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An optimized derivative of an endogenous CXCR4 antagonist prevents atopic dermatitis and airway inflammation

Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B 2021年第9期11卷 2694-2708页

作者： Mirja harms Monica MWhabib Simona Nemska Antonella Nicolò Andrea Gilg Nico Preising Pandian Sokkar Sara Carmignani Martina Raasholm Gilbert Weidinger Gönül Kizilsavas Manfred Wagner Ludger Ständker Ashraf hAbadi hassan Jumaa Frank Kirchhoff Nelly Frossard Elsa sanchez-Garcia Jan Münch Institute of Molecular Virology Ulm University Medical CenterUlm 89081Germany Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry Faculty of Pharmacy and BiotechnologyGerman University in CairoCairo 11835Egypt Laboratoire D'Innovation Thérapeutique UMR7200 CNRS/Universitéde Strasbourg and LabEx MEDALISFacultéde PharmacieIllkirch 67412France Institute of Immunology Ulm University Medical CenterUlm 89081Germany Core Facility Functional Peptidomics Ulm University Medical CenterUlm 89081Germany Center of Medical Biotechnology University of Duisburg-EssenDuisburg 47057Germany Max-Planck-Institute for Coal Research Düsseldorf 45470Germany Faculty of Allied health Sciences Chettinad Hospital and Research InstituteChettinad Academy of Research and EducationKelambakkam 603103India Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Physiologie Dortmund 44227Germany Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Ulm UniversityUlm 89081Germany Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research Mainz 55128Germany

Aberrant CXCR4/CXCL12 signaling is involved in many pathophysiological processes such as cancer and inflammatory diseases.A natural fragment of serum albumin,named EPI-X4,has previously been identified as endogenous peptide antagonist and inverse agonist of CXCR4 and is a promising compound for the development of improved analogues for the therapy of CXCR4-associated *** generate optimized EPI-X4 derivatives we here performed molecular docking analysis to identify key interaction motifs of EPI-X4/*** rational drug design allowed to increase the anti-CXCR4 activity of *** EPI-X4 derivative JM#21 bound CXCR4 and suppressed CXCR4-tropic hIV-1 infection more efficiently than the clinically approved small molecule CXCR4 antagonist ***-X4 JM#21 did not exert toxic effects in zebrafish embryos and suppressed allergen-induced infiltration of eosinophils and other immune cells into the airways of animals in an asthma mouse ***,topical administration of the optimized EPI-X4 derivative efficiently prevented inflammation of the skin in a mouse model of atopic ***,rationally designed EPIX4 JM#21 is a novel potent antagonist of CXCR4 and the first CXCR4 inhibitor with therapeutic efficacy in atopic *** clinical development of this new class of CXCR4 antagonists for the therapy of atopic dermatitis,asthma and other CXCR4-associated diseases is highly warranted.

关键词： CXCR4 antagonist Asthma Allergy Inflammation Atopic dermatitis

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Effects on growth of adding yeast(Saccharomyces cerevisicea) to diets with high contents of soybean meal to fed juvenile rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss

Effects on growth of adding yeast(Saccharomyces cerevisicea)...

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The 14th International Symposium on Fish Nutrition & Feeding

作者： Daniel sanchez A. Luis héctor hernández h. Mario Alfredo Fernández A. Teresa Ramírez Pérez Omar Angeles López Laboratorio de Produccion Acuicola UNAM FES IztacalaAv.de los Barrios 1Los Reyes IztacalaTlalnepantlaEstado de México.C.P.54090México

Use of soybean meal as substitute of fish meal on aquafeeds is ***,levels of substitution are still low(less than 25%),because of its certain nutritional characteristics(low levels of some indispensable amino acids and high content of carbohydrates) and the presence of some antinutritional factors,such as phytic *** improve the use of higher levels of soybean meal on aquafeeds,the aim of this research was to use the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisicae in diets with high content of soybean meal for juveniles of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Three experimental diets(40%protein,10%lipid,10%moisture) with a 75%of substitution of fish meal with soybean meal and adding 1.5%of yeast(diet 1);1.5%of yeast + 0.8%of phytase (diet 2) and 0.8%phytase(diet 3).A diet with 100%of fishmeal and a commercial diet were used as *** diet was fed to triplicate groups of 15 juveniles of rainbow trout with an initial weight of 1.2±0.02 g(mean±S.D.) for a period of 60 *** data were analyzed with a one-way ANOVA and statistical differences were evaluated with a Tukey-Kramer *** on weight gain(WG) and specific growth rate(SGR) showed a significant lower value of the fish fed with diet 1(687%) when compared with diets 2(801%),3(843%) and the control with 100% fishmeal(1081%).The higher WG among the treatments was observed on diet 3,but no significant differences were observed with respect the diet with yeast(diet 2).Survival rate of all groups showed a minimum percentage of 90%.Growth data indicate that use of yeast on diets with high supplementations of plant meals,might be helpful in the utilization of soybean meal in rainbow trout.

关键词： rainbow trout soybean meal yeast growth phytase

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Fish Nutrition Additives in ShK-1 Cells: Protective Effects of Silymarin

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Advances in Bioscience and Biotechnology 2016年第2期7卷 55-62页

作者： Rodrigo sanchez Pamela Olivares Erico Carmona Allisson Astuya hector herrera Jorge Parodi Laboratorio Fisiología de la Reproducción Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria Núcleo de Investigación en Producción Alimentaria Facultad de Recursos Naturales Universidad Católica de Temuco Temuco Chile Empresa Vitapro Chile Castro Región de Los Lagos Chile Grupo de Genotoxicología Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria Núcleo de Estudios Ambientales Facultad de Recursos Naturales Universidad Católica de Temuco Temuco Chile Laboratory of Cell Culture and Marine Genomics Marine Biotechnology Unit Faculty of Natural and Oceanographic Sciences University of Concepcion and Sur-Austral COPAS Program University of Concepcion Concepción Chile

In nutrition for productive species, additives play an important role in boosting physiological processes. Only in recent years studies include models of the effects on fish cells of these additives. We observed effects of silymarin, a compound highly utilized in aquaculture. The cell line ShK-1 was used derived from the upper liver of the Atlantic salmon as a biological model. Samples were exposed to silymarin in incrementing time and concentrations, to evaluate by MTT and number of cells, the effects on cell viability. Also, oxidative stress models were used to find the protector effects of silymarin against these agents. Our data indicate that a dose of 100 ppm of silymarin is sufficient to stimulate cellular proliferation. Cultures were exposed to high glucose (15 mM) or h2O2 (0.1 mM) in presence of or absence of silymarin at 100 ppm. We observed that the toxic effects of both compounds were blocked by the presence of silymarin. Our results indicate that it is important to evaluate additive effects at a cellular level. Also, silymarin does have proliferative effects, and protect against cellular injury in our models. Our study helps to generate more rational applications of additives in the industry and presents new challenges in order to better manipulate the model in the laboratory, allowing us to obtain new evidence regarding the microalgae’s biology through in vitro studies.

关键词： Fish Nutrition Silymarin Cell Cultures

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手动或计算机辅助方法评估经间歇性阴囊隔离的公羊的精子活力(英文)

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Asian Journal of Andrology 2006年第4期8卷 411-418,514页

作者： C.Arman P.I.QuintanaCasares L.G.sanchez-Partida B.P.Setchell Department of Animal Sciences University of AdelaideGlen Osmond 5064Australia Department of Animal Sciences University of AdelaideGlen Osmond 5064Australia Department of Anatomical SciencesUniversity of AdelaideAdelaide 5005Australia

Aim:To study whether additional measurements of motility characteristics of spermatozoa by computer assisted semen analysis(CASA)were more sensitive indicators of reduced semen quality than estimates of percentages of motile,rapid or progressive ***:Intermittent scrotal insulation was applied to 6 rams for 16 h per day for 21 days or to 2 of these for 12 h per day for 28 days in the following *** was collected and evaluated by CASA immediately and either frozen or stored at 30℃ or 5℃ before ***:Intermittent scrotal insulation caused falls in the percentage of motile,progressive and rapid sperm,as did freezing-thawing and storage at 30℃ or 5℃.Motility characteristics(amplitude of lateral head displacement,mean path velocity,mean progressive velocity and curvilinear velocity),as determined by CASA fell only when the percentage of motile sperm was already *** and thawing or liquid storage of the semen from insulated rams caused a greater fall in the percentage of motile and rapid sperm than control semen,but only affected the motility characteristics when the percentage of motile sperm was already ***:Intermittent scrotal insulation affected not only the motility of the freshly collected sperm,but also theft ability to withstand the additional stress of *** additional data on motility characteristics obtained by CASA appeared to be no more a sensitive indicator than the percentage of motile cells of reductions in semen quality.(Asian J Andro12006 Jul;8:411-418)

关键词： testis scrotal insulation semen evaluation

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Genetic Structure of Cartagena de Indias Population Using hypervariable Markers of Y Chromosome

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Open Journal of Genetics 2015年第1期5卷 27-41页

作者： Doris E. G.-Camargo Rafael Camacho-Mejorado Claudio Gómez-Alegría Angelo Alario Esther A. h.-Tobías Gustavo mora- García Marco A. M.-Ríos Rocío Gómez Doctorado en Medicina Tropical Facultad de Medicina Universidad de Cartagena Cartagena de Indias Colombia Departamento de Toxicología Cinvestav-IPN México D.F. México Departamento de Farmacia Facultad de Ciencias Universidad Nacional de Colombia Bogotá Colombia Departamento Médico Facultad de Medicina Universidad de Cartagena Cartagena de Indias Colombia Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular Cinvestav-IPN México D.F. México

Ethnicity has been associated with the incidence of diseases and consequently it is a cornerstone in medical genetic studies. It is mainly important in admixture populations, where the population stratification can produce spurious results that lead to erroneous conclusions. Consequently, population stratification has become one of the most important confounding factors in population-based genetic association studies, especially in Latino populations. Cartagena de Indias is a cosmopolitan city with dissimilar ancestry proportions due to recent miscegenation. This population mainly exhibits African and Amerindian matrilineal ancestries. Nevertheless, important asymmetries in the paternal genetic history related to the complex patterns of migration in the colonial period increase the male genetic diversity in this population. As a result of this recent admixture, population stratification has arisen, where each subpopulation is not equally represented. Consequently, the allele differences between cases and controls could be related with different frequencies among different population strata rather than the association of the genes with the disease. In order to define the patrilineal substructure of the Cartagena’s population, a total of 130 unrelated men were ancestrally studied using 15 Y-STR loci routinely employed in anthropological, forensic and population genetics. Our results show that Cartagena is an admixture population consisting of European (80%), Amerindian (10%) and African ancestries (10%), which are represented by haplogroups R1b and I2a (xI2a1), Q-M242/Q-M3, and E1b1a/E1b1b, respectively. Complex genetic patterns found in Cartagena’s population emphasize the importance to know the genetic variation in order to diminish the inconsistence for future genetic association studies. In addition, our findings illustrate the complex genetic background of Cartagena population and reinforce the need to encompass more geographic regions to generate more robust dat

关键词： Population Genetics Y-Chromosome Microsatellites Cartagena Colombia

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Nitrosative stress in human spermatozoa causes cell death characterized by induction of mitochondrial permeability transition-driven necrosis

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Asian Journal of Andrology 2018年第6期20卷 600-607页

作者： Pamela Uribe Maria E Cabrillana Miguel W Fornes Favian Treulen Rodrigo Boguen Vladimir Isachenko Evgenia Isachenko Raul sanchez Juana V Villegas Center of Reproductive Biotechnology - Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (CEBIOR - BIOREN) University of La Frontera Temuco 4811230 Chile Center of Excellence in Translational Medicine University of La Frontera Temuco 4810296 Chile Department of Internal Medicine Faculty of Medicine University of La Frontera Temuco 4781218 Chile Laboratory of Andrology Research of Mendoza (LIAM) Institute of histology and Embriology of Mendoza (IhEM) histology and Embryology Area Department of Morphology and Physiology School of Medicine National University of Cuyo and CCT-Mendoza CONICET Mendoza 5500 Argentina Research Institute (CIUDA) Medicine Faculty Acencagua University Mendoza 5500 Argentina Research Group for Reproductive Medicine Cologne University Cologne 50937 Germany Department of Preclinical Sciences Faculty of Medicine University of La Frentera Temuco 4781218 Chile

Peroxynitrite is a highly reactive nitrogen species and a potent inducer of apoptosis and necrosis in somatic cells. Peroxynitrite-induced nitrosative stress has emerged as a major cause of impaired sperm function; however, its ability to trigger cell death has not been described in human spermatozoa. The objective here was to characterize biochemical and morphological features of cell death induced by peroxynitrite-mediated nitrosative stress in human spermatozoa. For this, spermatozoa were incubated with and without （untreated control） 3-morpholinosydnonimine （SIN-l）, in order to generate peroxynitrite. Sperm viability, mitochondrial permeability transition （MPT）, externalization of phosphatidylserine, DNA oxidation and fragmentation, caspase activation, tyrosine nitration, and sperm ultrastructure were analyzed. The results showed that at 24 h of incubation with SIN-l, the sperm viability was significantly reduced compared to untreated control （P〈 0.001）. Furthermore, the MPT was induced （P〈 0.01） and increment in DNA oxidation （P 〈 0.01）, DNA fragmentation （P 〈 0.01）, tyrosine nitration （P 〈 0.0001） and ultrastructural damage were observed when compared to untreated control. Caspase activation was not evidenced, and although phosphatidylserine externalization increased compared to untreated control （P 〈 0.001）, this process was observed in 〈10% of the cells and the gradual loss of viability was not characterized by an important increase in this parameter. In conclusion, peroxynitrite-mediated nitrosative stress induces the regulated variant of cell death known as MPT-driven necrosis in human spermatozoa. This study provides a new insight into the pathophysiology of nitrosative stress in human spermatozoa and opens up a new focus for developing specific therapeutic strategies to better preserve sperm viability or to avoid cell death.

关键词： necrosis nitrosative stress oxidative stress peroxynitrite sperm cell death

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VEGF-B prevents excessive angiogenesis by inhibiting FGF2/FGFR1 pathway

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Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy 2023年第9期8卷 4380-4393页

作者： Chunsik Lee Rongyuan Chen Guangli Sun Xialin Liu Xianchai Lin Chang he Liying Xing Lixian Liu Lasse DJensen Anil Kumar harald FLanger Xiangrong Ren Jianing Zhang Lijuan huang Xiangke Yin JongKyong Kim Juanhua Zhu Guanqun huang Jiani Li Weiwei Lu Wei Chen Juanxi Liu Jiaxin hu Qihang Sun Weisi Lu Lekun Fang Shasha Wang haiqing Kuang Yihan Zhang Geng Tian Jia Mi Bi-Ang Kang Masashi Narazaki Aaron Prodeus Luc Schoonjans David MOrnitz Jean Gariepy Guy Eelen Mieke Dewerchin Yunlong Yang Jing-Song Ou Antonio mora Jin Yao Chen Zhao Yizhi Liu Peter Carmeliet Yihai Cao Xuri Li State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology Zhongshan Ophthalmic CenterSun Yat-sen University and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual ScienceGuangzhou 510060P.R.China Affiliated Eye hospital of Nanjing Medical University Nanjing 210000China Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Major Obstetric DiseasesGuangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and GynecologyThe Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina Shenzhen Eye hospital Jinan UniversityShenzhen Eye InstituteShenzhenChina Department of health Medical and Caring SciencesDivision of Diagnostics and Specialist MedicineLinköping University58183 LinköpingSweden Department of Cardiology AngiologyHaemostaseology and Medical Intensive CareUniversity Medical Centre MannheimMedical Faculty MannheimHeidelberg UniversityMannheimGermany DZhK(German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research) partner site Mannheim/HeidelbergMannheimGermany European Center for Angioscience Medical Faculty MannheimHeidelberg UniversityMannheimGermany Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Disease Guangdong Research Institute of GastroenterologyDepartment of Colorectal SurgeryThe Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhouChina Eye Institute Eye and ENT HospitalShanghai Medical CollegeFudan UniversityKey Laboratory of Myopia of State Health Ministry(Fudan University)and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration200031 ShanghaiChina Shandong Technology Innovation Center of Molecular Targeting and Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment Binzhou Medical UniversityYantai 264003P.R.China Division of Cardiac Surgery National-Guangdong Joint Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular DiseasesNHC key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation(Sun Yat-sen University)The First Affiliated HospitalSun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhouChina Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Imm

Although VEGF-B was discovered as a VEGF-A homolog a long time ago,the angiogenic effect of VEGF-B remains poorly understood with limited and diverse findings from different ***,drugs that inhibit VEGF-B together with other VEGF family members are being used to treat patients with various neovascular *** is therefore critical to have a better understanding of the angiogenic effect of VEGF-B and the underlying *** comprehensive in vitro and in vivo methods and models,we reveal here for the first time an unexpected and surprising function of VEGF-B as an endogenous inhibitor of angiogenesis by inhibiting the FGF2/FGFR1 pathway when the latter is abundantly ***,we unveil that VEGF-B binds to FGFR1,induces FGFR1/VEGFR1 complex formation,and suppresses FGF2-induced Erk activation,and inhibits FGF2-driven angiogenesis and tumor *** work uncovers a previously unrecognized novel function of VEGF-B in tethering the FGF2/FGFR1 *** the anti-angiogenic nature of VEGF-B under conditions of high FGF2/FGFR1 levels,caution is warranted when modulating VEGF-B activity to treat neovascular diseases.

关键词： FGFR1 FGF2 drugs

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产后早期抑郁症状相关因素中的种族及伦理差异

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世界核心医学期刊文摘（妇产科学分册） 2005年第10期1卷 52-53页

作者： howell E.A mora P.A horowitz C.R Leventhal h 高雪莲 Department of health Policy Mount Sinai School of Medicine Box 1077 One Gustave L. Levy Place New York NY 10029- 6574 United States.Dr

OBJECTIVE: To explore racial differences in reporting of early postpartum depressive symptoms. To explore whether racial differences in early postpartum experience (such as mother’s health status and social context) might account for racial differences in reported postpartum depressive symptoms. METhODS: This was a telephone survey of 655 white, African- American, and hispanic mothers between 2 and 6 weeks postpartum. Mothers reported on demographic factors, physical symptoms, daily function, infant behaviors, social support, skills in managing infant and household, access, and trust in the medical system. We explored racial differences in report of early postpartum depressive symptoms using bivariate and multivariate statistics. RESULTS: African- American and hispanic women more commonly reported postpartum depressive symptoms (43.9% and 46.8% , respectively) than white women (31.3% , P hysical symptom burden, lack of social support, and lack of self- efficacy) were associated with early postpartum depressive symptoms in white, African- American, and hispanic mothers. In a comprehensive model including other demographic factors, history of depression, physical symptoms, daily function, infant behavior, social support, skills in managing infant and household, access, and trust, the adjusted odds ratio for reported postpartum depressive symptoms remained elevated for AfricanAmerican- women at 2.16 (95% confidence interval 1.26- 3.70) and hispanic women at 1.89 (95% confidence interval 1.19- 3.01) as compared with white women. CONCLUSION: African- American and hispanic mothers are at higher risk for reporting early postpartum depressive symptoms as compared with white mothers. Factors associated with these symptoms are similar among African- American, hispanic, and white mothers.

关键词：产后早期产后抑郁非裔美国人电话调查人口统计学多变量统计社会支持西班牙人信任程度双变量

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3D additive manufactured composite scaffolds with antibiotic-loaded lamellar fillers for bone infection prevention and tissue regeneration

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Bioactive Materials 2021年第4期6卷 1073-1082页

作者： María C´amara-Torres Stacy Duarte Ravi Sinha Ainhoa Egizabal Noelia´Alvarez Maria Bastianini Michele Sisani Paolo Scopece Marco Scatto Alessandro Bonetto Antonio Marcomini Alberto sanchez Alessandro Patelli Carlos Mota Lorenzo Moroni Maastricht University MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative MedicineComplex Tissue Regeneration DepartmentUniversiteitssingel 406229ERMaastrichtthe Netherlands TECNALIA Basque Research and Technology Alliance(BRTA)Mikeletegi Pasealekua 220009Donostia-San SebastianSpain Prolabin&Tefarm S.r.l. Via Dell’Acciaio906134PerugiaItaly d Nadir S.r.l.Via Torino155/b30172VeniceItaly Department of Environmental Sciences Informatics and StatisticsCa’Foscari University of VeniceDorsoduro 324630172VeniceItaly Department of Physics and Astronomy Padova UniversityVia Marzolo835131PadovaItaly

Bone infections following open bone fracture or implant surgery remain a challenge in the orthopedics *** order to avoid high doses of systemic drug administration,optimized local antibiotic release from scaffolds is required.3D additive manufactured(AM)scaffolds made with biodegradable polymers are ideal to support bone healing in non-union scenarios and can be given antimicrobial properties by the incorporation of *** this study,ciprofloxacin and gentamicin intercalated in the interlamellar spaces of magnesium aluminum layered double hydroxides(MgAl)andα-zirconium phosphates(ZrP),respectively,are dispersed within a thermoplastic polymer by melt compounding and subsequently processed via high temperature melt extrusion AM(~190◦C)into 3D *** inorganic fillers enable a sustained antibiotics release through the polymer matrix,controlled by antibiotics counterions exchange or ph ***,both antibiotics retain their functionality after the manufacturing process at high temperatures,as verified by their activity against both Gram+and Gram-bacterial ***,scaffolds loaded with filler-antibiotic do not impair human mesenchymal stromal cells osteogenic differentiation,allowing matrix mineralization and the expression of relevant osteogenic ***,these results suggest the possibility of fabricating dual functionality 3D scaffolds via high temperature melt extrusion for bone regeneration and infection prevention.

关键词： Melt extrusion additive manufacturing Antibiotic delivery Lamellar inorganic fillers Bone infection Bone regeneration human mesenchymal stromal cells

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Thermal preference, tolerance and temperature-dependent respiration in the California sea hare <i>Aplysia californica</i>

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Agricultural Sciences 2013年第6期4卷 46-52页

作者： Ana Denisse Re Fernando Díaz Alfredo Salas-Garza Marco Gonzalez Victor Cordero Clara E. Galindo-sanchez Edna sanchez-Castrejon Adolfo Sánchez Zamora Alexei Licea-Navarro Instituto de Investigaciones Oceanológicas Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Ensenada Baja California México Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Departamento de Biotecnología Marina Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE) Ensenada Baja California México Laboratorio de Ecofisiología de Organismos Acuáticos Departamento de Biotecnología Marina Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE) Ensenada Baja California México Laboratorio de Ecofisiología de Organismos Acuáticos Departamento de Biotecnología Marina Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE) Ensenada Baja California México Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional Departamento de Biotecnología Marina Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE) Ensenada Baja California México Unidad Multidisciplinaria de Docencia e Investigación Facultad de Ciencias Universidad Autónoma de México Sisal México

The thermoregulatory behavior of sea hare Aplysia californica was determined in a horizontal thermal gradient;with a preferred temperature (PT) of 18.3°C for the day cycle and 20.8°C for the night cycle. The displacement velocity demonstrated an initial rate of 30 cm·hˉ1 and gradually the velocity diminished to 18 cm·hˉ1 with several fluctuations mainly at 02:00 am. Critical Temperature Maxima (CTMax refers to the temperature point where at least 50% of the experimental group have a loss of attachment) was measured at three acclimation temperatures (16°C, 19°C and 22°C). At the lowest acclimation temperature (16°C), 50% of the experimental group had an attachment loss at CTMax 32.7°C, and in a higher acclimation temperature (22°C) CTMax was 36.2°C. The Oxygen Consumption Rate (OCR) was closely correlated to acclimation temperature, and at 16°C and 19°C sea hare had a relatively stable metabolic rate, with OCR increasing to 9 mg O2 hˉ1·kgˉ1 w.w. in a higher acclimation temperature.

关键词： Thermoregulatory Behavior CTMax Oxygen Consumption Aplysia californica

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