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A Traffic-Aware and Cluster-Based Energy Efficient Routing Protocol for ioT-Assisted WSNs

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Computers, Materials & Continua 2024年第8期80卷 1831-1850页

作者： hina gul Sana Ullah Ki-il Kim Farman Ali Department of Computer and Software Technology University of SwatMingora19130Pakistan Department of Computer Science and Engineering Chungnam National UniversityDaejeon34134Republic of Korea Department of Applied Ai Sungkyunkwan UniversitySeoul03063Republic of Korea

The seamless integration of intelligent internet of Things devices with conventional wireless sensor networks has revolutionized data communication for different applications,such as remote health monitoring,industrial monitoring,transportation,and smart *** and reliable data routing is one of the major challenges in the internet of Things network due to the heterogeneity of *** paper presents a traffic-aware,cluster-based,and energy-efficient routing protocol that employs traffic-aware and cluster-based techniques to improve the data delivery in such *** proposed protocol divides the network into clusters where optimal cluster heads are selected among super and normal nodes based on their residual *** protocol considers multi-criteria attributes,i.e.,energy,traffic load,and distance parameters to select the next hop for data delivery towards the base *** performance of the proposed protocol is evaluated through the network simulator *** different traffic rates,number of nodes,and different packet sizes,the proposed protocol outperformed LoRaWAN in terms of end-to-end packet delivery ratio,energy consumption,end-to-end delay,and network *** 100 nodes,the proposed protocol achieved a 13%improvement in packet delivery ratio,10 ms improvement in delay,and 10 mJ improvement in average energy consumption over LoRaWAN.

关键词： internet of Things wireless sensor networks traffic load clustering routing energy efficiency

impact of Cattaneo-Christov Heat Flux in the Nanofluid Flow over an inclined Permeable Surface with irreversibility Analysis

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Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics 2024年第4期12卷 1582-1595页

作者： Muhammad Ramzan hina gul Department of Computer Science Bahria University Islamabad Pakistan

This study discusses the magnetohydrodynamic nanofluid flow over an inclined permeable surface influenced by mixed convection, and Cattaeo-Christov heat flux. The heat transfer analysis is performed in the presence of a heat source/sink and thermal stratification. To gauge the energy loss during the process, an irreversibility analysis is also performed. A numerical solution to the envisaged problem is obtained using the bvp4c package of MATLAB. Graphs are drawn to assess the consequences of the arising parameters against the associated profiles. The results show that an augmentation in the magnetic field and nanomaterial volume fraction results in an enhancement in the temperature profile. A strong magnetic field can significantly reduce the fluid velocity. The behavior of the Skin friction coefficient against the different estimates of emerging parameters is discussed. .

关键词： Nanofluid Flow Cattaneo-Christov Heat Flux Permeable Surface Mixed Convection Heat Source/Sink Thermal Stratification

An innovative design of septic tank for wastewater treatment and its performance evaluation： An applicable model for developing countries

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Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering 2018年第4期26卷 886-891页

作者： Sajjad Haydar Mehwish Anis gul E hina Javed Anwar Aziz Mudasar Arbi institute of Environmental Engineering & Research (iEER) University of Engineering & Technology (UET) Lahore Pakistan University of Lahore Lahore Pakistan

A study was carried out to evaluate the treatment efficiency of modified model of septic tank（ST）for the treatment of domestic *** objective was to explore the possibility of increasing the removal efficiency,at household level,thereby reducing cost and treatment burden on city level treatment *** this purpose,a bench scale model of ST was prepared and operated continuously for 78 days at different detention times i.e.,48,24 and 12 h and at two reactor temperatures viz.15℃ and 25℃.Domestic wastewater was fed to the bench scale ST without *** was conducted under two different ***,by installing baffles in the bench scale ST（called Run-1 setup）,and secondly by installing perforated plates between the baffles（called Run-2 setup）.Results demonstrated that Run-2 setup is better than Run-1 *** significantly affects the *** time of 24 h was found ***-2 setup demonstrated a percentage BOD removal of 45%with effluent BOD of 113 mg·L^-1 at 15℃ and 85%removal with effluent BOD of 31 mg·L^-1 at 25℃.it is concluded that if a modified design of ST using Run-2 setup is provided at household level,the effluent coming out of the house will meet the National Environmental Quality Standards（NEQS）when reactor temperature is close to 25℃.Development authorities are suggested to change their by-laws and make modified ST mandatory for all *** may significantly reduce the cost and footprint of city level wastewater treatment plants being planned.

关键词： Wastewater treatment Septic tank Anaerobic baffled reactor

对流水平板上二次混合的三重扩散纳米流体的流体力学和流体磁学对比分析

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中南大学学报:英文版 2023年第8期30卷 2616-2626页

作者： KHALiD Abdulkhaliq M-alharbi hina gul MUHAMMAD Ramzan SEiFEDiNE Kadry ABDULKAFi Mohammed-saeed Mechanical Engineering Department College of EngineeringUmm Al-Qura UniversityMakkah 24382Sandi Arabia Department of Computer Science Bahria UniversityIslamabad 44000Pakistan Department of Applied Data Science Noroff University CollegeKristiansandNorway Artificial intelligence Research Center(AiRC) Ajman UniversityAjman 346United Arab Emirates Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Lebanese American UniversityByblosLebanon Department of Mathematics College of ScienceQassim UniversityBuraydah 51452Saudi Arabia

当两种不同密度和扩散速率的纳米流体混合时,会发生三重扩散和对流现象。本文主要目的是比较对流水平板上二次混合的三重扩散纳米流体的流体力学和流体磁学。文中建立的模型其他新特征考虑了可变导热系数和非线性热辐射热通量。该问题... 详细信息

当两种不同密度和扩散速率的纳米流体混合时,会发生三重扩散和对流现象。本文主要目的是比较对流水平板上二次混合的三重扩散纳米流体的流体力学和流体磁学。文中建立的模型其他新特征考虑了可变导热系数和非线性热辐射热通量。该问题由一组方程组成,借助MATLAB bvp4c包进行求解。为了使参数与相关剖面的影响可视化,给出了图形说明,并利用图表来评估关键参数变化是如何影响相关场及其相应的物理量。通过对盐1和盐2的Dufour参数的多次估计,可以推断出流体流速的波动。验证了流体动力流相对于流体磁流的优势。此外,还将特定情景下已发表的结果与当前研究结果进行了比较。

关键词：三重扩散纳米流体二次混合对流可变导热系数非线性热辐射

Contribution of soil and foliar fertilization of nitrogen and sulfur on physiological and quality assessment of wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i>L.)

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Natural Science 2013年第9期5卷 1012-1018页

作者： Beena Saeed Hasina gul Farman Ali Amir Zaman Khan Shazma Anwar Nasrullah Sadia Alam Salma Khalid Alia Naz hina Fayyaz Azra Department of Agriculture Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan Pakistan Department of Agronomy The University of Agriculture Peshawar Pakistan Department of Biotechnology Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan Pakistan Department of Environmental Sciences Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan Pakistan Department of Plant Breeding & Genetics The University of Agriculture Peshawar Pakistan Department of Plant Pathology The University of Agriculture Mardan Campus Pakistan Department of Soil Sciences The University of Agriculture Peshawar Pakistan

Nitrogen and sulfur supplies have a strong influence on the physical characteristics of crop as well as on the quality and quantity of wheat storage proteins, which play an important role in bread-making process. in order to evaluate the contribution of soil and foliar fertilization of nitrogen and sulfur on physiological and quality assessment of wheat, a field trail was carried out having randomized complete block design with four replications and eight different treatments of nitrogen and sulfur combinations were allotted to plots at different growth stages. Results indicated that highest protein content (12.82%), maximum moisture content (10.9%), maximum crop growth rate and maximum absolute growth rate were recorded when the wheat crop was fertilized with T8 [Nitrogen @ 60 kg·ha-1 at sowing + 40 kg·ha-1 at tillering + 10 kg·ha-1 at anthesis (spray) + 10 kg·ha-1 after anthesis (spray)] + [Sulfur @ 15 kg·ha-1 at sowing + 10 kg·ha-1 at anthesis (spray) + 5 kg·ha-1 after anthesis (spray)], while control practice resulted low moisture content, low protein, minimum crop growth rate and low absolute growth rate. Among physiological components of wheat cultivars, leaf area index was enhanced when fertilization was done with T5 (Sulfur @ 15 kg·ha-1 at sowing + 10 kg·ha-1 at anthesis + 5 kg·ha-1 after anthesis). in all the recorded observations,concerning experiment wheat cultivar Pirsabaq2005 showed appreciable response as compared with other variety (Khyber-87). Thus it is possible to obtain maximum physiological traits as well as bread-making quality of wheat through soil and foliar application of nitrogen and sulfur.

关键词： Absolute Growth Rate Crop Growth Rate Leaf Area index Moisture and Protein Contents