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Competitive effect, but not competitive response, varies along a climatic gradient depending on tree species identity

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Forest Ecosystems 2024年第2期11卷 142-151页

作者： Teresa Valor Lluís Coll David I.Forrester hans pretzsch Miren del Río Kamil Bielak Bogdan Brzeziecki Franz Binder Torben Hilmers Zuzana Sitková Roberto Tognetti Aitor Ameztegui Department of Agricultural and Forest Sciences and Engineering(DCEFA) University of LleidaAv.Alcalde Rovira Roure 191E25198 LleidaSpain Joint Research Unit CTFC-AGROTECNIO-CERCA Ctra.Sant LlorençKm.225280SolsonaSpain Swiss Federal Institute of Forest Snow and Landscape Research WSLZürcherstrasse 1118903BirmensdorfSwitzerland CSIRO Land and Water GPO Box 1700CanberraACT2601Australia Chair of Forest Growth and Yield Science School of Life Sciences WeihenstephanTechnical University of MunichHans-Carl-Von-Carlowitz-Platz 285354FreisingGermany Forest Research Center INIA-CSICCtra.A Coruña Km 7.528040MadridSpain IuFOR Sustainable Forest Management Research InstituteUniversity of Valladolid&INIASpain Department of Silviculture Institute of Forest SciencesWarsaw University of Life SciencesNowoursynowska 159/3402776WarsawPoland Bavarian State Institute of Forestry(LWF) Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 1D-85354FreisingGermany National Forest Centre Forest Research InstituteT.G.Masaryka 2296001ZvolenSlovakia Faculty of Agricultural Environmental and Food SciencesFree University of Bozen-Bolzano Piazza Università1 I-39100Bolzano

Background: Understanding the role of species identity in interactions among individuals is crucial for assessing the productivity and stability of mixed forests over time. However, there is limited knowledge concerning the variation in competitive effect and response of different species along climatic gradients. In this study, we investigated the importance of climate, tree size, and competition on the growth of three tree species: spruce(Picea abies), fir(Abies alba), and beech(Fagus sylvatica), and examined their competitive response and effect along a climatic gradient.Methods: We selected 39 plots distributed across the European mountains with records of the position and growth of 5,759 individuals. For each target species, models relating tree growth to tree size, climate and competition were proposed. Competition was modelled using a neighbourhood competition index that considered the effects of inter-and intraspecific competition on target trees. Competitive responses and effects were related to climate.Likelihood methods and information theory were used to select the best model.Results: Our findings revealed that competition had a greater impact on target species growth than tree size or climate. Climate did influence the competitive effects of neighbouring species, but it did not affect the target species? response to competition. The strength of competitive effects varied along the gradient, contingent on the identity of the interacting species. When the target species exhibited an intermediate competitive effect relative to neighbouring species, both higher inter-than intraspecific competitive effects and competition reduction occurred along the gradient. Notably, species competitive effects were most pronounced when the target species' growth was at its peak and weakest when growing conditions were far from their maximum.Conclusions: Climate modulates the effects of competition from neighbouring trees on the target tree and not the susceptibility of the target tree to competition. The modelling appr

关键词： Competition coefficient Competition reduction Interspecific competition Intraspecific competition Mixing effects Mixed species forest Neighbourhood models Plant-plant interactions

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Tree species richness enhances stand productivity while stand structure can have opposite effects, based on forest inventory data from Germany and the United States of America

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Forest Ecosystems 2018年第1期5卷 36-52页

作者： Laura Zeller Jingjing Liang hans pretzsch Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan Technical University of MunichHans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 285354 FreisingGermany Division of Forestry and Natural Resources Davis College of AgricultureNatural Resources&DesignWest Virginia University340 Percival HallMorgantownWV 26506-6108USA

Background： in recent studies, mixed forests were found to be more productive than monocultures with everything else remaining the same. Methods： To find out if this productivity is caused by tree species richness, by a more heterogeneous stand structure or both, we analyzed the effects of forest structure and tree species richness on stand productivity, based on inventory data of temperate forests in the United States of America and Germany. Results： Having accounted for effects such as tree size and stand density, we found that：（I） tree species richness increased stand productivity in both countries while the effect of tree size heterogeneity on productivity was negative in Germany but positive in the USA; （11） productivity was highest at sites with an intermediate amount of precipitation; and （111） growth limitations due water scarcity or low temperature may enhance structural heterogeneity. Conclusions： In the context of forest ecosystem goods and services, as well as future sustainable forest resource management, the associated implications would be：

关键词： Big data Overyielding Tree size heterogeneity Tree species mixing Climate Biodiversity-productivityrelationship

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Drought can favour the growth of small in relation to tall trees in mature stands of Norway spruce and European beech

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Forest Ecosystems 2018年第3期5卷 258-276页

作者： hans pretzsch Gerhard Schutze Peter Biber Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan Technical University of MunichHans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 285354 FreisingGermany

Background: Climate change triggered many studies showing that trends and events of environmental conditions can reduce but also accelerate growth at the stand and individual tree level. However, it is still rather unknown how climate change modifies the growth partitioning between the trees in forest stands.Methods: Based on long-term girth-tape measurements in mature monospecific and mixed-species stands of Norway spruce(Picea abies(L.) Karst.) and European beech(Fagus sylvatica L.) we traced the effect of the severe droughts in 2003 and 2015 from the stand down to the tree level.Results: Stand growth of Norway spruce decreased by about 30% in the once-in-a-century drought 2015, while European beech was much more drought resistant. Water availability generally amplified size-asymmetric growth partitioning. Especially in case of Norway spruce water availability primarily fostered the growth of predominant trees, whereas drought favoured the growth of small trees at the expense of the predominant ones. We could not detect significant differences between mixed and monospecific stands in this regard.Conclusions: The drought-induced reallocation of growth in favour of small trees in case of spruce may result from its isohydric character. We hypothesize that as small trees are shaded, they can benefit from the reduced water consumption of their sun-exposed taller neighbours. In case of beech, as an anisohydric species, tall trees suffer less and smaller trees benefit less under drought. The discussion elaborates the consequences of the water dependent growth allocation for forest monitoring, growth modelling, and silviculture.

关键词： Growth partitioning Drought Competition symmetry Climate change Norway spruce European beech

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Toward managing mixed-species stands： from parametrization to prescription

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Forest Ecosystems 2017年第4期4卷 286-302页

作者： hans pretzsch Eric K. Zenner Chair for Forest Growth and Yield Science Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan Technical University of Munich Hans-Carl-von Carlowitz-Platz 2 85354 Freising Germany

A better understanding and a more quantitative design of mixed-species stands will contribute to more integrative and goal-oriented research in mixed-species forests. Much recent work has indicated that the structure and growth of mixed species forests may fundamentally differ from monocultures. Here we suggest how to progress from the present accumulation of phenomenological findings to a design of mixed-species stands and advanced silvicultural prescriptions by means of modelling. First, the knowledge of mixing effects on the structure and growth at the stand, species, and individual tree level is reviewed, with a focus on those findings that are most essential for suitable modelling and silvicultural designs and the regulation of mixed stands as opposed to monocultures. Then, the key role of growth models, stand simulators, and scenario assessments for designing mixed species stands is discussed The next section illustrates that existing forest stand growth models require some fundamental modifications to become suitable for both monocultures and mixed-species stands. We then explore how silvicultural prescriptions derived from scenario runs would need to be both quantified and simplified for transfer to forest management and demonstrated in training plots. Finally, we address the main remaining knowledge gaps that could be remedied through empirical research.

关键词： Multiplicative mixing effects Overyielding Overdensity Modelling mixing effects Scenario analysis,Silvicultural prescriptions Practical guidelines

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Forestry projections for species diversity-oriented management:an example from Central Europe

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Ecological Processes 2018年第1期7卷 244-261页

作者： Astor Toraño Caicoya Peter Biber Werner Poschenrieder Fabian Schwaiger hans pretzsch Chair of Forest Growth and Yield Science Center of Life and Food Sciences WeihenstephanTechnische Universität MünchenHans-Carl-von-Carlowitz 2D-85354 FreisingGermany

Introduction:Changes in socio-economy and climate are affecting the demand of wood products globally.At the same time,society requires that forest supporting structures like biodiversity are maintained and preserved while the demand for wood products is also covered.Management support systems,like forest simulation models,that are able to analyze connections as well as quantify trade-offs between forest structure management and biodiversity indicators are highly sought.However,such models are generally developed for the local plot or stand scale only and ecosystem-scale analyses are missing.In this study,we analyzed ways to interpret results from the single-tree forest simulator SILVA from the local to the ecosystem scale.We also analyzed the impacts of forest management on biodiversity using two species diversity indicators,the species profile index and the species intermingling,for scenarios adapted from the GLOBIOM model in the case study“Augsburg Western Forests”,a high productive region in South-Germany.In order to evaluate diversity tendencies across the ecosystem,we applied a moving window methodology.Results:The relevance of scale for the interpretation of management effects on species diversity was shown and clear differences between scenarios revealed.The differences between scenarios were particularly visible when comparing the two diversity indicators,especially because the species profile index focuses on vertical and horizontal information and the species intermingling focuses mainly on horizontal structures.Under a multifunctional scenario,biodiversity values could be preserved at all scales in the vertical dimension.However,under a bio-energy-oriented scenario diversity at the local scale was reduced,although at the ecosystem level,and only in the horizontal dimension,diversity remained at relatively high values.Conclusions:With this work,we can conclude that integrative modeling,with multiple scenarios,is highly needed to support forestry decision making and towards the evolution of forest manage

关键词： Forest model Multifunctional forestry Growing window GLOBIOM

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Effects of the urban heat island and climate change on the growth of Khaya senegalensis in Hanoi,Vietnam

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Forest Ecosystems 2018年第4期5卷 516-529页

作者： Astrid Moser-Reischl Enno Uhl Thomas Rotzer Peter Biber Tran van Con Nguyen Thanh Tan hans pretzsch Chair for Forest Growth and Yield Science Center of Life and Food Sciences WelhenstephanTechnical University MunichHans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 285354 FreisingGermany Vietnamese Academy of Forest Sciences Dong Ngac CommuneTu Liem DistrictHanoiVietnam Tay Nguyen University 567 Le Duan StreeBuon Ma Thuot CityDak La ProvinceVietnam

Background: Recent projections expect that Vietnam will be affected most severely by climate change with higher temperatures, more precipitation and rising sea levels. Especially increased temperatures will worsen the situations in cities, amplifying the urban heat island effect. Green infrastructures, i.e. urban trees are a common rtool to improve the urban micro-climate for humans. Vital and well growing trees provide greatest benefits such as evaporative cooling, shading, air filtering and carbon storage. However, urban tree growth is often negatively affected by urban growing conditions such as high soil sealing with compacted tree pits providing small growing spaces with limited water, nutrient and oxygen supply, further warm temperatures and high pollution emissions. This study analyzed the growth of urban and rural African mahogany(Khaya senegalensis(Desr.) A. Juss.) trees in the city of Hanoi, Vietnam and the effects of the surrounding climate conditions on tree growth.Results: The results showed that rural African mahogany trees grew better than trees situated in the city center, which is contrary to other results on tree growth of temperate and subtropical cities worldwide. Moreover tree growth was similar regardless of the time of growth. Other results regarding stem growth of African mahogany located in different areas of Hanoi(east, west, north, city center) revealed a better growth in the northern and western outskirts of the city compared to the growth of trees in the city center.Conclusion: African mahogany trees in the urban centers of Hanoi showed a decreased growth compared to rural trees,which was likely induced by a low ground-water level and high pollution rates. In view of climate change and global warming, the decreased tree growth in the city center may also affect tree service provision such as shading and cooling. Those climate mitigation solutions are strongly needed in areas severely affected by climate change and global warming such as Vietnam.

关键词： African mahogany Dendrochronology Ecosystem services Urban tree growth

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Analysing the effect of stand density and site conditions on structure and growth of oak species using Nelder trials along an environmental gradient:experimental design,evaluation methods,and results

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Forest Ecosystems 2015年第3期2卷 243-261页

作者： Enno Uhl Peter Biber Matthias Ulbricht Michael Heym Tamás Horváth Ferenc Lakatos Janós Gál Leonhard Steinacker Giustino Tonon Maurizio Ventura hans pretzsch School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan Technische Universitaet Muenchen University of West Hungary Faculty of Forestry Faculty of Science and Technology Freie Universitat Bozen

Background: Most current approaches in forest science and practice require information about structure and growth of individual trees rather than- or in addition to- sum and mean values of growth and yield at forest stand level as provided by classic experimental designs. By inventing the wheel design, Nelder provided the possibility to turn to the individual tree as basic information unit. Such trials provide valuable insights into the dependency of growth on stand density at particular sites.Methods: Here, we present an extension of the original design and evaluation by Nelder.(i) We established Nelder wheels along an environmental gradient through Europe in atlantic climate in Belgium and Germany, Mediterranean climate in Italy, continental climate in Hungary as well as on high land climate in Mexico. Such disjunct Nelder wheels along an environmental gradient can be regarded and analysed as a two-factor design with the factors of site condition and stand density.(ii) We present an advanced statistical approach to evaluate density dependent growth dynamics of trees planted in form of the Nelder design, which considers spatio-temporal autocorrelation.(iii)We prove the usefulness of the methods in improving ecological theory concerning density related productivity,trade-offs between facilitation and competition, and allometric relations between size variables.Results: First evaluations based on remeasured Nelder wheels in oak(Quercus robur L.) show a size growth differentiation during the first observation period. In particular, height growth is accelerated under higher competition indicating facilitation effects. We detect furthermore a high variability in allometric relations.Conclusions: The proposed design, methods, and results are discussed regarding their impact on forest practice,model building, and ecological theory. We conclude that the extended Nelder approach is highly efficient in providing currently lacking individual tree level information.

关键词： Facilitation Long-term trial Nelder Single tree analyses Space use efficiency Stress-gradient-hypothesis Tree allometry Quercus

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Effects of Climate and the Urban Heat Island Effect on Urban Tree Growth in Houston

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Open Journal of Forestry 2017年第4期7卷 428-445页

作者： Astrid Moser Enno Uhl Thomas Rotzer Peter Biber Jens Dahlhausen Barry Lefer hans pretzsch Chair of Forest Growth and Yield Science Center of Life and Food Sciences WeihenstephanTechnical University MunichFreisingGermany NASA Headquarters Earth Science DivisionWashington DCUSA

The growing conditions of urban trees differ substantially from forest sites and are mainly characterized by small planting pits with less water, nutrient and aeration availability, high temperatures and radiation inputs as well as pollution and soil compaction. Especially, global warming can amplify the negative effects of urban microclimates on tree growth, health and well-being of citizens. To quantify the growth of urban trees influenced by the urban climate, ten urban tree species in four climate zones were assessed in an overarching worldwide dendrochronological study. The focus of this analysis was the species water oak (Quercus nigra L.) in Houston, Texas, USA. Similar to the overall growth trend, we found in urban trees, water oaks displayed an accelerated growth during the last decades. Moreover, water oaks in the city center grew better than the water oaks growing in the rural surroundings of Houston, though this trend was reversed with high age. Growth habitat (urban, suburban, rural and forest) significantly affected tree growth (p < 0.001) with urban trees growing faster than rural growing trees and forest trees, though a younger age of urban trees might influence the found growth patterns. Growing site in terms of cardinal direction did not markedly influence tree growth, which was more influenced by the prevalent climatic conditions of Houston and the urban climate. Higher temperatures, an extended growing season and eutrophication can cause an accelerated growth of trees in urban regions across, across all climatic zones. However, an accelerated growth rate can have negative consequences like quicker ageing and tree death resulting in higher costs for new plantings and tree management as well as the decrease in ecosystem services due to a lack of old trees providing greatest benefits for mitigating the negative effects of the urban climate.

关键词： Climate Change Growth Trends Heat Island Effect Quercus nigra Tree Ring Analyses

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森林动力学系统、生长和产量

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国外科技新书评介 2011年第12期 6-6页

作者： hans pretzsch 鲁敏不详中国科学院动物研究所

森林生态系统可以在许多不同的时间和空间层面上进行分析。本书集中在一定的时间和空间尺度内。在空间上是从植物器官水平到林分①水平，在时间上是从几天、几个月、几年直到几个世纪。本书主要是在以上这些水平上介绍树木的关系和模式... 详细信息

森林生态系统可以在许多不同的时间和空间层面上进行分析。本书集中在一定的时间和空间尺度内。在空间上是从植物器官水平到林分①水平，在时间上是从几天、几个月、几年直到几个世纪。本书主要是在以上这些水平上介绍树木的关系和模式以及森林生长的基本规律。当植物学和生态生理学发展到一个更高的水平上，森林管理和景观生态学就能够扩展到更加广阔的时空尺度上。本书重点介绍的森林动力学系统、生长和产量就介于这两者之间，它整合了这些学科的知识，因此本书能够给出一个跨尺度、全面系统的了解。

关键词：森林生态系统动力学系统森林生长产量生态生理学景观生态学空间尺度植物器官

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