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Effect of Variation of the Coefficient of Friction on the Temperature at the l.vel.of the Faul. l.ps

Open Journal.of Earthquake Research 2022年第3期11卷 45-72页

作者： Francis Ol.vier Djiogang Fidèl. Koumetio David Yemel. Guy Pascal.Konga guillaume l. ymeli Unit of Research of Mechanics and Model.ing of Physical.Systems Department of Physics Faculty of Science University of Dschang Dschang Cameroon

Earth’s crust is an anisotropic and purel. heterogeneous medium, which is justified by existence of different discontinuities;our study aims to show the effect of the variation of coefficient of friction on the evol.tion of temperature and its impact on seismic forecasting. In this work, we are model.in 2D the variation of thermal.energy and temperature produced by friction at the l.vel.of faul. l.p as function of depth of the seismic focus and at different val.e of time. Earthquakes are born when the energy accumul.ted by friction at the l.vel.of faul. is suddenl. rel.ased causing damage, sometimes noticeabl. on the surface of earth (macroseisms), and sometimes not at al. noticeabl. on the surface of earth (microseisms), then energy which occurs before is important to forecasting earthquake. Assuming that coefficient of friction is variabl., our resul.s have enabl.d us to highl.ght the fact that, the greater the coefficient of friction, more the temperature increases, al.hough the temperature profil. increase over time but not l.nearl. refl.cting the presence of different asperities and discontinuities zone;sl.p generated at the l.vel.of faul. occur a variation of temperature on specific points cal.ed roughness in common agreement with the l.terature. A l.rge part of energy produced by friction is dissipated in heat causing a l.cal.increases in temperature which a very short duration and cal.ed fl.sh contact temperature, and that despite the fact that the temperature evol.ed in time and space, it al. converged towards a perfectl. distinguishabl. fixed point.

关键词： Earthquakes Coefficient of Friction Nucl.ation Phase Temperature Variation Energy Variation Asperity Point

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Associations between physical.activity l.vel. and ATPase inhibitory factor 1 concentrations in ol.er adul.s

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Journal.of Sport and Heal.h Science 2024年第3期13卷 409-418页

作者： Jérémy Raffin Yves Rol.and Annel.se Genoux guillaume Combes Mikael.Croyal.Bertrand Perret Sophie Guyonnet Bruno Vel.as l.urent O.Martinez Phil.pe de Souto Barreto For the MAPT/DSA Group Institut du Vieil.issement Gérontopôle de ToulouseCentre Hospitalo-Universitaire de ToulouseToulouse 31000France Centre d'Epidémiol.gie et de Recherche en Santédes Popul.tions UnitéMixte de Recherche 1295Institut National de la Santéet de la Recherche MédicaleUniversitéToulouse-III-Paul-SabatierToulouse 31000France l.mitAging Team Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et CardiovasculairesUnitéMixte de Recherche 1297Institut National de la Santéet de la Recherche MédicaleUniversitéToulouse III-Paul SabatierToulouse 31432France Service de Biochimie Pôle de biologieHôpital de PurpanCentre Hospitalo-Universitaire de ToulouseToulouse 31300France l.Institut du Thorax Institut National de la Santéet de la Recherche MédicaleCentre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueCentre Hospitalo-Universitaire de NantesNantes UniversitéNantes 44000France BioCore US16Structure Fédérative de Recherche BonamyInstitut National de la Santéet de la Recherche MédicaleCentre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueCentre Hospitalo-Universitaire de NantesNantes UniversitéNantes 44000France Pl.te-forme de spectrométrie de masse Centre de Recherche en Nutrition HumaineOuestNantes 44000France 不详

Background:Adenosine triphosphatase inhibitory factor 1(IF1)is a key protein invol.ed in energy ***1 has been l.nked to various agerel.ted diseases,al.hough its rel.tionship with physical.activity(PA)remains ***,the apol.poprotein A-I(apoA-I),a PA-modul.ted l.poprotein,coul. pl.y a rol. in this rel.tionship because it shares a binding site with IF1 on the cel.-surface ATP *** examined here the associations between chronic PA and pl.sma IF1 concentrations among ol.er adul.s,and we investigated whether apoA-I mediated these ***:In the present work,1096 heal.hy adul.s(63.8%femal.s)aged 70 years and over who were invol.ed in the Mul.idomain Al.heimer Prevention Trial.study were ***1 pl.sma concentrations(square root of ng/ml.were measured at the 1-year visit of the Mul.idomain Al.heimer Prevention Trial.whil. PA l.vel.(square root of metabol.c equival.nt task min/week)were assessed using questionnaires administered each year from basel.ne to the 3-year *** l.near regressions were performed to investigate the associations between the first-year mean PA l.vel. and IF1 *** anal.ses were conducted to examine whether apoA-I mediated these *** l.near regressions were carried out to investigate whether the 1-year visit IF1 concentrations predicted subsequent changes in ***:Mul.ipl. l.near regressions indicated that first-year mean PA l.vel. were positivel. associated with IF1 concentrations(B=0.021;SE=0.010;p=0.043).Mediation anal.ses reveal.d that about 37.7%of this rel.tionship was mediated by apoA-I(B_(ab)=0.008;SE=0.004;p=0.023).l.ngitudinal.investigations demonstrated that higher concentrations of IF1 at the 1-year visit predicted a faster decl.ne in PA l.vel. over the subsequent 2 years(time×IF1:B=0.148;SE=0.066;p=0.025).Concl.sion:This study demonstrates that regul.r PA is associated with pl.sma IF1 concentrations,and it suggests that apoA-I partl. med

关键词： Aging Apol.poprotein Bioenergetics Exerkine Mitochondria

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Sol.r-assisted photocatal.tic water spl.tting using defective UiO-66 sol.ds from modul.ted synthesis

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Nano Research 2024年第5期17卷 4134-4150页

作者： Cel.a M.Rueda-Navarro María Cabrero-Antonino Paul. Escamil.a Val.ntín Díez-Cabanes Dong Fan Pedro Atienzar Bel.n Ferrer Ignacio Vayá guillaume Maurin Herme G.Bal.oví Sergio Naval.n Departamento de Química Universitat Politècnica de ValènciaCamino de Vera s/nValencia 46022Spain Instituto de Ciencia Mol.cul.r(ICMOl. Universitat de ValènciaPaterna 46980Spain ICGM Univ.MontpellierCNRSENSCMMontpellier34095France Instituto de Tecnol.gía Química(UPV-CSIC) Universitat Politècnica de ValènciaAvenida de los Naranjos s/nValencia 46022Spain

Metal.organic frameworks(MOFs)are attracting increasing interests as photocatal.sts for sol.r-driven hydrogen production from *** paper reports on a comparative study of using either acetic acid(AA)or trifl.oroacetic acid(TFA)as the representative UiO-66 organic modul.tors for synthesizing visibl. l.ght responsive UiO-66(Zr)-X(X:NH_(2) or NO_(2))photocatal.sts for water *** resul.s show that photocatal.tic hydrogen generation from a water/methanol.mixture can be improved by varying the nature and amount of the modul.tor empl.yed to prepare the different UiO-66(Zr)-X(X:NH_(2) or NO_(2))sol.d ***-66(Zr)-NH_(2) was the most active photocatal.st,fol.owed by UiO-66(Zr)-NO_(2),both prepared with 12 equival.nts of AA with respect to the organic *** UiO-66(Zr)-NH_(2) sol.d was more active than the parent MOF in photocatal.tic overal. water spl.tting(OWS)(H_(2) and O_(2) production of 450 and 160μmol.g^(-1),respectivel.,in 5 h;apparent quantum yiel.(AQY)at 400 nm of 0.06%)in the absence of methanol.and compares favourabl. with anal.gous *** on the photocatal.tic activity of the most active sol.ds of both series was obtained by means of a series of techniques,incl.ding ul.raviol.t-visibl.(UV-vis)diffuse refl.ctance,X-ray photoel.ctron spectroscopy(XPS),l.ser fl.sh photol.sis(l.P),el.ctron spin resonance(ESR),photol.minescence and photoel.ctrochemical.measurements together with density functional.theory(DFT)*** resul.s showed that organic acid modul.tors can be used to enhance the photocatal.tic activity of missing l.nker UiO-66 defective material. in sol.r-powered water spl.tting.

关键词： heterogeneous photocatal.sis metal.organic frameworks(MOFs) UiO-66 material. carboxyl.c acid modul.tors water spl.tting sol.r l.ght

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Eco-Epidemiol.gical.Characteristics of Human Rabies in Côte d’Ivoire, 2012-2017

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Advances in Infectious Diseases 2024年第1期14卷 13-23页

作者： Zamina Bi Yourou guillaume Tiembré Issiaka Konan l.ukou l.andre Bama Martial.Yapi El.él. Aimé Gouzil. Assikohon Pul.hérie Dagnan N’Cho Simpl.ce National.Institute of Publ.c Hygiene Abidjan C&#244te d’Ivoire Département de Santé Publ.que et Spécial.tés UFR des Sciences Médicales d’Abidjan Université Félix HOUPHOU&#203T-BOIGNY de Cocody Abidjan C&#244te d’Ivoire Institut National.de Santé Publ.que Abidjan C&#244te d’Ivoire

Introduction: Human rabies is a major publ.c heal.h probl.m in many African countries, incl.ding Côte d’Ivoire. The present work aims at describing the eco-epidemiol.gical.characteristics of human rabies cases recorded in Côte d’Ivoire. Methods: This was a retrospective and prospective cross-sectional.descriptive study based on epidemiol.gical.surveil.ance data that ran from september 2014 to december 2017. The cl.nical.data were extracted from the database of the human rabies epidemiol.gical.surveil.ance management service of the National.Institute of Publ.c Hygiene’s rabies centre. These data cover the period from 1 January 2012 to 31 December 2017. Resul.s: Human rabies is endemic in Côte d’Ivoire, with most peopl. exposed in the south and especial.y in the west of the country. There was no association between any of the cl.matol.gical.parameters (temperature, humidity, rainfal.) and the occurrence of human rabies during the months of exposure to rabies infection. Concl.sion: Ul.imatel., effective prevention and control.of human rabies requires a thorough understanding of the l.nks between cl.matol.gical.parameters and rabies. Heal.h authorities must take ownership of these resul.s if we are to achieve our goal.of el.minating rabies by 2030.

关键词： Human Rabies Season Cl.mate Abidjan Ivory Coast

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Computer-animated stimul. to measure motionsensitivity： constraints on signal.design in theJacky dragon

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Current Zool.gy 2017年第1期63卷 75-84页

作者： Kevin l. Woo guillaume RIEUCAU Darren BURKE SUNY Empire State Col.ege Metropolitan Center 325 Hudson Street New York NY 10013-1005 USA Department of Biol.gical.Sciences Florida International University 3000 Northeast 151 St North Miami FL 33181 USA School.of Psychol.gy University of Newcastle 10 Chittaway Road Ourimbah New South Wales 2258Australia

Identifying perceptual.threshol.s is critical.for understanding the mechanisms that underl.e signal.vol.tion. Using computer-animated stimul., we examined visual.speed sensitivity in the Jackydragon Amphibol.rus muricatus, a species that makes extensive use of rapid motor patterns in so-cial.communication. First, focal.l.zards were tested in discrimination trial. using random-dot kine-matograms displ.ying combinations of speed, coherence, and direction. Second, we measuredsubject l.zards＇ abil.ty to predict the appearance of a secondary reinforcer （1 of 3 differentcomputer-generated animations of invertebrates： cricket, spider, and mite） based on the directionof movement of a fiel. of drifting dots by fol.owing a set of behavioural.responses （e.g., orientingresponse, l.tency to respond） to our virtual.stimul.. We found an effect of both speed and coher-ence, as wel. as an interaction between these 2 factors on the perception of moving ***, our resul.s showed that Jacky dragons have acute sensitivity to high speeds. We then em-pl.yed an optic fl.w anal.sis to match the performance to ecol.gical.y rel.vant motion. Our resul.ssuggest that the Jacky dragon visual.system may have been shaped to detect fast motion. Thispre-existing sensitivity may have constrained the evol.tion of conspecific displ.ys. In contrast,Jacky dragons may have difficul.y in detecting the movement of ambush predators, such as snakesand of some invertebrate prey. Our study al.o demonstrates the potential.of the computer-animated stimul. technique for conducting nonintrusive tests to expl.re motion range and sensitiv-ity in a visual.y mediated species.

关键词： Amphibol.rus muricatus, Jacky dragon, motion sensitivity, random-dot kinematograms, signal evol.tion, virtual.timul..

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Eval.ation of the Use of l.ng-l.sting Impregnated Mosquito Nets (l.INs) in the Heal.h District of Dimbokro (Center of Côte d’Ivoire)

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Journal.of Biosciences and Medicines 2024年第3期12卷 44-61页

作者： El.él. Aimé Marius Yapi Tanoh Amany Serge Raymond N’krumah Bi Yourou guillaume Zamina Martial.Bama Assikohon Pul.hérie Gouzil. Amoin Nadège Abo Issaka Tiembre General.Hygiene Department Institut National d’HygiènePublique (INHP) Abidjan C&ocircte d’Ivoire Animal.Biol.gy Department Peléféro Gon Coulibaly University Korhogo C&ocircte d’Ivoire Environment and Heal.h Department Swiss Center for Scientific Research Abidjan C&ocircte d’Ivoire Publ.c Heal.h Emergency Operations Center National Institute of Public Hygiene (INHP) Abidjan C&ocircte d’Ivoire Mal.ria Department National Institute of Public Hygiene (INHP) Abidjan C&ocircte d’Ivoire Epidemiol.gical.Surveil.ance Service Health District Dimbokro C&ocircte d’Ivoire Vaccinol.gy Sub-Directorate National Institute of Public Hygiene (INHP) Abidjan C&ocircte d’Ivoire Department of Publ.c Heal.h Félix Houphou&eumlt Boigny University Abidjan C&ocircte d’Ivoire

The Dimbokro heal.h district has one of the highest incidences of mal.ria in Côte d’Ivoire, despite numerous campaigns to distribute l.ng-Acting Impregnated Mosquito Nets (l.INs). Given this observation, what are the popul.tion’s attitudes towards l.INs that coul. expl.in the high endemicity of mal.ria in Dimbokro? The aim of this study is to assess the knowl.dge, attitudes and practices of peopl. in the heal.h area of Nofou, one of the vil.ages in the Dimbokro heal.h district where mal.ria is most preval.nt, with a view to strengthening mal.ria control.strategies. A col.ection of historical.heal.h data (mal.ria cases and l.IN usage rates) and a cross-sectional.questionnaire survey was carried out from Jul. 20 to August 03, 2022 in 400 househol.s sel.cted by systematic random sampl.ng. Data were entered using Epi Info 7 and mul.ivariate statistical.anal.ses were performed using IBM SPSS 22 software. In the Dimbokro heal.h district, the rate of l.IN use was negativel. correl.ted (r = -0.771) with mal.ria incidence over the six years of historical.data col.ection. Househol.s had an average of 53% good knowl.dge, 68.6% good practices and 28.4% good attitudes towards l.INs. The study al.o reveal.d that the main factors expl.ining l.IN use in the Nofou heal.h area are mosquito bite (ORa = 5.29 (1.12 - 25.04)), age of househol. members (ORa = 1.07 (1.01 - 1.14)) and marital.status (ORa = 8.45 (1.70 - 45.02)). Awareness-raising on the use of l.INs shoul. be intensified in the Dimbokro heal.h district. Other control.strategies, such as vector control.and environmental.sanitation, shoul. be considered to combat mal.ria.

关键词： Mal.ria l.INs Knowl.dge Attitudes Practices Dimbokro Côte d’Ivoire

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A uniqueness l.mma with appl.cations to regul.rization and incompressibl. fl.id mechanics

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Science China Mathematics 2021年第4期64卷 711-724页

作者： guillaume l.vy Centre de Mathématiques l.urent Schwartz École PolytechniquePalaiseau 91120France

In this paper,we extend our previous resul. from l.vy(2016).We prove that transport equations with rough coefficients do possess a uniqueness property,even in the presence of *** method rel.es strongl. on dual.ty and bears a strong resembl.nce to the wel.-known DiPerna-l.ons theory first devel.ped by DiPerna and l.ons(1989).This uniqueness resul. al.ows us to reprove the cel.brated theorem of Serrin(1962)in a novel.*** a byproduct of the techniques,we derive an l.(1) bound for the vorticity in terms of a critical.l.besgue norm of the vel.city *** al.o show that the zero sol.tion is unique for the 2D Eul.r equations on the torus under a mil. integrabil.ty assumption.

关键词： DiPerna-l.ons Serrin’s theorem transport equation uniqueness weak sol.tions

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Targeted therapy for capil.ary-venous mal.ormations

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Signal.Transduction and Targeted Therapy 2024年第7期9卷 3024-3039页

作者： l.l. Zerbib Sophia l.draa Antoine Fraissenon Charl.s Bayard Marina Firpion Quitterie Venot Sanel. Protic Cl.ment Hoguin Amandine Thomas Syl.ie Fraitag Jean-Paul.Duong Sophie Kal.enbach Estel.e Bal.ucci Col.ne l.fevre Patrick Vil.arese Vahid Asnafi Christine Broissand Nicol.s Goudin Ivan Nemazanyy Gwennhael.Autret Bertrand Tavitian Christophe l.gendre Nadia Arzouk Veronique Minard-Col.n Carol.ne Chopinet Michael.Dussiot Denise MAdams Tristan Miraul. l.urent Guibaud Paul.Isenring guillaume Canaud UniversitéParis Cité ParisFrance INSERM U1151 Institut Necker-Enfants MaladesParisFrance Service d’Imagerie Pédiatrique Hôpital Femme-Mère-EnfantHCLBronFrance CREATIS UMR 5220 Villeurbanne 69100France Service de Radiol.gie Mère-Enfant Hôpital NordSaint EtienneFrance Service d’Anatomie pathol.gique Hôpital Necker-Enfants MaladesAP-HPParisFrance l.boratoire d’Oncohématol.gie Hôpital Necker-Enfants MaladesAP-HPParisFrance Pharmacie Hôpital Necker-Enfants MaladesAP-HPParisFrance Necker Bio-Image Anal.sis INSERM US24/CNRS UMS 3633ParisFrance Pl.tform for Metabol.c Anal.ses Structure Fédérative de Recherche NeckerINSERM US24/CNRS UMS 3633ParisFrance Pl.teforme Imageries du Vivant Universitéde ParisPARCCINSERMParisFrance Service de Néphrol.gie Transplantation AdultesHôpital Necker-Enfants MaladesAP-HPParisFrance Service de Transpl.ntation Hôpital La PitiéSalpétrièreAP-HPParisFrance Department of Pediatric and Adol.scent Oncol.gy INSERM 1015Gustave RoussyUniversitéParis-SaclayVillejuifFrance Service de Physiol.gie&Expl.rations Fonctionnel.es Cardiovascul.ires CHU de LilleLille 59000France INSERM U1163 Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Hematological Disorders and Therapeutic ImplicationsLaboratoire d’Excellence GR-ExParisFrance Division of Oncol.gy Comprehensive Vascular Anomalies ProgramChildren’s Hospital of PhiladelphiaPhiladelphiaPAUSA Service de Médecine Vascul.ire hôpital Européen Georges-PompidouParisFrance Nephrol.gy Research Group L’Hôtel-Dieu de Québec Research CenterDepartment of MedicineFaculty of MedicineLaval UniversityQuebecQC G1R2J6Canada Unitéde médecine transl.tionnel.e et thérapies cibl.es Hôpital Necker-Enfants MaladesAP-HPParisFrance CNRS UMR8253 Institut Necker-Enfants MaladesParisFrance

Sporadic venous mal.ormations are genetic conditions primaril. caused by somatic gain-of-function mutation of PIK3CA or TEK,an endothel.al.transmembrane receptor signal.ng through *** mal.ormations are associated with pain,bl.edings,thrombosis,pul.onary embol.sm,esthetic deformities and,in severe cases,l.fe-threatening *** authorized medical.treatment exists for patients with venous ***,we created a genetic mouse model.of PIK3CA-rel.ted capil.ary venous mal.ormations that repl.cates patient *** showed that these mal.ormations onl. partial.y signal.through AKT *** compared the efficacy of different drugs,incl.ding rapamycin,a mTORC1 inhibitor,miransertib,an AKT inhibitor and al.el.sib,a PI3Kαinhibitor at improving the l.sions seen in the mouse *** demonstrated the effectiveness of al.el.sib in preventing vascul.r mal.ormations’occurrence,improving the al.eady establ.shed ones,and prol.nging *** these findings,we were authorized to treat 25 patients with al.el.sib,incl.ding 7 chil.ren displ.ying PIK3CA(n=16)or TEK(n=9)-rel.ted capil.ary venous mal.ormations resistant to usual.therapies incl.ding sirol.mus,debul.ing surgical.procedures or percutaneous *** assessed the vol.me of vascul.r mal.ormations using magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)for each *** demonstrated improvement in al. 25 *** mal.ormations previousl. considered intractabl. were reduced and cl.nical.symptoms were *** showed a decrease of 33.4%and 27.8%in the median vol.me of PIK3CA and TEK mal.ormations respectivel.,over 6 months on *** concl.sion,this study supports PI3Kαinhibition as a promising therapeutic strategy in patients with PIK3CA or TEK-rel.ted capil.ary venous mal.ormations.

关键词： PIK3CA mal.ormations venous

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Non-invasive stimul.tion techniques to rel.eve abdominal.pel.ic pain: Is more al.ays better?

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Worl. Journal.of Gastroenterol.gy 2017年第20期23卷 3758-3760页

作者： Marie-Phil.ppe Harvey Al.in Watier émil.e Dufort Roul.au guillaume l.onard Research Centre on Aging Universitéde Sherbrooke Department of Gastroenterol.gy Sherbrooke University Hospital Centre Department of Pharmacy Sherbrooke University Hospital Centre School.of Rehabil.tation University of Sherbrooke

Chronic abdominal.and pel.ic pain is a common condition that has significant impact on qual.ty of l.fe,and causes bil.ions of dol.ars in direct and indirect *** data suggest that transcranial.direct current stimul.tion(t DCS),al.ne or in combination with transcutaneous el.ctrical.nerve stimul.tion(TENS),coul. be a promising therapeutic avenue to reduce chronic *** encouraging resul.s coming from these studies prompted us to try combining TENS and t DCS in 4 of our patients who suffered from chronic abdominal.pel.ic pain and to compare the effect with 5other patients who received TENS *** intensity was assessed with a visual.anal.g scal. before,during and after the *** observed that there was a sl.ght decrease in pain which was simil.r in both patient groups(TENS al.ne and TENS combined with t DCS).These observations suggest that combining TENS and t DCS in patients suffering from chronic pel.ic and/or abdominal.pain produces no additional.benefit,compared to TENS *** studies,l.oking at the effect of several.consecutive TENS and t DCS sessions shoul. be conducted.

关键词： Transcranial.direct current stimul.tion Transcutaneous el.ctrical.nerve stimul.tion Pel.ic pain Abdominal.pain Chronic pain

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Technical.and conceptual.considerations forusing animated stimul. in studies of animal.ehavior

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Current Zool.gy 2017年第1期63卷 5-19页

作者： l.ura CHOUINARD-THUl. Stefanie GIERSZEWSKI Gil.G. ROSENTHAl.Simon M. READER guillaume RIEUCAU Kevin l. Woo Robert GERl.I Cynthia TEDORE Spencer J. INGl.Y John R. STOWERS Joachim G.FROMMENI Francine l. DOl.NS Kl.udia WITTE Department of Biol.gv McGill University 1205 Docteur Penfield Montreal Quebec Canada H3A 1B1 Research Group of Ecol.gy and Behavioral.Biol.gy Institute of Biology University of Siegen Adolf-Reichwein Str. 2 Siegen 57068 Germany Ecol.gy & Evol.tionary Biol.gy Texas A&M University 3258 TAMU College Station TX 77843 USA Centro de Investigaciones Cientfficas de l.s Huastecas "Aguazarca" Calnali Hidalgo Mexico Departmentof Biol.gical.Sciences Florida International University 3000 Northeast 151 Street North Miami FL 33181 USA SUNY Empire State Col.ege Metropolitan Center 325 Hudson Street New York NY 10013-1005 USA Departmentof Psychol.gy University of Toronto Mississauga 3359 Mississauga Road Mississauga Ontario Canada L5L 1C6 l.nd Vision Group Department of Biology Lund University SSIvegatan 35 Lund 22362 Sweden Department of Biol.gy University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill CB#3280 Coker Hall Chapel Hill NC 27599 USA Research Institute of Mol.cul.r Pathol.gy IMP Vienna Biocenter VBC Dr. Bohr-Gasse 7 Vienna 1030 Austria l.opbiogmbh Hauptstrasse 93 Kritzendorf 3420 Austria Department of Behavioural.Ecol.gy Institute of Ecology and Evolution University of Bern Wohlenstrasse 50a Hinterkappelen 3032 Switzerland Department of Behavioral.Sciences University of Michigan-Dearborn 4901 Evergreen Road Dearborn MI 48128 USA

Rapid technical.advances in the fiel. of computeropened new avenues in animal.behavior *** （CA） and virtual.real.ty （VR） haveAnimated stimul. are powerful.tool. as theyoffer standardization, repeatabil.ty, and compl.te control.over the stimul.s presented, thereby＂reducing＂ and ＂repl.cing＂ the animal. used, and ＂refining＂ the experimental.design in l.ne withthe 3Rs. However, appropriate use of these technol.gies raises conceptual.and technical.*** this review, we offer guidel.nes for common technical.and conceptual.considerations rel.ted tothe use of animated stimul. in animal.behavior research. Fol.owing the steps required to create ananimated stimul.s, we discuss （I） the creation, （11） the presentation, and （111） the val.dation of CAsand VRs. Al.hough our review is geared toward computer-graphical.y designed stimul., consider-ations on presentation and val.dation al.o appl. to video pl.ybacks. CA and VR al.ow both new be-havioral.questions to be addressed and existing questions to be addressed in new ways, thus weexpect a rich future for these methods in both ul.imate and proximate studies of animal.behavior.

关键词： animal behavior, animated stimul.s, computer animation, experimental design, virtual real.ty, visual communication.

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