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Belief into Action Scale: A Brief but Comprehensive Measure of Religious Commitment

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Open Journal of Psychiatry 2015年第1期5卷 66-77页

作者： harold g. koenig Bruce Nelson Sally F. Shaw Faten Al Zaben Zhizhong Wang Salil Saxena Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences Duke University Medical Center Durham USA Department of Medicine Duke University Medical Center Durham USA Department of Medicine King Abdulaziz University Jeddah Saudi Arabia School of Public Health Ningxia Medical University Yinchuan China Department of Research Glendale Adventist Medical Center Glendale USA Department of Psychiatry King Abdulaziz University Jeddah Saudi Arabia Department of Epidemiology and Statistics School of Public Health Ningxia Medical University Yinchuan China Center for Aging Duke University Durham USA

Objective: Our goal was to develop a comprehensive measure of religious involvement for those affiliated with monotheistic religious traditions that fully captures the centrality of religion in life. Methods: A convenience sample of female caregivers of those with chronic disabling illness, recruited from North Carolina and California, completed a questionnaire including a new 10-item scale called the Belief into Action (BIAC) scale (possible score range: 10 - 100). Psychometric properties of the BIAC were examined. Results: 231 participants completed the BIAC (87% Christian). The average score was 46.3 (range: 10 - 90). Cronbach alpha was 0.89 (95% CI 0.86 - 0.91) and the intra-class correlation coefficient between two administrations (n = 60) was 0.919 (95% CI 0.869 - 0.951). Convergent validity was demonstrated by high correlations between the BIAC and existing religiosity scales;divergent validity by weak correlations with mental, social, and physical health outcomes;construct validity by high correlations between individual items and total scale score (r’s 0.58 - 0.80);factor analytic validity by a single factor that explained 94.4% of the scale’s variance;and predictive validity by small to moderate correlations with psychosocial outcomes in expected directions. Conclusion: The BIAC is a reliable and valid scale for comprehensively assessing religious involvement in female caregivers affiliated with monotheistic religions, Christianity in particular. Psychometric properties of the scale need to be established in other populations.

关键词： Religion Monotheism Measurement Psychometrics Belief Spirituality

Mental Health Care in Saudi Arabia: Past, Present and Future

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Open Journal of Psychiatry 2014年第2期4卷 113-130页

作者： harold g. koenig Faten Al Zaben Mohammad gamal Sehlo Doaa Ahmed Khalifa Mahmoud Shaheen Al Ahwal Naseem Akhtar Qureshi Abdulhameed Abdullah Al-Habeeb Duke University Medical Center Durham USA King Abdulaziz University Jeddah KSA Ministry of Health Riyadh KSA

We review the past, present and future state of mental health care in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). The past is reviewed prior to the modern era, discussing early explanations and treatments for mental health illness up through the establishment of the first mental hospital in the 1950s, tracking advances in mental health care over the past 60 years. The present is explored in terms of the current need for mental health care based on the prevalence of mental health problems in KSA. We also discuss the role of the family in caring for the needs of the mentally ill today. Finally, we look forward into the future, discuss the current education system that will produce the next generation of mental health professionals, examine areas of mental health care that need improvement, and provide a research agenda to guide the continued development of the mental health care system in KSA. Our goal is to present a blue print for the development of a state-of-the-art mental health that may serve as a model for other countries in the Middle East, while taking into account the political, cultural and religious factors that are unique to this region of the world.

关键词： Mental Health Care Saudi Arabia Mental Health System Psychiatry Psychiatric Education Middle East Research

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治愈中的精神性

Effects of Religious vs. Conventional Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy on Inflammatory Markers and Stress Hormones in Major Depression and Chronic Medical Illness: A Randomized Clinical Trial

作者： (美)哈罗德·g. 科尼格(harold g. koenig)

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Open Journal of Psychiatry 2015年第3期5卷 238-259页

作者： Lee S. Berk Denise L. Bellinger harold g. koenig Noha Daher Michelle J. Pearce Clive J. Robins Bruce Nelson Sally F. Shaw Harvey Jay Cohen Michael B. King Allied Health Studies School of Allied Health Professions Loma Linda University Loma Linda USA Department of Pathology and Human Anatomy School of Medicine Loma Linda University Loma Linda USA Center for Spirituality Theology and Health Duke University Durham USA Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Duke University Medical Center Durham USA Department of Medicine Duke University Medical Center Durham USA Department of Medicine King Abdulaziz University Jeddah Saudi Arabia Epidemiology Biostatistics and Population Medicine School of Public Health Loma Linda University Loma Linda USA School of Medicine University of Maryland Baltimore USA Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Duke University Medical Center Durham USA Department of Research Glendale Adventist Medical Center Glendale USA Division of Psychiatry Faculty of Brain Sciences University College London UK

Background: Depressive disorder is often accompanied by physiological changes that may adversely affect the course of medical illness, including an increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines. Methods: We examine the effects of religious cognitive behavioral therapy (RCBT) vs. conventional CBT (CCBT) on pro-/anti-inflammatory indicators and stress hormones in 132 individuals with major depressive disorder (MDD) and chronic medical illness who were recruited into a multi-site randomized clinical trial. Biomarkers (C-reactive protein and pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-12-p70), anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL1ra, IL-4, IL-10), and stress hormones (urinary cortisol, epinephrine, norepinephrine) were assessed at baseline, 12 weeks, and 24 weeks. Differential effects of baseline religiosity on treatment response were also examined, along with effects of religiosity on changes in biomarkers over time independent of treatment group. Biomarker levels were log transformed where possible to normalize distributions. Mixed models were used to examine trajectories of change. Results: CRP increased and IL-4, IL-10, and epinephrine decreased over time, mostly in the opposite direction expected (except epinephrine). No significant difference between RCBT and CCBT was found on average trajectory of change in any biomarkers. Religiosity interacted with treatment group in effects on IL-6, such that CCBT was more effective than RCBT in lowering lL-6 in those with low religiosity whereas RCBT appeared to be more effective than CCBT in those with high religiosity. Higher baseline religiosity also tended to predict an increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines INF-γ and IL-12 (p70) and urinary cortisol over time. Conclusions: RCBT and CCBT had similar effects on stress biomarkers. CCBT was more effective in reducing IL-6 levels in those with low religiosity, whereas RCBT tended to be more effective in those with high religiosity. Unexpectedly, higher baseline religiosity w

关键词： Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Religion Depression Inflammation Immune Function Stress Hormones

Religious Involvement, Inflammatory Markers and Stress Hormones in Major Depression and Chronic Medical Illness

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Open Journal of Psychiatry 2014年第4期4卷 335-352页

作者： Denise L. Bellinger Lee S. Berk harold g. koenig Noha Daher Michelle J. Pearce Clive J. Robins Bruce Nelson Sally F. Shaw Harvey Jay Cohen Michael B. King Department of Pathology and Human Anatomy School of Medicine Loma Linda University Loma Linda CA USA Allied Health Studies School of Allied Health Professions Loma Linda University Loma Linda CA USA Center for Spirituality Theology and Health Duke University Durham NC USA Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Duke University Medical Center Durham NC USA Department of Medicine Duke University Medical Center Durham NC USA Department of Medicine King Abdulaziz University Jeddah Saudi Arabia Epidemiology Biostatistics and Population Medicine School of Public Health Loma Linda University Loma Linda CA USA School of Medicine University of Maryland Baltimore USA Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Duke University Medical Center Durham NC USA Department of Research Glendale Adventist Medical Center Glendale CA USA Division of Psychiatry Faculty of Brain Sciences University College London UK

Background: Religious practices/experiences (RPE) may produce positive physiological changes in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) and chronic medical illness. Here, we report cross-sectional relationships between depressive symptoms, RPE and stress biomarkers (pro-/anti-inflammatory measures and stress hormones), hypothesizing positive associations between depressive symptoms and stress biomarkers and inverse associations between RPE and stress biomarkers. Methods: We recruited 132 individuals with both MDD and chronic illness into a randomized clinical trial. First, stress biomarkers in the baseline sample were compared to biomarker levels from a community sample. Second, relationships between depressive symptoms and biomarkers were examined, and, finally, relationships between RPE and biomarkers were analyzed, controlling for demographics, depressive symptoms, and physical functioning. Results: As expected, inflammatory markers and stress hormones were higher in our sample with MDD compared to community participants. In the current sample, however, depressive symptoms were largely unrelated to stress biomarkers, and were unexpectedly inversely related to proinflammatory cytokine levels (TNF-α, IL-1β). Likewise, while RPE were largely unrelated to stress biomarkers, they were related to the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-1RA and the stress hormone norepinephrine in expected directions. Unexpectedly, RPE were also positively related to the proinflammatory cytokine IFN-γ and to IFN-γ/IL-4 and IFN-γ/IL-10 ratios. Conclusions: Little evidence was found for a consistent pattern of relationships between depressive symptoms or religiosity and stress biomarkers. Of the few significant relationships, unexpected findings predominated. Future research is needed to determine whether religious interventions can alter stress biomarkers over time in MDD.

关键词： Religiosity Depression Inflammation Immune Function Stress Hormones

Female reproductive success in a species with an age-inversed hierarchy

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Integrative Zoology 2016年第6期11卷 433-446页

作者： Dorien DE VRIES Andreas koenig Carola BORRIES Interdepartmental Doctoral Program in Anthropological Sciences Stony Brook UniversitySUNYNYUSA Department of Anthropology Stony Brook UniversitySUNYNYUSA

In most group-living mammals,reproductive success declines with increasing age and increases with increasing *** effects have mainly been studied in matrilineal and in“age positive”hierarchies,which are stable and in which high ranking females often outperform low ranking *** relationships are less well-understood in age-inversed dominance hierarchies,in which a female’s rank changes over *** analyzed demographic data of 2 wild,unprovisioned groups of gray langurs(Semnopithecus schistaceus)near Ramnagar,Nepal covering periods of 5 years *** rank was unstable and *** measured reproductive success via birth rates(57 births),infant survival(proportion of infants surviving to 2 years)and number of offspring surviving to 2 years of age(successful births)for 3 age and 3 rank *** found that old females performed significantly worse than expected(birth rate P=0.04;successful births P=0.03).The same was true for low ranking females(P=0.04,and Pghest for young and middle-aged as well as for high and middle ranking ***,the results for these unstable hierarchies were rather similar to those for stable hierarchies of other mammals,particularly several nonhuman ***pared to a provisioned population of a closely related species,the wild and unprovisioned population examined(i)showed stronger age effects,while(ii)female reproductive success was equally affected by *** comparative studies are needed to examine whether captive or provisioned populations deviate predictably from wild populations.

关键词： birth rate gray langurs offspring survival provisioning Semnopithecus schistaceus

Measurement of iron characteristics under ramp compression

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Chinese Physics B 2017年第11期26卷 360-364页

作者：魏会冈 E Brambrink N Amadou A Benuzzi-Mounaix A Ravasio g Morard F guyot T de Rességuier N Ozaki K Miyanishi 赵刚 M koenig Key Laboratory of Optical Astronomy National Astronomical Observatories Chinese Academy of Sciences LULI-CNRS Ecole Polytechnique CEA Université Paris-Saclay Sorbonne Universités UPMC Univ Paris 06 CNRS laboratoire d'utilisation des lasers intenses (LULI) Département de Physique Université Abdou Moumouni de Niamey Institut de Minéralogie de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie (IMPMC) Sorbonne Universités-UPMC UMR CNRS 7590Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle Institut Pprime CNRS ENSMA Univ.Poitiers graduate School of Engineering Osaka University

Laser-driven ramp compression was used to investigate iron characteristics along the isentropic path. The iterative Lagrangian analysis method was employed to analyze the free surface velocity profiles in iron stepped target measured with two VISARs. The onset stress for the α to ε phase transformation was determined from the sudden change in the sound velocity and was found over-pressurized compared to the static and shock results. The derived stress（26 gPa） and strain rate（up to 10-8 s^-1） are consistent with our previous experimental results. The stress-density relations were compared with those from previous ramp experiments and good agreements were found, which experimentally confirms the simulations,showing that iterative Lagrangian analysis can be applied to the ramp-compression data with weak shock.

关键词： isentropic compression iron phase transformation

Southeast Asian primate communities:the effects of ecology and Pleistocene refuges on species richness

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Integrative Zoology 2013年第4期8卷 417-426页

作者： Heather HASSEL-FINNEgAN Carola BORRIES Qing ZHAO Phaivanh PHIAPALATH Andreas koenig Department of Anthropology Stony Brook UniversityStony BrookNYUSA Biology Department Swarthmore CollegeSwarthmorePAUSA College of Life Science Peking UniversityBeijingChina International Union for Conservation of Nature VientianeLao PDR

We examined historical and ecological factors affecting current primate biodiversity in Southeast *** Africa,Madagascar and South America,but not Southeast Asia,primate species richness is positively associated with average rainfall and distance from the equator(latitude).We predicted that Southeast Asia’s non-conformance may be due to the effect of dispersed Pleistocene refuges(locations of constricted tropical forests during glacial maxima which today are at least 305 m in altitude).Based on 45 forested sites(13 on large islands;32 on the mainland)of at least 100 km^(2) to minimize recent human impact,we determined correlations between extant primate species richness and rainfall,latitude and supplementary ecological variables,while controlling for refuges and *** found that refuge sites had significantly higher primate species richness than non-refuges(t=-2.76,Pge was negatively correlated with species richness for non-refuge sites(r=-0.51,Pge islands and the mainland(t=-1.4,P=0.16).The expected positive relationship between rainfall and species richness was not found(r=0.17,P=0.28).As predicted,primate species richness was negatively correlated with latitude(r=-0.39,Pgeneral linear models indicated that a site’s latitude(F_(1,38)=6.18,Pge classification(F_(1,42)=5.96,Pgical and historical factors contribute to present day primate species richness in Southeast Asia,making its biodiversity less of an outlier than previously believed.

关键词： allopatric speciation island latitude mainland rainfall temperature

Mass asymmetry and tricyclic wobble motion assessment using automated launch video analysis

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Defence Technology（防务技术） 2016年第2期12卷 113-116页

作者： Ryan DECKER Joseph DONINI William gARDNER Jobin JOHN Walter koenig Armaments Research Design and Engineering CenterPicatinny Arsenal

This paper describes an approach to identify epicyclic and tricyclic motion during projectile flight caused by mass asymmetries in spinstabilized projectiles. Flight video was captured following projectile launch of several M110A2E1 155 mm artillery projectiles. These videos were then analyzed using the automated flight video analysis method to attain their initial position and orientation *** of the pitch and yaw histories clearly indicates that in addition to epicyclic motion's nutation and precession oscillations, an even faster wobble amplitude is present during each spin revolution, even though some of the amplitudes of the oscillation are smaller than 0.02 *** results are compared to a sequence of shots where little appreciable mass asymmetries were present, and only nutation and precession frequencies are predominantly apparent in the motion history results. Magnitudes of the wobble motion are estimated and compared to product of inertia measurements of the asymmetric projectiles.

关键词：弹丸质量视频分析摆动运动不对称性自动启动三环评估行星运动