicher in the aircraft patent portfolio strategy in Japan.

关键词： aircraft industry niche construction patent portfolio nicher

Sleep conditions and quality of life among patients with ischemic heart disease after elective percutaneous coronary intervention

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Health 2013年第3期5卷 532-537页

作者： Yuko Yasuhara haruo Kobayashi Tetsuya Tanioka Eiji Fujikawa Hiroyuki Fujinaga Warapon Kongsuwan Rozzano C. Locsin Christine E. Lynn College of Nursing Florida Atlantic University Boca Raton USA Department of Cardiovascular Internal Medicine Tokushima Prefectural Central Hospital Tokushima Japan Department of Medical Nursing Faculty of Nursing Prince of Songkla University Songkhla Thailand Department of Nursing Institute of Health Biosciences The University of Tokushima Graduate School Tokushima Japan Department of Nursing Institute of Health Biosciences The University of Tokushima Graduate School Tokushima Japan Department of Nursing Tokushima Prefectural Central Hospital Tokushima Japan Faculty of Medical Welfare Kawasaki University of Medical Welfare Kurashiki Japan

In Japan, percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is a major therapeutic intervention for ischemic heart disease (IHD). Previous studies suggested that an association of the risk of IHD caused by sleep duration was related to factors closely associated with daily activities. However, in Japan, there is no study about this relationship objectively measured using the actigraphy in patients with IHD. Moreover, there is little reported data about sleep condition and early outcomes of patient’s Health-Related Quality of Life (QOL) after PCI. This study determines the correlations between sleep conditions and QOL (measured by SF36 version 2) of 25 patients with IHD who underwent elective PCI. Data were collected seven days after PCI using night-sleep condition. Using Spearman’s rank test, the results revealed positive correlation between vitality score and longest sleep duration (ρ = 0.43, p = 0.031): social functioning (SF) score and duration of night-time sleep (ρ = 0.42, p = 0.037);total sleep duration (ρ = 0.45, p = 0.026), and longest sleep duration (ρ = 0.44, p = 0.024);mental health score and longest sleep duration (ρ = 0.54, p = 0.006). However, negative correlation was found between physical functioning score and arousal during sleep (ρ = -0.44, p = 0.027). Sleep condition was significantly correlated with QOL. In particular, SF score was positively related to night-time sleep. This seems to indicate that SF score might be related to night-time sleep condition. Moreover, the longest sleep durations were correlated with the mental component summary. The results of the study suggest that not only the length of whole sleep durations leads to better QOL, but also the increase the amount of uninterrupted sleep.

关键词： Ischemic Heart Disease Actigraphy Sleep Condition Health-Related Quality of Life

Changes before and after improvement of subjective sleep state of a man diagnosed with pre-diabetes and sleep disorder

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Health 2013年第3期5卷 504-511页

作者： Miki Sato Yuko Yasuhara Tetsuya Tanioka Yukie Iwasa Toshiyuki Yasui Masafumi Miyake haruo Kobayashi Waraporn Kongsuwan Rozzano C. Locsin Christine E. Lynn College of Nursing Florida Atlantic University Boca Raton USA Department of Medical Nursing Faculty of Nursing Prince of Songkla University Songkhla Thailand Department of Nursing Faculty of Nursing Shikoku University Tokushima Japan Department of Nursing Institute of Health Biosciences The University of Tokushima Graduate School Tokushima Japan Faculty of Medical Welfare Kawasaki University of Medical Welfare Kurashiki Japan Tokushima Prefectural Minami Health Care Center Tokushima Japan

The purpose of this case study was to examine the changes before and after improvements of the subjective sleep status of Mr A, a 40-year-old man diagnosed with pre-diabetes and a sleep disorder. Data were collected using a Holter monitor for 24 hours a day for 3 days to assess autonomic nervous activity by recording bed-time and waking time activity (activity counts: ACs). Mr. A kept a diary of activities and completed the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) questionnaire. The study revealed that subjective sleeping hours correlated almost precisely with those measured by the actigraph and as described in the diary. Both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system activities were imbalanced. However, no correlation was observed between the ACs and autonomic nervous activity. Subjective sleep state according to the PSQI score improved remarkably by dietary and exercise therapy from 13 to 3 points, after six months, with corresponding high level sleep satisfaction level. Significant correlations were observed between ACs and high-frequency spectral power of R-R intervals, and between ACs and the low-frequency/high frequency ratio of spectral power of R-R intervals. Although Mr. A’s sleep satisfaction level has improved, the autonomic nervous system activity remained different from that of healthy people.

关键词： Actigraphy Heart Rate Variability Autonomic Nervous System Function Disturbed sleep Pre-Diabetes

The relationship between sleep condition and autonomic nervous function in women in their 70s with type 2 diabetes mellitus

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Health 2013年第11期5卷 1875-1883页

作者： Miki Sato Yuko Yasuhara Tetsuya Tanioka Yukie Iwasa Masafumi Miyake haruo Kobayashi Rozzano C. Locsin Seizo Kinoshita Masatoshi Masuda Hiroshi Shimizu Christine E. Lynn College of Nursing Florida Atlantic University Boca Raton USA Department of Nursing Faculty of Nursing Shikoku University Tokushima Japan Department of Nursing Institute of Health Biosciences The University of Tokushima Graduate School Tokushima Japan Faculty of Medical Welfare Kawasaki University of Medical Welfare Kurashiki Japan Kinoshita Hospital Tokushima Japan Tokushima Prefectural Minami Health Care Center Tokushima Japan Toyo Hospital Tokushima Japan

The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between sleep condition and autonomic nervous function of women in their 70s with type 2 diabetes mellitus by analyzing the activity counts (AC) on actigraphs and heart rate variability (HRV). Ten healthy women in their 30s to 40s as control and four women patients with type 2 diabetes in their 70s wore the electrocardiograph and an actigraph for 24 hours while keeping a diary of activities, including their sleep and food intake. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index was used to assess subjective sleep conditions. The subjective sleeping results were significantly correlated with those measured by the AC and HRV. However, AC and HRV correlation pattern showed different activity in the patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The quality of sleep of those with chronic diabetes was not good even if their HbA1c was well controlled. Furthermore, their automatic nervous function was different from the control group. The sleeping hours of patients with type 2 diabetes were shorter or longer than those of healthy women. Ultimately, this study maintains that it is important to examine automatic nervous functions using objective examination index during the early stage of diabetes mellitus.

关键词： Actigraphy Heart Rate Variability Autonomic Nervous Function Sleep Condition Diabetes HbAlc