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Acta pharmacologica Sinica 2001年第7期22卷 3-13页

作者： gregory fricchione,robert daly,malcolm p.rogers,george b stefano Department of psychiatry brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School boston MA 02115 psychoneuroendocrinology branch National Institute of Mental Health bethesda ML 20892 Neuroscience Institute SUNY College at Old Westbury Old Westbury NY 11568 USA Neuroscience Institute SUNY College at Old Westbury Old Westbury NY 11568 USA

INTRODUCTION All living organisms seek to maintain their survivalin the presence of both extrinsic and intrinsic *** successful, these organisms can be said to be inhomeostasis-an harmonious state born of an extremelycomplexified equilibrium. The harmony achieved is con-stantly challenged often to the point of threat. Survivalthrough successful adaptation is maintained by adapta-tional responses balancing an huge array of biological,psychological and sociological behaviors. The broadspectrum of stimuli capable of engaging the stress-response neuroendocrine system reflects how well inte-grated our perceptions of the physical and psychologicalworlds needs to be. In this context clinically signifi-cant stress can be understood as a state of disharmony orthreatened homeostasis. biochemical, physiological,

关键词：精神神经免疫学精神病学心理生理学应激神经免疫调节细胞因子类

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Notes,outline and divergence times of basidiomycota

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Fungal Diversity 2019年第6期99卷 105-367页

作者： Mao-Qiang He Rui-Lin Zhao Kevin D.Hyde Dominik begerow Martin Kemler Andrey Yurkov Eric H.C.McKenzie Olivier Raspe Makoto Kakishima Santiago Sanchez-Ramırez Else C.Vellinga Roy Halling Viktor papp Ivan V.Zmitrovich bart buyck Damien Ertz Nalin N.Wijayawardene bao-Kai Cui Nathan Schoutteten Xin-Zhan Liu Tai-Hui Li Yi-Jian Yao Xin-Yu Zhu An-Qi Liu Guo-Jie Li Ming-Zhe Zhang Zhi-Lin Ling bin Cao Vladimir Antonin Teun boekhout bianca Denise barbosa da Silva Eske De Crop Cony Decock balint Dima Arun Kumar Dutta Jack W.Fell Jozsef Geml Masoomeh Ghobad-Nejhad Admir J.Giachini Tatiana b.Gibertoni Sergio p.Gorjon Danny Haelewaters Shuang-Hui He brendan p.Hodkinson Egon Horak Tamotsu Hoshino Alfredo Justo Young Woon Lim Nelson Menolli Jr Armin Mesic Jean-Marc Moncalvo gregory M.Mueller La szlo G.Nagy RHenrik Nilsson Machiel Noordeloos Jorinde Nuytinck Takamichi Orihara Cheewangkoon Ratchadawan Mario Rajchenberg Alexandre G.S.Silva-Filho Marcelo Aloisio Sulzbacher Zdenko Tkalcec Ricardo Valenzuela Annemieke Verbeken Alfredo Vizzini Felipe Wartchow Tie-Zheng Wei Michael Weib Chang-Lin Zhao paul M.Kirk State Key Laboratory of Mycology Institute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101People’s Republic of China Department of Entomology and plant pathology Faculty of AgricultureChiang Mai UniversityChiang Mai 50200Thailand Center of Excellence in Fungal Research Mae Fah Luang UniversityChiang Rai 57100Thailand College of Life Sciences University of Chinese Academy of SciencesHuairou DistrictBeijing 100408People’s Republic of China Ruhr-Universitat bochum AG GeobotanikND03UniversitatsstraBe 15044801 BochumGermany Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures InhoffenstraBe 7B38124 BrunswickGermany Manaaki Whenua-Landcare Research Private Bag 92170AucklandNew Zealand Research Department Meise Botanic GardenNieuwelaan 381860 MeiseBelgium Service General de l'Enseignement superieur et de la Recherche scientifique Federation Wallonie-BruxellesLavallee 11080 BrusselsBelgium University of Tsukuba TsukubaIbaraki 305-8572Japan Department of Ecology and Evolutionary biology University of Toronto25 Willcocks St.TorontoON M5S 3B2Canada berkeley USA Institute of Systematic botany The New York Botanical GardenBronxNY 10458-5126USA Department of botany Szent Istvan University1518 BudapestHungary Komarov botanical Institute Russian Academy of SciencesProfessor Popov st.2Saint PetersburgRussia 197376 Institut pour Systematique Ecologie biodiversite(ISYEb UMR 7205) Sorbonne universiteMuseum National d’Histoire Naturelle CP 39CNRSDepartement Origines et Evolution12 Rue Buffon75005 ParisFrance Institute of Microbiology Beijing Forestry UniversityBeijing 100083People’s Republic of China Department of biology Research Group MycologyGhent UniversityK.L.Ledeganckstraat 359000 GhentBelgium State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and ApplicationGuangdong Institute of MicrobiologyGuangzhou 510070People’s Republic of China Department of botany Moravian Mu

The basidiomycota constitutes a major phylum of the kingdom Fungi and is second in species numbers to the *** present work provides an overview of all validly published,currently used basidiomycete genera to date in a single *** outline of all genera of basidiomycota is provided,which includes 1928 currently used genera names,with 1263 synonyms,which are distributed in 241 families,68 orders,18 classes and four *** provide brief notes for each accepted genus including information on classification,number of accepted species,type species,life mode,habitat,distribution,and sequence ***,three phylogenetic analyses with combined LSU,SSU,5.8s,rpb1,rpb2,and ef1 datasets for the subphyla Agaricomycotina,pucciniomycotina and Ustilaginomycotina are conducted,*** time estimates are provided to the family level with 632 species from 62 orders,168 families and 605 *** study indicates that the divergence times of the subphyla in basidiomycota are 406-430 Mya,classes are 211-383 Mya,and orders are 99-323 Mya,which are largely consistent with previous *** this study,all phylogenetically supported families were dated,with the families of Agaricomycotina diverging from 27-178 Mya,pucciniomycotina from 85-222 Mya,and Ustilaginomycotina from 79-177 *** times as additional criterion in ranking provide additional evidence to resolve taxonomic problems in the basidiomycota taxonomic system,and also provide a better understanding of their phylogeny and evolution.

关键词： Classification Molecular clock Fungi Systematics Taxonomy

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