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Mechanisms of Optimal Defense Patterns in Nicotiana attenuata: Flowering Attenuates Herbivory-elicited Ethylene and Jasmonate Signaling

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Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 2011年第12期53卷 971-983页

作者： Celia Diezel Silke Allmann Ian t.baldwin Department of Molecular Ecology Max-Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology Jena 07745 Germany Department of Plant Physiology Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences Amsterdam 1098 XH the Netherlands

to defend themselves against herbivore attack, plants produce secondary metabolites, which are variously inducible and constitutively deployed, presumably to optimize their fitness benefits in light of their fitness costs. three phytohormones, jasmonates （JA） and their active forms, the JA-isoleucine （JA-Ile） and ethylene （Et）, are known to play central roles in the elicitation of induced defenses, but little is known about how this mediation changes over ontogeny. the Optimal Defense theory （ODt） predicts changes in the costs and benefits of the different types of defenses and has been usefully extrapolated to their modes of deployment. Here we studied whether the herbivore-induced accumulation of JA, JA-Ile and Et changed over ontogeny in Nicotiana attenuata, a native tobacco in which inducible defenses are particularly well studied. Herbivore-elicited Et production changed dramatically during six developmental stages, from rosette through flowering, decreasing with the elongation of the first corollas during flower development. this decrease was largely recovered within a day after flower removal by decapitation. A similar pattern was found for the herbivore-induced accumulation of JA and JA-Ile. these results are consistent with ODt predictions and suggest that the last steps in floral development control the inducibility of at least three plant hormones, optimizing defense-growth tradeoffs.

关键词： flowering jasmonic acid jasmonic acid-isoleucine ethylene Manduca sexta Nicotiana attenuata ontogeny optimal defense theory plant-herbivore interactions.

ZEItLUPE is required for shade avoidance in the wild tobacco Nicotiana attenuata^FA

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Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 2020年第9期62卷 1341-1351页

作者： Yong Zou Ran Li Ian t.baldwin Department of Molecular Ecology Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical EcologyJena 07745Germany Institute of Insect Sciences Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou 310058China

Being shaded is a common environmental stress for plants, especial y for densely planted crops. Shade de-creases red: far-red (R:FR) ratios that inactivate phyto-chrome B (PHYB) and subsequently release phytochrome interaction factors (PIFs). Shaded plants display elongated hypocotyls, internodes, and petioles, hyponastic leaves, early flowering and are inhibited in branching: traits col ectively cal ed the shade avoidance syndrome (SAS). ZEItLUPE (ZtL) is a circadian clock component and blue light photoreceptor, which is also involved in floral rhythms and plant defense in Nicotiana attenuata. ztl mutants are hypersensitive to red light and ZtL physical y interacts with PHYB, suggesting the involvement of ZtL in R:FR light signaling. Here, we show that N. attenuata ZtL-silenced plants display a phenotype op-posite to that of the SAS under normal light. After simulated shade, the normal y induced transcript levels of the SAS mar-ker gene, AtHB2 are attenuated in ZtL-silenced plants. the auxin signaling pathway, known to be involved in SAS, was also significantly attenuated. Furthermore, NaZtL directly in-teracts with NaPHYBs, and regulates the transcript levels of PHYBs, PIF3a, PIF7 and PIF8 under shade. Our results suggest that ZtL may regulate PHYB- and the auxin-mediated sig-naling pathway, which functions in the SAS of N. attenuata.

关键词： traits planted branching

Nicotiana attenuata's capacity to interact with arbuscular mycorrhiza alters its competitive ability and elicits major changes in the leaf transcriptome

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Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 2018年第3期60卷 242-261页

作者： Ming Wang Julia Wilde Ian t.baldwin Karin Groten Department of Molecular Ecology Max Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyHans-Knoll-Str.8Jena 07745Germany

to study the local and systemic effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal （AMF） colonization, Nicotiana attenuata plants impaired in their interactions with AMF due to silencing of a calcium- and calmodulin dependent protein kinase （inverted repreat （ir）CCaMK） were grown competitively in pairs with empty vector （EV） plants, with and without two different types of inoculum. When inoculated, EV plants strongly outperformed irCCaMK plants. Foliar transcript profiling revealed that AMF colonization significantly changed gene expression of P-starvation and -transporter genes in irCCaMK plants. the Phtl family phosphate transporter NaPt5 was not only specifically induced in roots after AMF colonization, but also in leaves of AMF-colonized irCCaMK plants, and in plants grown under low Pi conditions in the absence of AMF. the P-starvation signature of inoculated irCCaMK plants corresponded with increases in selected amino acids and phenolic compounds in leaves. We also found a strong AMF-induced increase in amino acids and phenolic metabolites in roots. Plants impaired in their interactions with AMF clearly have a fitness disadvantage when competing for limited soil nutrients with a fully functional isogenic line. the additional role of the AMF-induced Phtl family transporter NaPt5 in leaves under P-starvation conditions will require further experiments to fully resolve.

关键词： William J. Lucas University of California Davis USA

Epidemiologic investigation of pediatric distal humerus fractures: An American insurance claims database study

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World Journal of Orthopedics 2024年第1期15卷 52-60页

作者： Kyle Jay Klahs Jake E Dertinger grant t Mello Kevin thapa Alexis B Sandler E'Stephan J Jesus Garcia Nata Parnes Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Texas Tech University Health Sciences-El PasoEl PasoTX 79905United States Medical School California Health Sciences University College of Osteopathic MedicineClovisCA 93611United States Undergraduate School Binghampton UniversityVestalNY 13902United States Department of Orthopaedic Surgery William Beaumont Army Medical CenterFort BlissTX 79918United States Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Carthage Area HospitalCarthageNY 13619United States

BACKGROUND Distal humerus elbow fractures are one of the most common traumatic fractures seen in pediatric patients and present as three main types:Supracondylar(SC),lateral condyle(LC),and medial epicondyle(ME)*** to evaluate the epidemiology of pediatric distal humerus fractures(SC,LC,and ME)from an American insurance claims *** A retrospective review was performed on patients 17 years and younger with the ICD 9 and 10 codes for SC,LC and ME fractures based on the IBM truven MarketScan®Commercial and IBM truven MarketScan Medicare Supplemental *** from 2015 to 2020 were queried for treatments,patient age,sex,length of hospitalization,and *** A total of 1133 SC,154 LC,and 124 ME fractures were *** fractures had the highest percentage of operation at 83%,followed by LC(78%)and ME fractures(41%).Male patients were,on average,older than female patients for both SC and ME *** In the insurance claims databases used,SC fractures were the most reported,followed by LC fractures,and finally ME *** was identified to be a factor for how a pediatric distal humerus fractures,with patients with SC and LC fractures being younger than those with ME *** peak age per injury per sex was similar to reported historic central tendencies,despite reported trends for younger physiologic development.

关键词： Supracondylar humerus fracture Lateral condyle fracture Medial epicondyle fracture Pediatric elbow truven Epidemiology

Natural variation in linalool metabolites:One genetic locus,many functions?

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Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 2021年第8期63卷 1416-1421页

作者： Jun He Rayko Halitschke Ian t.baldwin Meredith C.Schuman National Citrus Engineering Research Center Citrus Research InstituteSouthwest UniversityChongqing400712 China Department of Molecular Ecology Max Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJena07745 Germany Departments of Geography and Chemistry University of ZürichZürich8057 Switzerland

the ubiquitous volatile linalool is metabolized in plants to nonvolatile *** studied Nicotiana attenuata plants which naturally vary in(S)-(+)-linalool contents,and lines engineered to produce either(R)-(-)-or(S)-(+)-***(S)-(+)-linalool production was associated with slower growth of a generalist herbivore,and a large fraction was present as nonvolatile *** found that variation in volatile linalool and its nonvolatile glycosides mapped to the same genetic locus which harbored the biosynthetic gene,NaLIS,but that free linalool varied more in environmental *** study reveals how(S)-(+)-linalool and conjugates differ in their regulation and possible functions in resistance.

关键词： conjugated linalool Nicotiana attenuata Spodoptera littoralis

Fitness consequences of a clock pollinator filter in Nicotiana attenuata flowers in nature

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Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 2017年第11期59卷 805-809页

作者： felipe yon danny kessler youngsung joo sang-gyu kim ian t.baldwin department of molecular ecology max planck institute for chemical ecologyHans-Knoll-StraBe 8D-07745 JenaGermany center for genome engineering institute for basic scienceYuseong-gu34047 DaejeonSouth Korea

Nicotiana attenuata flowers, diurnally open,emit scents and move vertically to interact with nocturnal hawkmoth and day-active hummingbird pollinators. to examine the fitness consequences of these floral rhythms, we conducted pollination trials in the plant’s native habitat with phase-shifted flowers of plants silenced in circadian clock genes. the results revealed that some pollination benefits observed under glasshouse conditions were not reproduced under natural field conditions. Floral arrhythmicity increased pollination success by hummingbirds, while reducing those by hawkmoths in the field. thus, floral circadian rhythms may influence a plant’s fitness by filtering pollinators leading to altered seed set from outcrossed pollen.

关键词： Fitness consequences a clock pollinator filter in Niicotiana attenuata flowers in nature

Sex ratio of mirid populations shifts in response to hostplant co-infestation or altered cytokinin signaling

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Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 2017年第1期59卷 44-59页

作者： Nora Adam theresa Erler Mario Kallenbach Martin Kaltenpoth Grit Kunert Ian t.baldwin Meredith C.Schuman Department of Molecular Ecology Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology Hans-Knoll-Straβe 8 07745 Jena Germany German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Deutscher Platz5e 04103 Leipzig Germany Max Planck Research Group Insect Symbiosis Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology Hans-Knoll-Straβe 8 07745 Jena Germany Department of Biochemistry Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology Hans-Knoll-Straβe 8 07745 Jena Germany

Herbivore species sharing a host plant often compete. In this study, we show that host plant-mediated interaction between two insect herbivores-a generalist and a specialist-results in a sex ratio shift of the specialist＇s offspring. We studied demographic parameters of the specialist tupiocoris notatus（Hemiptera： Miridae）when co-infesting the host plant Nicotiana attenuata（Solanaceae） with the generalist leafhopper Empoasca sp.（Hemiptera： Cicadellidae）. We show that the usually female-biased sex ratio of t. notatus shifts toward a higher male proportion in the offspring on plants coinfested by Empoasca sp. this sex ratio change did not occur after oviposition, nor is it due differential mortality of female and male nymphs. Based on pyrosequencing and PCR of bacterial 16 S rRNA amplicons, we concluded that sex ratio shifts were unlikely to be due to infection with Wolbachia or other known sex ratio-distorting endosymbionts. Finally, we used transgenic lines of *** to evaluate if the sex ratio shift could be mediated by changes in general or specialized host plant metabolites. We found that the sex ratio shift occurred on plants deficient in two cytokinin receptors（irCHK2/3）.thus, cytokinin-regulated traits can alter the offspring sex ratio of the specialist ***.

关键词： Empoasca populations specialist offspring Hemiptera altered Nicotiana specialized Solanaceae transgenic

Shifting Nicotiana attenuata's diurnal rhythm does not alter its resistance to the specialist herbivore Manduca sexta

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Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 2016年第7期58卷 656-668页

作者： Jasmin Herden Stefan Meldau Sang-Gyu Kim Grit Kunert Youngsung Joo lan t.baldwin Meredith C.Schuman Department of Molecular Ecology Max Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyHans-Knoell-Strasse 807745 JenaGermany Department of Biochemistry Max Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyHans-Knoell-Strasse 807745 JenaGermany German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research(iDiv) DeutscherPlatz 5e04103 LeipzigGermany Ecology Department of BiologyUniversity of KonstanzUniversitatsstrasse lOD 78457 KonstanzGermany KWS SAAt AG Grimsehlstrasse 31Postfach 146337555 EinbeckGermany Center for Genome Engineering Institute of Basic ScienceDaejeonKorea

Arabidopsis thaliana plants are less resistant to attack by the generalist lepidopteran herbivore trichoplusia ni when plants and herbivores are entrained to opposite, versus identical diurnal cycles and tested under constant conditions. this effect is associated with circadian fluctuations in levels of jasmonic acid, the transcription factor MYC2, and glucosinolate contents in leaves. We tested whether a similar effect could be observed in a different plant-herbivore system： the wild tobacco Nicotiana attenuata and its co-evolved specialist herbivore, Manduca sexta. We measured larval growth on plants under both constant and diurnal conditions following identical or opposite entrainment, profiled the metabolome of attacked leaf tissue, quantified specific metabolites known to reduce M. sexta growth, and monitored A/I. sexta feeding activity under all experimental conditions. Entrainment did not consistently affect NI. sexta growth or plant defense induction. However, both were reduced under constant dark conditions,as was M. sexta feeding activity. Our data indicate that the response induced by NI. sexta in N. attenuata is robust to diurnal cues and independent of plant or herbivore entrain- ment. We propose that while the patterns of constitutive or general damage-induced defense may undergo circadian fluctuation, the orchestration of specific induced responses is more complex.

关键词： Circadian clock diurnal rhythm Manduca sexta Nicotiana attenuate plant-herbivore interactions

Olive fruits infested with olive fly larvae respond with an ethylene burst and the emission of specific volatiles

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Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 2016年第4期58卷 413-425页

作者： Fiammetta Alagna Mario Kallenbach Andrea Pompa Francesca De Marchis Rosa Rao Ian t.baldwin Gustavo Bonaventure Luciana Baldoni CNR-Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources(IBBR) Perugia 06128Italy Department of Molecular Ecology Max Planck Institute of Chemical EcologyJena 07745Germany Department of Agronomy University of Naples"Federico II"80055 PorticiItaly

Olive fly（Bactrocera oleae R.） is the most harmful insect pest of olive（Olea europaea L.） which strongly affects fruits and oil production. Despite the expanding economic importance of olive cultivation, up to now, only limited information on plant responses to B. oleae is available. Here,we demonstrate that olive fruits respond to B. oleae attack by producing changes in an array of different defensive compounds including phytohormones, volatile organic compounds（VOCs）, and defense proteins. Bactrocera oleaeinfested fruits induced a strong ethylene burst and transcript levels of several putative ethylene-responsive transcription factors became significantly upregulated. Moreover, infested fruits induced significant changes in the levels of 12-oxophytodienoic acid and C12 derivatives of the hydroperoxide lyase. the emission of VOCs was also changed quantitatively and qualitatively in insect-damaged fruits, indicating that *** larval feeding can specifically affect the volatile blend offruits. Finally, we show that larval infestation maintained high levels of trypsin protease inhibitors in ripe fruits, probably by affecting post-transcriptional mechanisms. Our results provide novel and important information to understand the response of the olive fruit to B. oleae attack; information that can shed light onto potential new strategies to combat this pest.

关键词： Bactrocera oleae biotic stress Olea europaea phytohormones plant defense volatile organic compounds