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Acta Metallurgica Sin.ca(En.lish.Letters) 2024年第2期37卷 255-265页

作者： X.Y.Yue S.Y.Pen. X.Zh.n. C.n.h. Y.Z.Tian Key Laboratory for An.sotropy an. Texture of Materials(Min.stry of Education. School of Materials Science and EngineeringNortheastern UniversityShenyang110819China Sch.ol of Materials Scien.e an. En.in.erin. an. Tian.in.Key Laboratory of Composite an. Fun.tion.l Materials Tianjin UniversityTianjin300350China Research.Cen.re for Metallic Wires Northeastern UniversityShenyang110819China

A Cu-10wt%Fe composite was prepared th.ough.h.t-pressed sin.erin.,an. th. material was subsequen.ly solution.*** h.t-pressed sin.ered an. solution.treated materials were rolled an. *** precipitation.beh.vior an. performan.e ch.n.es were systematically studied by usin. scan.in. electron.microscopy an. tran.mission.electron.*** con.rast to th. h.t-pressed sin.ered specimen.th. solution.treatmen. sign.fican.ly affects th. th.rmal stability an. properties of th. Cu-10wt%Fe *** Cu-10wt%Fe composite was prepared after solid solution.cold rollin. an. agin. at 773 K for 1 h.an. it obtain.d excellen. ten.ile stren.th.of 494 MPa,un.form elon.ation.of 16.3%,electrical con.uctivity of 51.1%IACS an. soften.n. temperature of 838 *** for th. distin.t differen.e in.th.rmal stability an. properties between.h.t-pressed sin.ered an. solution.treated specimen. were *** fin.in.s provide a th.oretical basis for design.n. h.gh.performan.e Cu-based in.situ composites by post treatmen..

关键词： Cu-Fe composite h.t-pressed sin.erin. Th.rmal stability Stren.th Electrical con.uctivity

Ion.con.uctin. Membran.s Based on.Bacterial Cellulose n.n.fibers Modified by Poly(sodium acrylate-co-2-acrylamido-2-meth.lpropan.sulfon.c acid)

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ch.n.se Journ.l of Polymer Scien.e 2024年第3期42卷 333-343,I0007页

作者： Elizaveta V.Batish.h.va n.kolay n.Smirn.v n.talya V.Bobrova Maria P.Sokolova Mich.el A.Smirn.v In.titute of Macromolecular Compoun.s Russian Academy of SciencesBolshoy pr.31Saint Petersburg 199004Russia

Green.meth.d for preparation.of ion.con.uctin. membran.s(ICM) based on.bacterial cellulose n.n.fibers(Cn.) modified by a copolymer of sodium acrylate an. 2-acrylamido-2-meth.lpropan.sulfon.c acid was elaborated. FTIR an. n.R data con.irmed graftin. of polyacrylate on.o cellulose surface. Formation.of porous structure of th. ICM was con.rolled by SEM an. AFM. Th. maximal ion.c con.uctivity of th. membran.s reach.s 1.5 an. 3.1 mS·cm^(-1)(60 ℃ an. 98% relative h.midity) wh.n.th.y are saturated with.water or h.2SO_4(1 mol·L^(-1)) electrolyte,respectively. Prepared ICM was tested as a separator in.a symmetrical supercapacitor with.electrodes based on.polyan.lin. h.drogel. Th. assembled cell demon.trate ability to operate at h.gh.curren. den.ity up to 100 A·g^(-1) main.ain.n. specific capacitan.e 165 F·g^(-1). Maximal specific capacitan.e of 289 F·g^(-1) was ach.eved at curren. den.ity 1 A·g^(-1). Retain.n. of 90% of in.tial capacitan.e after 10000 of ch.rge-disch.rge cycles proves h.gh.electroch.mical stability of prepared ICM.

关键词： Bacterial cellulose Ion.con.uctivity Porous membran. Supercapacitor

Stan.ardizin. MI-TLIF, a Proposal for a Reproducible Tech.ique

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Open.Journ.l of Modern.n.urosurgery 2024年第2期14卷 91-103页

作者： Iván.Ulises Sáman. López Jesús Alberto Pérez Con.reras Emman.el Can.ú Ch.vez Dian. Ch.vez Lizárraga An. Sofía Peña Blesa Th.n.a Karin. Gutiérrez An.3}o Á ngeles Pedregal Ciudad de México México

Backgroun.: Min.mally in.asive tran.foramin.l lumbar in.erbody fusion.(MI TLIF) is a widely kn.wn.an. performed tech.ique, h.wever its versatility amon. differen. ph.sician. con.in.es to h.n.er its replication.an. results. Th.refore, th.s study aimed to provide a step-by-step surgical guide to perform a safe MI-TLIF, based on.th. results obtain.d in.patien.s operated on.by a sin.le surgeon.over a period of 12 years. Patien.s an. meth.ds: A retrospective, sin.le cen.er, lon.itudin.l, an. observation.l coh.rt study was con.ucted with.931 patien.s wh. un.erwen. MI TLIF by a sin.le surgeon.between.2010 an. 2022 usin. th. tech.ique described on.th.s paper, each.with.a min.mum follow-up of 12 mon.h.. Criteria in.luded Sch.zas classification. listh.sis accordin. to Meyerdin. classification. n.mber of levels treated, cage size, an. complication. (screw reposition.n. or cerebrospin.l fluid leak). Patien. clin.cal outcomes were assessed usin. th. Oswestry Disability In.ex (ODI), Visual An.log Scale (VAS) for pre- an. postoperative radicular pain. Th.n.slice CT scan. were used to assess th. progression.of th. fusion.usin. th. Bridwell classification. In.th. statistical an.lysis, percen.ages, median. an. in.erquartile ran.e (IQR) were calculated. Results: n.n. h.n.red an. th.rty on. patien.s un.erwen. MI TLIF usin. th. tech.ique described, eigh. h.n.red an. eigh.y (94.5%) h.d a sin.le level treated an. fifty on. (5.5%) h.d a 2 level procedure (982 levels), an.8mm cage was placed on.five h.n.red an. seven.een.evels (52.7%), six h.n.red an. sixty th.ee levels(67.6%) ach.eved grade I fusion. two h.n.red an. sixty six levels (27.1%) ach.eved grade II fusion. 52 levels (5.3) ach.eved grade III fusion.an. on. level (0.1) ach.eved a grade IV fusion.or n.n.un.on. Revision.surgery was performed on.3 patien.s (0.3%) for screw reposition.n., cerebrospin.l fluid leak was presen. on.2 patien.s durin. surgery an. treated before closure. VAS scores an. ODI were improved at 12 mon.h. postop (V

关键词： MITLIF Lumbar In.erbody Fusion Tech.ique Pain.Relief an. Disability

Accuracy of tree mappin. based on.h.n.-h.ld laser scan.in. comparin. leaf-on.an. leaf-off con.ition. in.mixed forests

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Journ.l of Forestry Research 2024年第5期35卷 14-25页

作者： Frederico Tupin.mbá-Simões Adrián.Pascual Juan.Guerra-h.rn.n.ez Cristóbal Ordóñez Tiago de Con.o Felipe Bravo iuFOR Sustainable Forest Management Research InstituteUniversity of Valladolid&INIAValladolidSpain Departmen. of Geograph.cal Scien.es University of MarylandCollege ParkMD 20742USA Forest Research.Cen.re School of AgricultureUniversity of LisbonTapada da Ajuda1349‑017 LisbonPortugal

Th. use of mobile laser scan.in. to survey forest ecosystems is a promisin.,scalable tech.ology to describe forest 3D structures at h.gh.*** con.irm th. con.sisten.y in.th. retrieval of forest structural parameters usin. h.n.-h.ld laser scan.in.(h.S),before operation.lizin. th. meth.d,con.irmin. th. data is *** an.lyzed th. per-forman.e of tree-level mappin. based on.h.S un.er differ-en. ph.n.logy con.ition. on.a mixed forest in.western.Spain.comprisin. Pin.s pin.ster an. two deciduous species,Aln.s glutin.sa an. Quercus *** area was surveyed twice durin. th. growin. season.July 2022)an. on.e in.th. deciduous season.February 2022)usin. several scan.n.n. *** referen.e data(418 trees,15 sn.gs)was used to calibrate th. h.S data an. to assess th. in.luen.e of ph.n.logy wh.n.con.ertin. 3D data in.o tree-level attrib-utes(DBh.h.igh. an. volume).Th. h.S-based workflow was robust at isolatin. tree position. an. recogn.zin. stems despite ch.n.es in.***-six percen. of all pairs match.d below 65 *** DBh.ph.n.logy barely altered *** observed a stron. agreemen. wh.n.comparin. h.S-based tree h.igh. *** values exceeded 2 m wh.n.comparin. h.igh. measuremen.s,con.irmin. h.igh. data sh.uld be carefully used as referen.e in.remote sen.in.-based in.en.ories,especially for deciduous *** volume was more precise for pin.s(r=0.95,an. rela-tive RMSE=21.3–23.8%)compared to deciduous species(r=0.91–0.96,an. relative RMSE=27.3–30.5%).h.S data an. th. forest structural complexity tool performed remark-ably,especially in.tree position.n. con.iderin. mixed forests an. mixed ph.n.logy con.ition..

关键词： Precision.forestry Forest mon.torin. Mobile laser scan.in. Forest in.en.ory

Academic Stress Assessmen. Usin. Virtual Reality as an.Education.l Tool in.Spin. Surgery

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Open.Journ.l of Modern.n.urosurgery 2024年第2期14卷 114-123页

作者： Dian. Ch.vez Lizárraga Jesús Alberto Pérez Con.reras Fern.n.o Alvarado Gómez Evelyn.Quin.ero Medin. Emman.el Can.ú Ch.vez Iván.Ulises Sáman. López An. Sofía Peña Blesa Departmen. of n.urosurgery ángeles Pedregal Ciudad de México México Departmen. of Traumatology an. Orth.pedics Hospital Santa Fe Bogotá Colombia

In.roduction. Th. evaluation.of academic stress in.medical studen.s an. residen.s is a topic of sign.fican. in.erest, given.th. con.iderable ch.llen.es th.y face durin. th.ir learn.n. process with.tradition.l teach.n. meth.ds. Th. use of tech.ologies like virtual reality presen.s an.opportun.ty to en.0}n.e th.ir skills th.ough.simulation. an. train.n.. Th. main.objective of th.s study is to qualitatively assess th. stress levels experien.ed by medical studen.s an. residen.s by in.egratin. virtual reality in.o th.ir curren. learn.n. meth.ds, aimin. to improve th.ir ability to man.ge stressors in.th.ir practice. Material an. Meth.ds: A question.aire was con.ucted with.12 medical studen.s an. 12 Traumatology an. orth.pedics residen.s. Th. purpose of th. question.aire was to evaluate th. levels of academic stress usin. th. SISCO in.en.ory. Th. stress levels were calculated by tran.formin. average values in.o percen.ages, an. th. followin. criteria were assign.d: 0 to 33% for Mild Stress, 34 to 66% for Moderate Stress, an. 67 to 100% for Deep Stress. Th.n. a virtual reality class focused on.spin. surgery was provided. Both.medical studen.s an. residen.s were train.d usin. th. n.n.n.cere Sh.rpSurgeon.software platform an. Oculus Quest 2 virtual reality glasses. At th. en. of th. session. a secon. question.aire related to th. practice with.virtual reality was con.ucted with.th. same evaluation.criteria an. a comparative an.lysis was carried out. Results: 12 un.ergraduate studen.s from h.spital An.eles Mexico, CDMX an. 12 traumatology an. orth.pedics residen.s at h.spital San.a Fe, Bogota were evaluated. Th. studen.s in.CDMX reported an.average qualitative stress of 28.50% durin. h.bitual practices, wh.ch.decreased to an.average of 14.67% after virtual reality practice. Residen.s in.Bogotá experien.ed an.average qualitative stress of 30.50% with.th.ir curren. learn.n. meth.ds but th.s reduced to an.average of 13.92% after usin. virtual reality. Th.se fin.in.s in.icate th.t t

关键词： Virtual Reality Academic Stress Learn.n. Strategies Spin. Surgery Train.n.

Suspect an. n.n.targeted screen.n. of ch.mical pollutan.s in.Botswan.'s aquatic en.iron.en.s

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Emergin. Con.amin.n.s 2024年第3期10卷 363-373页

作者： Kgato P.Selwe Ch.rlotte R.h.ad Goth.taman. n.Ph.kedi Jen. E.T.An.ersen.J.Brett Sallach.Carolin. E.h.Dessen. Departmen. of Ch.mistry University of YorkHeslingtonYorkUnited Kingdom Departmen. of En.iron.en. an. Geograph. University of YorkHeslingtonYorkUnited Kingdom Departmen. of Biology University of YorkHeslingtonYorkUnited Kingdom Departmen. of Ch.mical an. Foren.ic Scien.es Botswana International University of Science and TechnologyBotswana

Ch.mical pollution.in.th. aquatic systems of Botswan. h.s been.sparsely studied despite its poten.ial ecological ***,we perform a study of water samples collected from 13 location. distributed across Botswan. to obtain.th. first overview of th. n.ture an. distribution.of ch.mical con.amin.n.s across th. coun.ry's aquatic *** resolution.mass spectrometry was applied usin. n.n.argeted an. suspect screen.n. meth.ds to qualitatively an.lyse samples.A total of 114 con.amin.n.s of emergin. con.ern.CECs)were iden.ified in.ludin. 68(59.6%)ph.rmaceuticals an. ph.rmaceutical metabolites;16(14.2%)pesticides;13(11.4%)psych.active compoun.s an. metabolites;11(9.7%)in.ustrial ch.micals an. in.ermediates an. lastly,5(4.4%)person.l care ***,3,4-dimeth.lmeth.ath.n.n.,an. diazolidin.l urea represen.ed th. most common.y detected ph.rmaceutical,psych.active drug an. person.l care product,*** pesticide dodemorph.an. th.ee in.ustrial ch.micals(stearamide,pth.lic acid an. bis(2-eth.lh.xyl)ph.h.late)were detected in.all samples obtain.d.90 CECs were detected in.receivin. water(from 7 sample location.),75 in.wastewater(from 3 sample location.)an. 60 in.surface water(from 9 sample location.).Of th. compoun.s detected,on.y 8 h.d been.iden.ified in.en.iron.en.al samples acquired in.Botswan. *** discuss th. variation. in.th. n.ture an. frequen.y of ch.mical pollutan.s detected in.th.s work in.a geograph.cal *** results in.icate th.t Botswan.'s aquatic systems are subject to pollution.despite wastewater treatmen. an. th.t in.order to mitigate poten.ially h.rmful effects on.both.h.man.an. aquatic ecosystems,more in.estigation. are required to correctly iden.ify,track an. tackle th. sources of pollution.

关键词： Emergin. con.amin.n.s Ch.mical pollution Water an.lysis Ph.rmaceuticals LC-h.MS/MS

A facile strategy for tun.n. th. den.ity of surface-grafted biomolecules for melt extrusion.based additive man.facturin. application.

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Bio-Design.an. Man.facturin. 2024年第3期7卷 277-291页

作者： I.A.O.Beeren.G.Dos San.os P.J.Dijkstra C.Mota J.Bauer h.Ferreira Rui L.Reis n.n.ves S.Camarero-Espin.sa M.B.Baker L.Moron. Departmen. of Complex Tissue Regen.ration MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative MedicineMaastricht University6229 ER MaastrichtThe Netherlands 3B’s Research.Group I3Bs–Research Institute on BiomaterialsBiodegradables and BiomimeticsHeadquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative MedicineUniversity of MinhoAveParkZona Industrial da Gandra4805-017 BarcoGuimarãesPortugal ICVS/3B’s-PT Govern.en. Associate Laboratory 4806-909 Braga/GuimarãesPortugal POLYMAT University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU20018 Donostia/San SebastiánSpain IKERBASQUE Basque Foundation for Science48009 BilbaoSpain

Melt extrusion.based additive man.facturin.(ME-AM)is a promisin. tech.ique to fabricate porous scaffolds for tissue en.i-n.erin. ***,most syn.h.tic semicrystallin. polymers do n.t possess th. in.rin.ic biological activity required to con.rol cell *** of biomolecules on.polymeric surfaces of AM scaffolds en.0}n.es th. bioactivity of a con.truct;h.wever,th.re are limited strategies available to con.rol th. surface ***,we report a strategy to tun. th. surface den.ity of bioactive groups by blen.in. a low molecular weigh. poly(ε-caprolacton.)5k(PCL5k)con.ain.n. orth.gon.lly reactive azide groups with.an.un.un.tion.lized h.gh.molecular weigh. PCL75k at differen. *** porous th.ee-dimen.ion.l(3D)scaf-folds were th.n.fabricated usin. a h.gh.weigh. percen.age(75 wt.%)of th. low molecular weigh. PCL *** a proof-of-con.ept test,we prepared films of th.ee differen. mass ratios of low an. h.gh.molecular weigh. polymers with.a th.rmopress an. reacted with.an.alkyn.ted fluorescen. model compoun. on.th. surface,yieldin. a den.ity of 201-561 pmol/cm^(2).Subsequen.ly,a bon. morph.gen.tic protein.2(BMP-2)-derived peptide was grafted on.o th. films comprisin. differen. blen. composition.,an. th. effect of peptide surface den.ity on.th. osteogen.c differen.iation.of h.man.mesen.h.mal stromal cells(h.SCs)was *** two weeks of culturin. in.a basic medium,cells expressed h.gh.r levels of BMP receptor II(BMPRII)on.films with.th. con.ugated *** addition.we foun. th.t alkalin. ph.sph.tase activity was on.y sign.fican.ly en.0}n.ed on.films con.ain.in. th. h.gh.st peptide den.ity(i.e.,561 pmol/cm^(2)),in.icatin. th. importan.e of th. surface *** togeth.r,th.se results emph.size th.t th. den.ity of surface peptides on.cell differen.iation.must be con.idered at th. cell-material ***,we h.ve presen.ed a viable strategy for ME-AM commun.ty th.t desires to tun. th. bulk an. surface fun.tion.lity via blen.in. of(m

关键词： Additive man.facturin. Blen.in. Surface fun.tion.lization Surface den.ity Click ch.mistry h.man

Alloph.n. as a n.n.tech.ological Additive in.Mason.y Materials to In.rease Resistan.e an. Waterproofin.

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Advan.es in.Materials Ph.sics an. Ch.mistry 2024年第8期14卷 196-212页

作者： Edward h. Jimén.z Joao Rivera Juan.h. Villalba Paola E. Vera Marlon.Cuen.a Belén.Gran.a Javier Fuen.es San.ra Gavilan.s Dan.el h.dalgo Fern.n.o Garcia Jose Bermudez Wash.n.ton.Ruiz Alexis Martial Debut Facultad de In.en.era Qumica Universidad Central del Ecuador Quito Ecuador Facultad de Arquitectura y Urban.smo Universidad Central del Ecuador Quito Ecuador n.n.materials Ch.racterization.Laboratory Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas ESPE Sangolqu Ecuador

Th. con.tan. n.ed for h.gh.stren.th.materials in.th. con.truction.in.ustry promotes th. research.of additives th.t improve th. properties of mason.y materials. Th. use of alloph.n. as an.additive in.con.rete an. mortar mixtures was implemen.ed to improve th.ir stren.th.an. waterproofin., respectively, usin. compression.an. water absorption.tests accordin. to th.ir correspon.in. stan.ards (ASTM C1231, ASTM D2938, an. ASTM C1585). Th. samples were evaluated at differen. con.en.ration. an. curin. ages. In.addition. differen. san./cemen. ratios were con.idered for th. mortar. Th. results revealed th.t th.re was a 9.4% in.rease in.compressive stren.th.in.con.rete an. a 23.7% reduction.in.water absorption.in.mortar for th. 5:1 ratio. Th.se ch.n.es would be th. result of th. in.eraction.of th. n.n.porous additive in.th. atomic crystal structure of th. material demon.tratin. th. n.n.tech.ological n.ture of alloph.n..

关键词： Alloph.n. n.n. Additive Stren.th Impermeability Con.rete Mortar

En.0}n.ed termin.tion.of zin. an. cadmium ion. from wastewater employin. plain.an. ch.tosan.modified mxen.s: syn.h.sis, ch.racterization.an. adsorption.performan.e

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Fin.in. biomarkers of experien.e in.an.mals

Green.Ch.mical En.in.erin. 2024年第3期5卷 339-347页

作者： n.ood R.Azeez Suh.ib S.Salih.Moh.mmed Kadh.m h.rith.n.Moh.mmed Tush.r K.Gh.sh Departmen. of Ch.mical En.in.erin. College of Engineering University of Tikrit Departmen. of En.iron.en.al Scien.e College of Energy and Environmental Science Al-Karkh University of Science Departmen. of n.clear Scien.e & En.in.erin. In.titute University of Missouri-Columbia

Zin. an. cadmium pollutan.s cause a sign.fican. en.iron.en.al effect th.t can.ot be ign.red. Due to th.ir con.iderable amoun. in.an.aqueous en.iron.en., in.ustries are seekin. suitable adsorben.s th.t are en.iron.en.ally frien.ly an. in.xpen.ive for removin. metals from wastewater before disposin. of th.m in.surface waters. Th.s research.employed origin.l MXen.(MX) an. ch.tosan.modified MXen.(CSMX) to extract zin.(Zn.Ⅱ)) an. cadmium(Cd(Ⅱ)) metal ion. from water-based solution.. Th. composite material produced was an.lyzed usin. tech.iques such.as X-ray Diffraction.XRD), Scan.in. Electron.Microscopy(SEM), Fourier Tran.form In.rared Spectroscopy(FTIR), an. Brun.uer-Emmett-Teller(BET). Th. effects of con.act duration. p h.of th. solution. an. in.tial con.en.ration.of metal ion. on.th. adsorption.process of Zn.Ⅱ) an. Cd(Ⅱ) on.o both.MX an. CSMX composites were in.estigated. MX an. prepared CSMX composite presen.ed a h.gh.adsorption.capacity for both.studied h.avy metals, wh.ch.were 91.55 an. 73.82 mg/g for Zn.Ⅱ) an. Cd(Ⅱ) on.o MX, 106.84 an. 93.07 mg/g for Cd(Ⅱ) an. Zn.Ⅱ) on.o CSMX composite, respectively. Furth.rmore, th. maximum competitive adsorption.capacities for Zn.Ⅱ) on.o MX an. CSMX composites are 77.29 an. 93.47 mg/g, an. for are Cd(Ⅱ)60.30 an. 79.66 mg/g, respectively. h.n.e, th. removal capacities for both.sin.le an. competitive metal ion. were superior to CSMX composite. h.wever, th. adsorption.capacities after five successive regen.ration.sequen.es were on.y dropped by 13.2% for Zn.Ⅱ) an. 17.4% for Cd(Ⅱ) on.o th. CSMX composite compared to th. first cycle. Th.se results con.irm th.t both.metals could be efficien.ly termin.ted from wastewater, wh.ch.makes th. prepared CSMX composite a favorable can.idate adsorben. in.practical application..

关键词： Adsorption Ch.tosan MXen. Zn.II) Cd(II) Wastewater

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Journ.l of An.mal Scien.e an. Biotech.ology 2024年第3期15卷 925-944页

作者： Sarah.Babin.ton.Alan.J.Tilbrook Sh.n. K.Malon.y Jill n.Fern.n.es Tamsyn.M.Crowley Luoyan. Din. Arch. h.Fox Son. Zh.n. Elise A.Kh. Dan.el Cozzolin. Timoth. J.Mah.n. Domin.que Blach. Sch.ol of Agriculture an. En.iron.en. The University of Western AustraliaCrawleyWA 6009Australia Cen.re for An.mal Scien.e The Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food InnovationThe University of QueenslandSt LuciaQLD 4072Australia Sch.ol of Veterin.ry Scien.e The University of QueenslandGattonQLD 4343Australia Sch.ol of h.man.Scien.es The University of Western AustraliaCrawleyWA 6009Australia Sch.ol of Medicin. Deakin UniversityGeelongVIC 3217Australia Poultry h.b Australia University of New EnglandArmidaleNSW 2350Australia College of An.mal Scien.e an. Tech.ology Yangzhou UniversityYangzhou 225009China Cen.re for n.trition.an. Food Scien.es The Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food InnovationThe University of QueenslandSt LuciaQLD 4072Australia

At a time wh.n.th.re is a growin. public in.erest in.an.mal welfare,it is critical to h.ve objective mean. to assess th. way th.t an.an.mal experien.es a *** is critical to en.ure appropriate an.mal welfare *** beh.vioural,ph.siological,an. n.urobiological in.icators th.t are used to assess an.mal welfare can.verify th. absen.e of extremely n.gative *** welfare is more th.n.an.absen.e of n.gative outcomes an. an.appropriate in.icator sh.uld reflect th. full spectrum of experien.e of an.an.mal,from n.gative to *** th.s review,we draw from th. kn.wledge of h.man.biomedical scien.e to propose a list of can.idate biological markers(biomarkers)th.t sh.uld reflect th. experien.ial state of n.n.h.man.*** proposed biomarkers can.be classified on.th.ir main.fun.tion.as en.ocrin.,oxidative stress,n.n.codin. molecular,an. th.rmobiological *** also discuss practical ch.llen.es th.t must be addressed before an. of th.se biomarkers can.become useful to assess th. experien.e of an.an.mal in.real-life.

关键词： An.mal experien.e An.mal welfare Biomarker Stress Welfare assessmen.