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Will Germany move into a situation with unsecured power supply?

Frontiers in Energy 2019年第3期13卷 551-570页

作者： harald schwarz Energy Distribution and High Voltage Engineering Faculty 3Brandenburg University of TechnologyCottbus-Senftenberg 03013Germany

Together with a huge number of other countries, Germany signed the Paris Agreements in 2015 to prevent global temperature increase above 2℃. Within this agreement, all countries defined their own national contributions to CO2 reduction. Since that, it was visible that CO2 emissions in Germany decreased, but not so fast than proposed in this German nationally determined contribution to the Paris Agreement. Due to increasing traffic, CO2 emissions from this mobility sector increased and CO2 emission from German power generation is nearly constant for the past 20 years, even a renewable generation capacity of 112 GW was built up in 2017, which is much higher than the peak load of 84 GW in Germany. That is why the German National Government has implemented a commission (often called "The German Coal Commission") to propose a time line: how Germany can move out of coal-fired power stations. This "Coal Commission" started its work in the late spring of 2018 and handed over its final report with 336 pages to the government on January 26th, 2019. Within this report the following proposals were made:①Until 2022: Due to a former decision of the German Government, the actual remaining nuclear power generation capacity of about 10 GW has to be switched off in 2022. Besides, the "Coal Commission" proposed to switch off additionally in total 12.5 GW of both, hard coal and lignite-fired power plants, so that Germany should reduce its conventional generation capacity by 22.5 GW in 2022.②Until 2030: Another 13 GW of German hard coal or lignite-fired power plants should be switched off.③Until 2038:The final 17 GW of German hard coal or lignitefired power plants should be switched off until 2038 latest. Unfortunately the "Coal Commission" has not investigated the relevant technical parameter to ensure a secured electric power supply, based on German's own national resources. Because German Energy Revolution mainly is based on wind energy and photovoltaic, this paper will describe the

关键词： CO2 reduction mobility sector renewable generation coal commission secured power generation capacity reliable power supply power-to-gas power-to-heat

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Special issue： Development of renewable energy and smart grid

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Frontiers in Energy 2017年第2期11卷 105-118页

作者： schwarz, harald Cai, Xiaoshu Brandenburg Univ Technol Cottbus Senftenberg Cottbus Germany Univ Shanghai Sci & Technol Grad Sch Shanghai Peoples R China Univ Shanghai Sci & Technol Coll Power Engn Shanghai Peoples R China

Germany,as well as China,conducted a variety of activities in the past decade to reduce CO2 in national power supply and strived to move to more renewable *** to geological differences in both countries,Germany established very fast a huge number of decentralized generation units from wind energy and *** from a technical point of view,these types of generation are highly fluctuating and not easily able to follow the power demand in the system minute by minute.

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Influence of increasing numbers of RE-inverters on the powerquality in the distribution grids： A PQ case study of arepresentative wind turbine and photovoltaic system

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Frontiers in Energy 2017年第2期11卷 155-167页

作者： Przemyslaw JANIK Grzegorz KOSOBUDZKI harald schwarz Brandenburg University of Technology 01968 Cottbus-SenflenbergGermany Department of Electrical Engineering Wroclaw University of Scienceand Technology 50-370 Wroclaw Poland Department for Energy Distribution and High Voltage Engineering Brandenburg University of Technology 01968 Cottbus-SenftenbergGermany

This paper presents the selected power quality (PQ) indicia of a wind generator and a photovoltaic installation considered to be the representative of medium voltage and low voltage distribution grids. The analysis of measured values suggests that the decrease in PQ is a case of specific combination of distributed generation, grid parameters and load behaviour. Modern generators have a limited impact on PQ. On the other hand, fluctuations in power generation are regarded as an emerging PQ indicator. The growing number of distributed renewable installations causes stochastic, variable, and hardly predictable power flows in the distribution grid. The nature of fluctuations in wind and solar generation is different. In both cases, new indexes for the quantification of fluctuations are needed and are yet not standardised. Proper assessment of these fluctuations enables definition of useful fluctuation limits and rules for optimal storage system integration.

关键词： power quality harmonics sags photovoltaic(PV) system doubly feed induction generator (DFIG) inverters

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Integrated energy in Germany-A critical look at the development and state of integrated energies in Germany

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Frontiers in Energy 2018年第4期12卷 493-500页

作者： Saman AMANPOUR Daniel HUCK Mark KUPRAT harald schwarz Energy Distribution and High Voltage Engineering Faculty 3Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-SenftenbergCottbus 03013Germany

In the face of global warming and a scarcity of resources, future energy systems are urged to undergo a major and radical transformation. The recognition of the need to embrace renewable energy technologies and to move toward decarbonization has led to significant changes in the German energy generation, consumption and infrastructure. Ambitious German national plans to decrease carbon dioxide emissions on one side, and the unpredictable and volatile nature of renewable energy sources on the other side have elevated the importance of integrated energies in recent years. The deployment of integrated technologies as a solution to interlink various infrastructures creates opportunities for increasing the reliability of energy systems, minimizing environmental impacts and maximizing the share of renewable resources. This paper discusses the role of integrated energy systems in supporting of sustainable solutions for future energy transitions. Moreover, the reinforcement of this movement with the help of different technologies will be discussed and the development of integrated energy systems in Germany will be reviewed.

关键词： integrated energy renewable energies energy transition power-to-gas power-to-heat power-to-mobility energy storage

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汽车电子技术的发展趋势

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传动技术 2003年第2期17卷 1-17页

作者： Wolfgang Runge harald Deiss Josef schwarz Hubert Remmlinger ZF Friedrichshafen AG ZF Friedrichshafen AG ZF Friedrichshafen AGZF Friedrichshafen AG

电子技术在汽车工业中占有非常重要的地位。它可满足现代化车辆在燃油经济性 ,排放 ,安全性 ,舒适性和动态驾驶等方面的要求。但是对车辆制造商而言 ,在诸如 42 V车载电源 ,独立系统和多媒体技术的集成及软件的开发和使用等方面具有很... 详细信息

电子技术在汽车工业中占有非常重要的地位。它可满足现代化车辆在燃油经济性 ,排放 ,安全性 ,舒适性和动态驾驶等方面的要求。但是对车辆制造商而言 ,在诸如 42 V车载电源 ,独立系统和多媒体技术的集成及软件的开发和使用等方面具有很大的挑战。同时为适应“新经济”的步伐 ,“经典的汽车工业”必须熟悉其游戏规则以及面对来自计算机和通讯工业新的竞争。

关键词：汽车电子技术车载电源底盘传感器多媒体发展趋势

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符合HDMI 1.4a接口标准的3D电视测试信号

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电视技术 2011年第4期35卷 78-80页

作者： harald Gsdl 吴敏罗德与施瓦茨公司(Rohde & schwarz GmbH & Co.KG) 罗德与施瓦茨中国有限公司北京100016

在影院中大放异彩的3D技术目前已可以在家庭中实现。最新的HDMI 1.4a标准为在消费电子产品中传输3D视频提供了依据。新的或更多先进的显示技术遵循该标准，就可以将视频数据转换为三维效果显示出来。然而，这些新技术也给3D电视制造商... 详细信息

在影院中大放异彩的3D技术目前已可以在家庭中实现。最新的HDMI 1.4a标准为在消费电子产品中传输3D视频提供了依据。新的或更多先进的显示技术遵循该标准，就可以将视频数据转换为三维效果显示出来。然而，这些新技术也给3D电视制造商带来了新挑战。尤其在开发和质量认证环节。

关键词： 3D技术接口标准 HDMI 测试信号电视消费电子产品显示技术三维效果

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染浴中的抗还原剂

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国际纺织导报 2019年第4期47卷 26-28页

作者： D. H?nzi S. Ehret M. J?llenbeck M. Dohmen E. Ham R. Hager R. P?hlig H. Grünewald A. Sch?nfeld 范春迎 Archroma Management公司 CHT 德国公司 Clariant公司 M. Dohmen公司 Huntsman公司 Rudolf公司 Pulcra化学品公司 Tanatex化学品公司 Zschimmer & schwarz公司

关于还原敏感染料的问题已有相关报道,例如对PET、PET/CEL,尤其是PET/CV染色的文章。为研制一种可显示染浴中的抗还原剂作用机理的可靠测试方法,TEGEWA染色助剂工作组做了全面的实验室间的测试,该方法适用于聚酯纤维及其与棉或黏胶的混... 详细信息

关于还原敏感染料的问题已有相关报道,例如对PET、PET/CEL,尤其是PET/CV染色的文章。为研制一种可显示染浴中的抗还原剂作用机理的可靠测试方法,TEGEWA染色助剂工作组做了全面的实验室间的测试,该方法适用于聚酯纤维及其与棉或黏胶的混纺织物染色。

关键词：染料抗还原剂聚酯测试

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