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Formation and Stabilization of Vaterite Calcium Carbonate by Using Natural Polysaccharide

Advances in Nanoparticles 2017年第4期6卷 158-182页

作者： Mohamed el-Shahate Ismaiel Saraya hanaa Hassan Abd el-Latif Rokbaa Chemistry Department Faculty of Science Al-Azhar University Cairo Egypt Chemistry Department Faculty of Science and Arts Al-Baha University Al Makhwah Saudi Arabia Chemistry Department Faculty of Science Halwan University Cairo Egypt

This paper aimed to study the effects of natural polysaccharide (gum arabic, GA) on the formation of vaterite calcium carbonate and its stability in aqueous solution. Gum arabic is a macromolecule that has a high molecular weight and is amphoteric in character. A 0, 2.5, 5 or 10 ml of GA solution (30%) was added to the calcium chloride solution with various initial concentrations to prepare the vaterite calcium carbonate. The calcium carbonate particles were characterized using FTIR, XRD, SEM, TEM and DSC-TG as well as calculation of phase contents. The results of XRD and FTIR analysis were showing that the presence of GA during the precipitation changes the behavior of calcium carbonate to form vaterite until at lower dose used. In addition, the molar content of vaterite increased at the expense of content of calcite with increasing the GA dose. There are slightly improvements in the vaterite content by increasing the initial concentration. The formed vaterite calcium carbonates composed of aggregates as broccoli-like or spherical shape and with particle size 1.6 - 2.5 μm in diameter. TEM images showed that these aggregates composed of the sub spherical unit with diameter 15 - 30 nm. The thermal behavior of prepared vaterite was conformed the mineral composition of these phases. The prepared calcium carbonate, which is formed in the presence of different doses of gum, has a stability in the aqueous solutions at different temperatures, as the analyzes indicated that a very small percentage of the vaterite were converted to calcite. The gum arabic prevented or depressed the transformation of vaterite to calcite through capped the surface of particles, i.e. it is more effective in stabilizing the vaterite phase with increasing in initial concentration and time.

关键词： Gum Arabic Vaterite Characterization Nanoparticles Stability

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Intensive care unit readmission in adult Egyptian patients undergoing living donor liver transplant:A single-centre retrospective cohort study

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World Journal of Hepatology 2022年第6期14卷 1150-1161页

作者： Manar Salah Iman Fawzy Montasser hanaa A el Gendy Alaa A Korraa Gamal M elewa Hany Dabbous Hossam R Mahfouz Mostafa Abdelrahman Mohammed Hisham Goda Mohamed Mohamed Bahaa el-Din Mahmoud el-Meteini Heba A Labib Department of Tropical Medicine Ain Shams Center for Organ TransplantationAin Shams UniversityCairo 11566Egypt Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care Ain Shams Centre for Organ TransplantationAin Shams UniversityCairo 11566Egypt Department of General Surgery and Liver Transplantation Ain Shams Centre for Organ TransplantationAin Shams UniversityCairo 11566Egypt

BACKGROUND Patients who undergo living donor liver transplantation(LDLT)may suffer complications that require intensive care unit(ICU)*** To identify the incidence,causes,and outcomes of ICU readmission after *** A retrospective cohort study was conducted on patients who underwent *** collected data included patient demographics,preoperative characteristics,intraoperative details;postoperative stay,complications,causes of ICU readmission,and *** were divided into two groups according to ICU readmission after hospital *** factors for ICU readmission were identified in univariate and multivariate *** The present study included 299 ***-one(10.4%)patients were readmitted to the ICU after *** who were readmitted to the ICU were older in age(53.0±5.1 vs 49.4±8.8,P=0.001)and had a significantly higher percentage of women(29%vs 13.4%,P=0.032),diabetics(41.9%vs 24.6%,P=0.039),hypertensives(22.6%vs 6.3%,P=0.006),and renal(6.5%vs 0%,P=0.010)patients as well as a significantly longer initial ICU stay(6 vs 4 d,respectively,Pelp provide optimal care and tailor follow-up to reduce the rate of ICU readmission.

关键词： Intensive care units Liver transplantation Patient readmission Risk factors

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Cytokine profile in Egyptian hepatitis C virus genotype-4 in relation to liver disease progression

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2005年第42期11卷 6624-6630页

作者： Abdel-Rahman N Zekri Mohammed S el-Din Ashour Ahmed Hassan hanaa M Alam el-Din Amal MR el-Shehaby Maha A Abu-Shady Virology and Immunology Unit Cancer Biology Department National Cancer Institute Cairo University Egypt Microbiology Department Faculty of Pharmacy Azhar University Egypt Microbiology and Immunology Department Sohag Faculty of Medicine South Valley University Egypt Virology and Immunology Unit Cancer Biology Department National Cancer Institute Cairo University Egypt Biochemistry Department el-Kaser el-Aini School of Medicine Cairo University Egypt

AIM： To observe the imbalance between T helper cell Th1 and Th2 cytokines in several chronic hepatitis disease at different stages of disease progression. METHODS： We measured the cytokine levels of Thl （IL-2 and IL-2R）, Th2 （IL-10） and the pro-inflammatory cytokines （IL-6 and IL-6R and TNF and TNF-RI and II） by the elISA technique in the sera of 33 hepatocellular carcinoma （HCC） patients and 20 chronic liver disease （CLD） patients. In addition, 20 asymptomatic hepatitis C virus carriers and 20 healthy subjects negative for hepatitis C virus（HCV） markers served as controls. RESULTS： Anti-HCV antibodies were found to be positive in 94% of HCC cases and 75% of CLD cases. On the other hand, HCV viremia was detected using RT- PCR in 67% of HCC cases and 65% of CLD cases. HBsAg was positive in 9% of HCC cases and 30% of CLD cases. Also bilharziaI-Ab was positive in 55% of HCC cases, 65% of CLD cases and in 70% of asymptomatic carriers （ASC）. HCC patients had significantly higher values of IL- 2R, TNF-RII （P〈0.001）, and TNF-RI （P〉0.05）, but lower TNFα （P〈0.001） and IL-6 （P = 0.032） in comparison to ASC. But, in comparison to non-cancer controls, HCC patients had higher values of IL-2R, IL-6R, TNF-RI and TNF-RII, but lower TNF-α （P〈0.001）. CLD patients had higher IL-2R, TNF-RI, and TNF-RII （P〈0.001） than ASC. But, in comparison to non-cancer controls, CLD patients had higher values of IL-2R, TNF-RI and TNF-RII, but lower TNF-α （P〈0.001）. IL-10 was higher （though not significantly） in HCC and CLD patients than in symptomatic carriers and non-cancer controls. CONCLUSION： Liver disease progression from CLD to HCC due to HCV genotype-4 infection is associated with an imbalance between Th1 and Th2 cytokines. IL-2R, TNF-RI, and TNF-RII could be used as potential markers.

关键词： Cytokine HCV Genotype-4 Liver disease

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Organic Rankine Cycle Based Geothermal Energy for Power Generation in Egypt

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Energy and Power Engineering 2017年第12期9卷 814-828页

作者： Doaa M. Atia hanaa M. Farghally Ninet M. Ahmed hanaa T. el-Madany Photovoltaic Cells Electronics Research Institute Cairo Egypt

Low temperature geothermal resources are located in many areas and represent a high potential energy resource. One of the most common technologies, efficient and to exploit this type of resource is the binary cycle technology. Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) is one of the main types of binary cycles. electricity generation from low enthalpy geothermal energy using ORC is a talented technology. This paper addresses the design of binary cycle power plant utilizing one of the low temperature geothermal resource of temperature 92°C using four alternative working fluids: Butane, Isobutane, Pentane and 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluoropropan (R245fa). Bir Nabi is the well under consideration which located in the Eastern desert, Egypt. Three operation parameters: geothermal temperature, reinjection temperature and geothermal flow rate are taken into consideration to analyze the performance of the power plant for different fluids. A performance analysis is conducted on ORC binary power plant using MATLAB programming to study the variation of output power and efficiency with the operation parameters. Also, the effect of these parameters on the area of ORC binary cycle power plant components;preheater, evaporator and condenser is presented. The geothermal resources temperatures are in the range of 90°C to130°C, the mass flow rate of the geothermal fluid ranges between 10 kg/s and 50 kg/s and reinjection temperature ranges from 30°C to 70°C. The results indicate that, the highest output power and plant efficiency are obtained with Pentane.

关键词： Geothermal Energy Working Fluid Organic Rankine Cycle Binary Power Plant

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Concept of 'Yi' in Mencius

Concept of 'Yi' in Mencius

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作者： hanaa KHAMIS ALI ALI SHALBY 陕西师范大学

学位级别：硕士

“义”的概念是《孟子》中提出的重要美德之一。本文关注孟子所说的“义”的实践意义,包括“义”与人际关系处理(与自己、与家庭以及与政治活动的关系);“义”作为德性(“四端”之中的“义”,“义”是外在还是内,“义”与“礼”的关系,... 详细信息

“义”的概念是《孟子》中提出的重要美德之一。本文关注孟子所说的“义”的实践意义,包括“义”与人际关系处理(与自己、与家庭以及与政治活动的关系);“义”作为德性(“四端”之中的“义”,“义”是外在还是内,“义”与“礼”的关系,“义”与“气”的关系,如何接受礼物才是遵循‘义’);以及“义”如何可以帮助解决当前社会面临的一些问题(包括政治问题、经济问题、分配公平问题、社会问题等等)。在《论语》中,孔子只被描述为教育家。他希望他的追随者成为能够为社会做出贡献的“全面的人”,因此他教给他们各种侧重于基本素质的科目。社会关系中的每个“名”都带有一系列的责任和义务。这些“名”包括君、臣、父、子、兄、弟等等,拥有这些头衔的人必须正确履行自己的角色和职责。这是对孔子正名学说的解释。孟子是东亚最受欢迎、最著名和最伟大的哲学家之一,在儒家学派的历史上,他发展了孔子在公元前6至5世纪创立并为中国人实践了两千年的人生哲学。虽然随着时间的推移,儒家学说发生了变化,但它仍然是中国教育的支柱和中国价值观的根源。孔孟重视以“义”的概念指导人与人、父子、兄弟、君臣的关系。本文将探讨孟子的“义”概念,以及实践“义”对人、家庭、国家和国家的意义。在《告子上》第10节中,孟子陈述了“义”对每个人的重要性。他举了一个例子,如果人有两个选择,“命”或“义”,只能选择一个,他将如何抉择?这种选择将反映和评估人类的行为。如果选择“义”,则不止要自己实践,还要必须和别人一起实践。如果选择“命”,则很可能不仅不实践“义”,还会假装实践“义”。《离娄下》中的齐人就是这样,他没有实践‘义’,反而跟妻妾假装自己有“义”,这就是小人的做法。小人会选择“命”,而君子的“义”就是命。在《尽心上》第15节中,他解释了“生而有之”的含义,即人类无需先前学习即可完成的事情或无需思考即可获得的知识。从这一点来说,可以说人类天生就有仁义。孝敬父母和尊重兄长是其表现。孟子也将孝敬父母称为仁,将尊敬长辈称为义。这意味着每个人都生来都有仁义,“义”作为“四端”之一(《公孙丑上》第6节),随着修炼而成长。孟子在《离娄下》第5节中描述了统治者对平民的影响。庶民随君而行。如果君王实践了“义”,平民就会实践“义”。普通人总是仰慕和效法处在高位的人。当孟子和告子争论人性时,他支持了这种平民跟随领导者的想法。《告子上》第6节提出,当百姓饥寒交迫时,王不能要求百姓仁义,首先,君王必须帮助平民在繁荣时期和匮乏时期都能获得最低限度的食物和衣服,关于“义”的修行将在人民经济安定后开始。如果统治者食用自己耕种的食物并与平民并肩工作,那么他是否正确实践了“义”?如果君子吃他自己种的粮食,穿他自己织的布,那么他是否正确地实践了“义”?关于这组问题,《滕文公上》第四节中,孟子在与陈良(许行的弟子)的讨论中给出的答案。他钦佩统治者能完成他的下属应该完成的任务,他也很钦佩陈良的老师许行,他以自己种植的庄稼为食,穿着短褐衣服,但若君子忙于耕作,君王忙于做饭,谁来管理百姓的事?谁在乎人的道德和教育?孟子告诉陈良,有两类人,用双手工作的人和用头脑工作的人,用头脑做事的人必须带领用双手做事的人,这样才能实现互利共赢。同时,这两种人之间的关系必须遵循“义”。为什么君子去见君王是不对的?孟子在《滕文公下》和《万章下》回答了这个问题。《滕文公下》中提到有种说法认为凡是见君王的人都必须同意君王的说法,使君王不怒,这其实不是正道。君子有道,如果他们看到国王放弃了道,他们必须询问并引导他回到道上。如果不是谢柳、段干木那样的紧急情况,君子是不愿见君王的。但是,如果君子担任大臣,他必须去朝廷做他的工作。君子之间的尊重,必须是相互的、平等的。孔子不在的时候,阳货送他礼物,孔子并没有直接去拜见阳货,而是一直等到阳货出门(才去回礼)。孟子和万章之间的另一场争论是关于统治者召见读书人的原因。万章认为,君王召见读书人的原因是他受人尊敬、见多识广。孟子拒绝了这个论点,因为如果读书人是值得和知识渊博的,那么君主怎么能召唤他?学习者应该尊重老师。在《离娄上》第27节中,孟子概述了各种美德的重要性。他首先解释说,为父母服务是最高层次的“仁”。其次是'义',如果弟弟跟随并尊重他的哥哥,那就是“义”。在我看来,以仁为本,就是立德之本。如果这个人不是人,就不需要美德。人若不仁,勿行“义”,无礼无智。根据孟子的理论,在“仁”之后,“义”是第二重要的美德。这就是说,如果一个人有仁,但不运用“义”,他将无法获得礼节和智慧。仁、义、智、礼,发于人之四肢,生于四端之心。四肢会随着时间而增长,但四端不会。你必须找到一种技术来培育和种植它们(《公孙丑上》第6节)。如果这个人成功地培植了“四端”,他会在他所说的一切中遵循它们。他采取的每一个行动都会跟随他们。,没有人能阻止他。但是,如果他不这样做,他将

关键词：孟子义德性

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Value of duplex doppler ultrasonography in non-invasive assessment of children with chronic liver disease

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2010年第48期16卷 6139-6144页

作者： Mortada HF el-Shabrawi Maissa el-Raziky Maha Sheiba hanaa M el-Karaksy Mona el-Raziky Fetouh Hassanin Abeer Ramadan Department of Pediatrics Cairo University Department of Tropical Medicine Cairo University Department of Clinical Pharmacy Misr International University

AIM:To investigate the value of duplex Doppler ultrasonography (US) in the assessment of the hemodynamics of the portal and hepatic veins in a cohort of children with chronic liver disease (CLD) and to detect any relationship between the US changes,etiology and severity (or stage) of CLD. METHODS:We prospectively enrolled 25 children with biopsy-proven CLD. Thirteen had cirrhosis (aged 8.9 ± 2.0 years) and 12 had chronic hepatitis (aged 9.3 ± 2.3 years). Gray scale and color-coded duplex Doppler US were performed for all,as well as 30 healthy age and sex-matched controls. Findings were correlated with clinical,laboratory and histopathological characteristics. RESULTS:Prominent caudate lobe was detected in 100% of cirrhotics,but none of the chronic hepatitis or controls. Thickened lesser omentum and loss of the triphasic waveform of the hepatic vein were present in 69.2% and 53.8% of cirrhotics vs 33.3% and 8.3% of chronic hepatitis respectively. Portal vein flow velocity was significantly lower (P elation with both abnormal hepatic vein waveform and direction of portal blood flow; and a negative correlation with both hepatic and portal vein flow velocities. No correlation with the etiology of CLD could be detected. CONCLUSION:Duplex Doppler added to grayscale US can detect significant morphologic and portal hemodynamic changes that correlate with the severity (stage) of CLD,but not with etiology.

关键词： Chronic hepatitis Chronic liver disease Cirrhosis Doppler Grayscale Pediatrics Ultrasound

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HybridWatermarking and Encryption Techniques for Securing Medical Images

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Computer Systems Science & Engineering 2023年第7期46卷 403-416页

作者： Amel Ali Alhussan hanaa A.Abdallah Sara Alsodairi Abdelhamied A.Ateya Department of Computer Sciences College of Computer and Information SciencesPrincess Nourah bint Abdulrahman UniversityP.O.Box 84428Riyadh11671Saudi Arabia Department of Information Technology College of Computer and Information SciencesPrincess Nourah bint Abdulrahman UniversityRiyadh84428Saudi Arabia Department of electronics and Communications Engineering Zagazig UniversityZagazigSharqia44519Egypt

Securing medical data while transmission on the network is required because it is sensitive and life-dependent *** methods are used for protection,such as Steganography,Digital Signature,Cryptography,and *** paper introduces a novel robust algorithm that combines discrete wavelet transform(DWT),discrete cosine transform(DCT),and singular value decomposition(SVD)digital image-watermarking *** host image is decomposed using a two-dimensional DWT(2D-DWT)to approximate low-frequency sub-bands in the embedding *** the sub-band low-high(LH)is decomposed using 2D-DWT to four new *** resulting sub-band low-high(LH1)is decomposed using 2D-DWT to four new *** frequency bands,high-high(HH_(2))and high-low(HL_(2)),are transformed by DCT,and then the SVD is applied to the DCT *** strongest modified singular values(SVs)vary very little for most attacks,which is an important property of SVD *** two watermark images are encrypted using two layers of encryption,circular and chaotic encryption techniques,to increase *** first encrypted watermark is embedded in the S component of the DCT components of the HL_(2)*** second encrypted watermark is embedded in the S component of the DCT components of the HH2 *** suggested technique has been tested against various attacks and proven to provide excellent stability and imperceptibility results.

关键词： Watermarking discrete wavelet transform discrete cosine transform singular value decomposition circular encryption chaotic encryption

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3D numerical study and comparison of thermal-flow performance of various annular finne d-tub e designs

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Journal of Ocean Engineering and Science 2023年第3期8卷 294-307页

作者： Farouk Tahrour Hijaz Ahmad Houari Ameur Tareq Saeed hanaa Abu-Zinadah Younes Menni Department of Physics Faculty of SciencesUniversity Mohamed Boudiaf of M’silaM’silaAlgeria Near East University Operational Research Center in HealthcareNear East BoulevardPC:99138 Nicosia/Mersin 10Turkey Section of Mathematics International Telematic University UninettunoCorso Vittorio Emanuele II3900186 RomaItaly Department of Technology University Centre of Naama-Ahmed SalhiP.O.Box 66Naama 45000Algeria Nonlinear Analysis and Applied Mathematics Research Group(NAAM) Mathematics DepartmentKing Abdulaziz UniversityJeddah 21589Saudi Arabia University of Jeddah College of ScienceDepartment of StatisticsJeddahSaudi Arabia

With the increase of heat transfer problems in marine vehicles and submerged power stations in oceans,the search for an efficient finned-tube heat exchanger has become particularly *** purpose of the present investigation is to analyze and compare the thermal exchange and flow characteristics between five different fin designs,namely:a concentric circular finned-tube(CCFT),an eccentric circular finned-tube(ECFT),a perforated circular finned-tube(PCFT),a serrated circular finned-tube(SCFT),and a star-shaped finned-tube(S-SFT).The fin design and spacing impact on the thermal-flow performance of a heat exchanger was computed at Reynolds numbers varying from 4,300 to 15,*** the numerical results,and when the fin spacing has been changed from 2 to 7 mm,an enhancement in the Colburn factor and a reduction in the friction factor and fin performances were observed for all cases under *** criteria were checked to select the most efficient fin design:the performance evaluation criterion P EC,the global performance criterion G PC,and the mass global performance criterion M G *** the value of Reynolds number,the conventional CCFT provided the lowest performance evaluation criterion P EC,while the SCFT gave the highest amount of P *** most significant value of G PC was reached with the ECFT;however,G PC remained almost the same for CCFT,PCFT,SCFT,and *** terms of the mass global performance criterion,the S-SFT provides the highest M Gpc as compared with the full fins of CCFT(41-73%higher)and ECFT(29-54%higher).Thus,the heat exchanger with S-SFT is recommended to be used in the cooling of offshore energy systems.

关键词： Thermal-flow performance Eccentric fins Star-shaped fins Perforated fins Finned-tube designs

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Evaluation of Novel Chitosan Based Composites Coating on Wettability for Pure Titanium Implants

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Journal of Renewable Materials 2023年第4期11卷 1601-1612页

作者： Qahtan A.Hamad hanaa A.Al-Kaisy Mohanad N.Al-Shroofy Noor K.Faheed Materials Engineering Department University of TechnologyBaghdadIraq Petroleum Engineering Department University of MisanAmaraIraq

This work aims to prepare chitosan(CS)-based coated layers,CS(10 wt%nanosilver/90 wt%CS,10 wt%biotin/90 wt%CS,and 5 wt%nanosilver–5 wt%biotin)/90 wt%CS coatings are prepared,onto pure Ti *** surface morphology of the novel CS composite coating was studied using field emission scanning electron microscopy,atomic force microscopy(AFM),Fourier transforms infrared(FTIR)and wettability *** show that the addition of(biotin,nanosilver)5 Vol.%improves the properties of composite *** different particles’scale size aid in improving the combinations in the alginate,producing a dual effect on film *** surface roughness decreased in the chitosan-based biocomposite with preferable homogeneity and crack-free coating layers,as confirmed by *** increase in surface roughness ensured substitution,which enhanced the surface *** high wettability of the CS-based coating layers was due to the presence of nanoparticles,and the composite coatings with CS,nanosilver,or biotin had excellent wettability because of the good hydrophilic nature of the CS matrix combined with reinforced *** FTIR results showed that peaks of the blending of CS plus nanoparticles,CS plus biotin,or CS plus nanosilver plus biotin were excellent matching with no changes in the structure of the matrix.

关键词： Nano silver biotin chitosan coating bio-composite implants titanium

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Hepatocellular carcinoma in Egypt: A single center study over a decade

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2005年第33期11卷 5193-5198页

作者： Adbel-Rahman el-Zayadi hanaa M Badran Eman MF Barakat Mohy el-Deen Attia Sherine Shawky Mostafa K Mohamed Osaima Selim Ahmed Saeid Department of Tropical Medicine Ain Shams University Cairo Egypt Department of Hepatology National Liver Institute MenoufeyaEgypt Department of Tropical Medicine Ain Shams University Cairo Egypt Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology Theodor Bilharz Research Institute Cairo Egypt The Social Research Center The American University in Cairo Egypt Department of Community Medicine Ain Shams University CairoEgypt Department of Clinical Pathology Ain Shams University CairoEgypt Cairo Liver Center Giza Egypt

AIM： To identify the trend, possible risk factors and any pattern change of hepatocellular carcinoma （HCC） in Egypt over a decade. METHODS： All HCC patients attending Cairo Liver Center between January 1993 and December 2002, were enrolled in the study. Diagnosis of HCC was based on histopathological examination and/or detection of hepatic focal lesions by two imaging techniques plus α-fetoprotein level above 200 ng/mL. The duration of the study was divided into two periods of 5 years each; period Ⅰ （1993-1997） and period Ⅱ （1998-2002）. Trend, demographic features of patients （age, gender, and residence）, risk factors （HBsAg, HCV-Ab, schistosomiasis and others） and pattern of the focal lesions were compared between the two periods. Logistic regression model was fitted to calculate the adjusted odds ratios for the potential risk factors. The population attributable risk percentage was calculated to estimate the proportion of HCC attributed to hepatitis B and C viral infections. RESULTS： Over a decade, 1 328 HCC patients out of 22 450 chronic liver disease （CLD） patients were diagnosed with an overall proportion of 5.9%. The annual proportion of HCC showed a significant rising trend from 4.0% in 1993 to 7.2% in 2002 （P = 0.000）. A significant increase in male proportion from 82.5% to 87.6% （P = 0.009）; M/F from 5：1 to 7：1 and a slight increase of the predominant age group （40-59 years） from 62.6% to 66.8% （P = 0.387）in periods Ⅰ and Ⅱ respectively, reflecting a shift to younger age group. In the bivariate analysis, HCC was significantly higher in rural residents, patients with history of schistosomiasis and/or blood transfusion. Yet, after adjustment, these variables did not have a significant risk for development of HCC. There was a significant decline of HBsAg from 38.6% to 20.5% （P = 0.000）, and a slight increase of HCV-Ab from 85.6% to 87.9% in periods I and II respectively. HBV conferred a higher risk to develop HCC more than HCV in period Ⅰ （OR 1.9 vsl.6） and pe

关键词： Hepatocellular carcinoma HCC prevalence HCCrisk factors Pattern of HCC HCV and HCC HBV and HCC

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